{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zp3vt1h57m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Jaques Matzner, September 26, 1946, Wiesbaden, Germany"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-09-26"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" German (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" matznerJ_9-163_9-164A (Local)"," matznerJ_9-163_9-164A_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Wiesbaden (Germany) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Jaques Matzner conducted by David P. Boder on September 26, 1946 in Wiesbaden, Germany. (Abstract)"," Jaques Matzner's parents were among the 70,000 Polish Jews who had come to Germany before World War I in search of economic opportunities and refuge from Polish anti-Semitism. Germany, like most European countries at that time, naturalized foreigners only in exceptional cases. Hence Matzner bore his parents' Polish citizenship even though he had been born in Wiesbaden in 1914. In 1938 the Polish Jews in Germany were the first large group forcibly deported from the Third Reich, and Matzner was among them. But family ties could not be so easily broken, and he did not stay in Poland. Determined to save his parents and get his family to a safe haven, he undertook the risky business of smuggling himself back to Wiesbaden where he witnessed the Kristallnacht (literally, “Crystal Night,” also known as the “Night of Broken Glass”) pogrom of November 9-10, 1938. This was the Nazi response to the act of another son of Polish Jews expelled from Germany. Hershel Grynszpan, who had been sent to Paris by his parents, heard of their harsh treatment by German and Polish officials at the border, and murdered a German diplomat in Paris as an act of revenge. Although Matzner’s family succeeded in escaping to Belgium, Hitler's westward invasions overtook them in 1940. His aged mother died in Antwerp and hence was spared deportation and gassing, the usual fate of old people in the Holocaust. Matzner was trapped in France, and in 1941 he was included in the thousands of Jewish refugees handed over by the Vichy regime to the Germans. Then began a four-year trek through forced labor camps in Lower and Upper Silesia, beginning with several of the Organization Schmelt camps, continuing with the construction of satellite installations for the Gross-Rosen concentration camp empire, and ending in the Heinkel Aircraft factory near Wismar in northern Germany. Matzner reminds us once again of the important distinction between Jewish camp trusties and non-Jewish job foremen that marked life in several of the camps. Probably crucial to his survival was selection as a camp clerk, made possible by his business experience and his fluency in German. His father, a brother, and two sisters did not survive, however. Matzner was liberated by the Russians in May 1945 and, following his recovery from intestinal typhus in a Russian hospital, returned to Wiesbaden. Far from rejecting the thought of a future for Jews in Germany, he appeared committed to staying. At the time he gave his interview on Rosh Hashana 1946 in the rehabilitated Wiesbaden synagogue, he was actively working to restore the local Jewish community with the support of the UNRRA. And yet, four years later he and his wife emigrated to the United States. Later he penned a memoir of the Holocaust that was published after his death in 1986. From it we learn several things about its author that he did not share with Boder, including the fact that he studied in Jerusalem in the 1930s, was ordained a rabbi in 1938, and then returned to Wiesbaden to be with his parents. (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Wiesbaden (Germany) (Geographic)"," Barth (Germany) (Geographic)"," Antwerp (Belgium) (Geographic)"," Le Vernet (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Drancy (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Gogolin (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Fürstengrube (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Gleiwitz I (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Hirschberg (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Wüstegiersdorf (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Wolfsberg (Concentration camp : Poland) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Bergen-Belsen (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Wolfsberg (Concentration camp : Poland) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Barth (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Matzner, Jacques (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Platt, Dagmar (Transcriber)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["Poland"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Jaques Matzner conducted by David P. Boder on September 26, 1946 in Wiesbaden, Germany."," Jaques Matzner's parents were among the 70,000 Polish Jews who had come to Germany before World War I in search of economic opportunities and refuge from Polish anti-Semitism. Germany, like most European countries at that time, naturalized foreigners only in exceptional cases. Hence Matzner bore his parents' Polish citizenship even though he had been born in Wiesbaden in 1914. In 1938 the Polish Jews in Germany were the first large group forcibly deported from the Third Reich, and Matzner was among them. But family ties could not be so easily broken, and he did not stay in Poland. Determined to save his parents and get his family to a safe haven, he undertook the risky business of smuggling himself back to Wiesbaden where he witnessed the Kristallnacht (literally, “Crystal Night,” also known as the “Night of Broken Glass”) pogrom of November 9-10, 1938. This was the Nazi response to the act of another son of Polish Jews expelled from Germany. Hershel Grynszpan, who had been sent to Paris by his parents, heard of their harsh treatment by German and Polish officials at the border, and murdered a German diplomat in Paris as an act of revenge. Although Matzner’s family succeeded in escaping to Belgium, Hitler's westward invasions overtook them in 1940. His aged mother died in Antwerp and hence was spared deportation and gassing, the usual fate of old people in the Holocaust. Matzner was trapped in France, and in 1941 he was included in the thousands of Jewish refugees handed over by the Vichy regime to the Germans. Then began a four-year trek through forced labor camps in Lower and Upper Silesia, beginning with several of the Organization Schmelt camps, continuing with the construction of satellite installations for the Gross-Rosen concentration camp empire, and ending in the Heinkel Aircraft factory near Wismar in northern Germany. Matzner reminds us once again of the important distinction between Jewish camp trusties and non-Jewish job foremen that marked life in several of the camps. Probably crucial to his survival was selection as a camp clerk, made possible by his business experience and his fluency in German. His father, a brother, and two sisters did not survive, however. Matzner was liberated by the Russians in May 1945 and, following his recovery from intestinal typhus in a Russian hospital, returned to Wiesbaden. Far from rejecting the thought of a future for Jews in Germany, he appeared committed to staying. At the time he gave his interview on Rosh Hashana 1946 in the rehabilitated Wiesbaden synagogue, he was actively working to restore the local Jewish community with the support of the UNRRA. And yet, four years later he and his wife emigrated to the United States. Later he penned a memoir of the Holocaust that was published after his death in 1986. From it we learn several things about its author that he did not share with Boder, including the fact that he studied in Jerusalem in the 1930s, was ordained a rabbi in 1938, and then returned to Wiesbaden to be with his parents. (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/103/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169775","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - matznerJ_9-163_9-164A_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":4154.49613,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/103/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169775","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/103/original/matznerJ_9-163_9-164A_SLP.mp3?1583169775","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":4154.49613,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Wiesbaden, September the 26th, 1946. These are the last spools we are taking in Germany and they are about the last spools of the project. I am now interviewing Mr. Jack Matzner, forty-two years old, an important member of the Wiesbaden community, which is primarily supported by UNNRA, but lives in pri— is billeted in private homes. The billeting, of course, as I understand, is about 1.6 people per bedroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Mr. M., will you tell me again what is your name and where you were born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=38.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Jack Matzner. I was born in Wiesbaden. My parents were of Polish descent, and up to the year 1938, I was a Polish subject.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=46.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In spite of the fact that you were born in Wiesbaden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=59.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In spite of the fact that I was born in Wiesbaden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=61.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Will you please tell me what happened to you that you may consider as direct consequences of the Hitler regime?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=64.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, my business activities, which I pursued up to the year 1933 with complete freedom, were completely halted on the day of Hitler’s ascent to power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=76.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Continue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=93.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1938...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=95.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of business was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=100.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I had a mail order business in textiles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=104.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where to did you ship you merchandise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=106.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Within Germany, especially to greater Hessen, Rotenberg, Bavaria, and Baden. [Regions South West of Germany]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=109.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it what we call a mail order house—would they order by mail?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=116.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They would order by mail, and we would ship by mail. In 1938 the Polish Jews were deported. One night the Gestapo arrived, and within twenty minutes, we had to leave our home. My brother, my two sisters, the two children of one of my sisters, and myself were forcibly taken to the police, leaving behind all our belongings, a comparatively large amount of cash, and a quite large amount of jewelry. It all was taken away from us, and we regarded it as most fortunate that both of our old parents were not taken with us because they had doctors’ affidavits to the effect that they were completely unfit for transport. We were then deported to Poland in cattle cars, crowded together, sixty to seventy people in one cattle car, and arrived on the morning of a Sabbath in Beuthen at the Polish border.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=123.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is the name of Beuthen in Polish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=199.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e It is the last station in Germany at the Polish border, near Katovitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=202.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. That is near Sosnovitz, Katovitz","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=207.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Yes. It appears to be in that region. We were pushed over the Polish border and arrived on a Sunday at the main depot in Katovitz. The reception given to us by the Jews in Poland, who had been informed about us, was so warm and marvelous that for a moment one was able to forget the pain, the misery, and the want, but I...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=209.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean by the reception of the Jews? What did they do for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=243.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e The people sacrificed everything. Day and night they provided us with food, nourishment, clothing, and everything possible. Don’t forget that we were not permitted to take a thing with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=245.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you admitted to Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=255.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Poland admitted us. However, I had to same night a telephone conversation with a rabbi, Dr. Ansbacher, in Wiesbaden, trying to arrange that nothing should happen to my two old parents and to comfort them, telling them that we had arrived well and endeavoring to create the impression that we were all right. Shortly afterwards, in about six weeks, I managed to return illegally from Poland to Wiesbaden, with the intention of taking care of my house and moving my parents to Holland because...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=257.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in 1938?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=294.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in December, ’38, and January ’39.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=296.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And when did Germany start the war with Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=300.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e September the first, 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=303.0,306.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So that was still before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=306.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was about nine or ten months before the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=308.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=312.0,313.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I returned illegally to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=313.0,316.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have false papers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=316.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I simply smuggled myself through. And we were a group of thirty-one people. We were even shot at when we crossed the border, on which occasion a six-months old baby of a young woman was killed. I arrived—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=318.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of a group was it? Tell me something about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=334.0,336.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e These were all people who lived formerly in Germany. Polish Jews who, were deported that time to Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=336.0,343.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And in spite of that, they decided to return?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=343.0,346.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They decided to return in order to be able to salvage something of their belongings they had left behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=346.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And then to return to Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=350.0,351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and then to return to Poland. Or, there was also the illegal emigration to Belgium, Holland, France and Italy. At any rate, for me the deciding reason was a wish to save my parents. I returned illegally to Wiesbaden and was a witness to the burning of synagogues in Leipzig, in Dresden, in Aschaffenburg, in Mainz, in Frankfurt, as well as in Wiesbaden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When was that? Was that after that fellow was killed in France—that fellow Raat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=374.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Those were the dark “synagogue fires” in Germany, which were set off automatically as a consequence of the shooting of Herr Von Raat in the Paris embassy. The affair was represented by the then Minister of State Goebbels as a plot attributable to the Jews, and he put into effect the well-prepared pogroms against the Jewish synagogues and temples of Germany by instructing the members of the Nazi party to set fire to the synagogues. The temple of Wiesbaden was counted among the six most beautiful synagogues of Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=380.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that this building?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=421.0,422.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No. That isn’t this building, but a building in another location, of which now absolutely nothing is left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=422.0,428.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it destroyed by bombs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=428.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No. That was destroyed by the Nazis then in power. Petrol and gasoline were poured on it and set on fire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=430.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=439.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e This synagogue here was not set on fire only because such a fire would have threatened the neighborhood. This synagogue was only plundered completely and looted. The sacred scrolls were thrown on the streets, spread out and trampeled on the pavement. My old father who came daily to the synagogue...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=441.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e To this one?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=468.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e (To this synagogue,) came that morning as usual to attend the services—there still remained Jews in Wiesbaden who attended the services in the synagogue and worshipped their Lord. He was turned back. He recognized that there was danger and returned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=468.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=487.0,489.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e My father himself still saved one of the holy scrolls, which I later, with the help of my father, shipped away to Switzerland, where it still remains, and with the help of the chaplain now stationed here, Chaplain William Darling, we shall get this holy scroll back again to Wiesbaden. I hope that for the coming dedication of this synagogue, which is to be reconstructed, we shall also have this holy scroll here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=489.0,516.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=516.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e And so—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=518.0,519.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So what happened to you? You came back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=519.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I came back, and in July 1939, we decided to leave the country and—that is, illegally,—to Belgium. My father, my mother, and I. In the meantime my two sisters and their two children returned from Poland, also illegally. So I arranged for them too an illegal departure to Belgium. An outsider may not be able to comprehend what kind of difficulties such an undertaking presents, to leave the “German soil”, as the Nazis called it, especially in secret. First of all, there was the enormous cost of it. Second, we could not take with us anything, because one actually had to crawl across the border. One had to creep on all fours across the border. But at least one would save his life. We arrived then about the ninth of July, 1939, in Antwerp. We were very well received by the Jewish Relief Committee then functioning in Belgium. We obtained an apartment, and we remained in peace in Antwerp until Easter, 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=522.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=596.0,597.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e On the tenth of May, 1940, Hitler executed his attack on Belgium. The first bombardment started at night, and my late mother pleaded with me to flee to France, so that I could at least prepare in France a further refuge for the rest of the family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=597.0,621.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the part of the family that was in Holland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=621.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Meanwhile we had all reunited in Antwerp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=625.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In Belgium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=627.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In Belgium. And so, on the fourteenth of May, I left for France. I bade good-bye to my father, my still-living mother, to my two sisters, and to their two children, and I did not know that that was a goodbye forever. On the twenty-sixty of July I arrived in France. A few days later I was arrested by the local secret police as a suspect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=628.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But Hitler wasn’t yet in France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=663.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Hitler was not yet in France, but the prospect of an influx of refugees apparently worried France, and so all the refugees that arrived were considered suspects. And so I was placed in that infamous prisoners’ camp, Le Verne in the department of Ariege. I was forced to spend eleven months there along with nine thousand Jewish refugees, among others with the International Brigade which fought in the Spanish Civil War, and all in all I should say there were possibly nineteen thousand prisoners, who had to live day and night, weeks and months, under most heavy guard, behind five rows of barbed wire. My brother, who lived in France, and had been in France since 1931, and who occupied a very high post as a rabbi, as slaughterer, as dajin, and as teacher in the city of Strassburg, was at that time evacuated to the south of France. My brother was able to vouch for me; I gained permission to settle in a small village, where my brother lived, where various other Jews of Strassburg were evacuated, and thus through the efforts of my brother I was released from this horrible lager. That was Purim [the feast of Esther, which is celebrated four weeks before Easter], 1941. I arrived at that little village.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that was before the Americans entered the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=756.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e The Americans had not yet joined the war. Also the zone in which I lived was then not yet occupied by the Germans. It was the so-called “non-occupied zone”.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=759.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Non-occupied France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=772.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I arrived on Purim, in 1941, in Besancon. I was very well received, and I spent a short time in Besancon and I received...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=773.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What about your parents? Did they remain behind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=784.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e My parents were during that time still in Belgium, still in Antwerp. I had corresponded with them, and on Rosh Hashona [New Year’s], oh, no, I am mistaken, it was on Sukkoth [Feast of the Tabernacles] 1941, I received word through relatives who were living in Switzerland that my mother (may she rest in peace) had passed away in Antwerp on the eve of Rosh Hashona. I thought -","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=787.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you have a “in memoriam” today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=814.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I had the “in memoriam” yesterday. On the eve of Rosh Hashona. I thought then that I should not survive it, because my mother [and here he sobs bitterly] who was the dearest to me, had passed on without me. [“Passed on” is a conjectural translation; the word is not really comprehensible. His voice now gains new strength.] But today, after I have fifty-five months of concentration camps behind me, and after learning that my father and my two sisters and their two children were sent to Auschwitz, and probably shared the fate of millions, now I am consoled to know that my mother passed away in Antwerp, in her own bed, surrounded by her children and grandchildren. I myself was deported on the twenty-sixth of August of the same year to Paris, Drancy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=889.0,890.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e From Besancon in southern France, by order of...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=890.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=891.0,893.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e By order of the German Gestapo. I was arrested one night by the French mobile guard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=893.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean that in spite of the fact that the town was not in the occupied zone, the Germans exercised pressure to have the Jews arrested there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=900.0,908.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, indeed. The Germans had their fingers stretched as far as the Spanish border, and at that time with that particular transport sixty-three thousand Jews, who had fled from Germany, from Austria, from Hungary, from Holland, from Belgium and from everywhere, as well as from the occupied zone of France, into the non-occupied zone—at that time a transport of Jews in the number of sixty-three thousand people were deported in cattle cars to Paris-Drancy. In Paris-Drancy we were immediately taken over by the German Gestapo and there for the first time we underwent a selection, which we later recognized as the “selections” like in Kobel, in Gogolin, and in Auschwitz, and in Grossrosen and in Bergen-Belsen. I, too, was included in the first “selection”, and eighty-one of us were crowded into a cattle car, men, women, and children, together, all...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you know that the number was eighty-one?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=975.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e We knew the number because actually many more were supposed to get in this car, and in this particular car many more people were supposed to get in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=979.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=989.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e But we, in our car, had created in a few minutes, a little organization, and what you might call a car leader took charge, so that there would be order in the car, and he counted up eighty-one people. This man became later one of my friends in the concentration camp, Ludwig Lash from Hamburg. He too had lost his wife and his two children. This is how I knew there were eighty-one persons in the car. When we got in motion—and I must say in passsing that the car was plumbed [sealed with a lead seal], locked, and sealed. [What the D.P.’s called cattle cars were in fact freight cars, closed box cars, also used for the transport of cattle.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=990.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But how did it happen that the Gestapo paid attention to this car leader, so that they did not put any more people into the car?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1028.0,1038.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e We were yelling, we were making noise.. We yelled, “There are eighty-one of us. There is no room for anymore. There is no room for anymore.” With wooden beams, with guns, with clubs they tried to crowd in more and more, but there was indeed no more room. We had eighty-one in our car. In other cars, where they were luckier, they had possibly only seventy-five. There may have been cars with as many as eighty-five. At any rate the average load for each wagon was about eighty people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1038.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were these the French forty-and-eight cars?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1064.0,1068.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They were French cattle cars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1068.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Forty-and-eight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1070.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1072.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Those “forty men and eight horses.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1073.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, yes. That is correct. Forty person or eight—quarante hommes ou huit chevaux.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1077.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1081.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the inscription. We traveled about five days and five nights without interruption. That is, the train stopped several times, but we never knew where we were. We got no nourishment. We received not a single drop of water. There wasn’t a single hygienic convenience in our car, nothing for a man to satisfy his needs. We managed as we could, during this trip to Kosel. In Kosel the train stopped. During this time we had nine deaths, three women, four men, and two children. In Kosel the train stopped. We had to disembark-not all of us, only the men between sixteen and forty-five. All men older than that, and in general all the women, had to remain in the cars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1082.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1144.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I was not married. And I was among those who jumped out. To say jumped out is an exaggeration, because we could hardly move by then. I remember clearly that while I was getting out of the car an SS man came running by and said the following words: “We will give your testicles the works.” Soon we were lined up in groups, and immediately we had to get down on our knees. There was a total of about nine hundred persons lined up in the form of a little square. There were about twelve or fifteen such blocks of people, and in mine there were about nine hundred men. We had immediately to get into the position of “bended knees.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1145.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1195.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That meant that we had to get down on our knees, that is not standing and not sitting, but in a position with our knees bent. That is, the knees are bent in a manner that the buttocks almost touching our heels, but we could not...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1195.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you had to remain that way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1210.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we had to remain that way. That’s how we had to remain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1211.0,1214.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Not moving up and down. Not like in calisthenics?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1214.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not like in calisthenics.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1215.0,1216.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was that for?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1216.0,1219.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was expressly for the purpose of torturing us. Some people tried to put underneath some little piece of baggage that they had salvaged, so that they could sit on it, but immediately these pieces of baggage were pushed out from underneath them, they were thrown to the ground and had to get back in the bended knee posture. (It would be erroneous to attribute the procedure of keeping multitudes of prisoners in bended knee position only to Nazi perfectionism in torture. There is evidence that the SS guards were themselves greatly frightened while handling such crowds of hostile humanity. Keeping the prisoners in an awkward position near the ground was of course an assurance of their helplessness, and consequent safety for the guards. The added wanton cruelty was an effective stop gap against being overcome all at once by pity and compassion for the victims.) And so we were sitting there for about forty minutes. In forty minutes there arrived an automobile, and an SS man alighted, all decorated with plenty of gold around his neck and on his chest, and we inferred from that that he must have been a higher sort of animal. I myself had been in Germany [during the Nazis] for about five years and was able to recognize the special insignia. And so I recognized the SS ober-sturm-fuehrer or an ober-sturm division fuehrer. A man whose name I learned years later. He put on his gloves...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1219.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1271.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e His name was Liepner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1272.0,1274.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, did anything happen to him subsequently?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1274.0,1277.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I hope he was killed, and I believe he was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1277.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, killed by whom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1282.0,1283.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e By the prisoners who were later liberated by the Allies. This Liepner put on his gloves and made some remark to his side, which we of course couldn’t hear, but we saw him make a gesture like throwing away something, kind of abruptly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1283.0,1302.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1302.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e And we were ordered to get up, were loaded into trucks, and were driven to a lager. This was in Gogolin. There we were registered in the books, and the next day we were distributed into barracks. During the night we had to sleep in the yard. The barracks had a capacity for about thirty-five to forty people in military cots, which were stacked up in threes, one over another. But into each room they shoved eighty to ninety people. Each group had to pick a room trusty, and these room trusties were subordinated to the lager trusty. This was a system entirely unfamiliar to us at that time. Our attention as then called by the lager trusty to the following [this was also a Jew, a prisoner who had already spent some time in that lager]. He told us, on that morning at the appell, the following: “You have no business of any kind with the Germans and with the German supervisory personnel. Your supervisory personnel is the room trusty, the block trusty, and the lager trusty.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1304.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e All these were Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1391.0,1392.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e All these were Jews. “If you have some trouble, report to your room trusty. Don’t report too often, and don’t become conspicuous. Do not talk much, and do what you are told to do. Don’t talk much to each other, and don’t try to do anything which is against the order of things in the lager. Here one doesn’t talk much. Here one doesn’t say much. Something may happen to anybody that he does not wish to happen to him.” The next morning we were led for the first time to work. This was work on the autobahn of the Reich. For five prisoners (at that time I did not yet consider myself a prisoner)...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1392.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,1442.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e For every five people there were two guards. These two guards were armed, with rifles, with a revolver, with a sword, dagger, and with a watch dog for each one of them. These watch dogs are really the most terrible thing that I can imagine. These watch dogs were trained on human beings, on particular people not in uniforms. And it almost appeared to me—of course it seems ridiculous to say it—that these watch dogs, but indeed it appears to me, that these watch dogs were trained against anything that was Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1442.0,1490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For God’s sake! How many watch dogs did they have? Did you say two watch dogs for every five people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1490.0,1499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a dog for each guard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1499.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how many people were taken care of by one guard?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1504.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Five people had two guards. It was that way. Five people, two guards, two dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1507.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What were they? German shepherd dogs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1514.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They were German shepherd dogs mostly. But they also had bulldogs among them. As a matter of fact, I can remember to have seen only German shepherd dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1517.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And they really had to many dogs? Would it not be a problem to feed so many dogs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1525.0,1531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In the lager which I passed later, that was the lager Grossrosen, that is near Striegau, a lager with a capacity of ninety thousand prisoners...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1545.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They had a special guard contingent which was exclusively in charge of the dogs. There was an SS superior troop leader and a SS troup leader, and then a certain number SS men whose only duty it was to provide for the dogs, their care, their training, their lodging, and their wonderful nourishment. Where they managed to get that food, I don’t know. At any rate, we were definitely sure that the dogs were trained so that anyone who attempted to escape would be found immediately within a distance of a hundred or two hundred meters. And prisoners who would escape at night, if such a thing were possible at all, or from the various construction jobs, would have been followed by the dogs with their supervisors until they were found. During the fifty-five months of my imprisonment I never heard of a single case where a prisoner succeeded in escaping. He might have been away one day, he might have been away even three or four days and nights, but he would always come back, dead or alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1546.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now let’s return to your work, at the autobahn...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1620.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The work at the autobahn was really all right for us. It appeared to us very easy. Why? Because we did not know yet the pace which was to be set only a little later. They thrusted shovels into our hands, and we were ordered to shovel. The futility of this work appeared to us obvious, because some of us were throwing the gravel from left to right while others were throwing it from right to left. The whole thing appeared...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1624.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then you were not on the autobahn?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1645.0,1648.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was when the autobahn was under construction. It was not yet a complete autobahn. It was just the preliminary highway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1648.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now why did they make you do useless work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1653.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e The gravel had to be shoveled. There was dry gravel, there was wet gravel. There were small stones, and there were big stones. Each one had his assignment, and it appeared to us completely purposeless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1656.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e It appeared so to you; it was not really “useless” work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1666.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Possibly it was not so useless.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1669.0,1670.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1670.0,1671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In about fourteen days we were transferred from Gogolin to the lager Fürstengrube, near Katowice. There the task was to dry up a flooded mine, and at Fürstengrube begins the saddest chapter of my experience. It was in November, 1941, when we arrived there, and right from the start we had the feeling that here the end has to come to everything. The guard was very strict; it consisted of SA men. The lager Fuehrer, who was in charge of things, was a certain Mareck, and he had an assistant who was at that time a police sergeant, Lapke, whom we gave the name of Messiah, because every morning at four o’clock at appell—the appell started at about three o’clock in the morning and lasted until five, and we had to stand outside in the yard at attention, and during these one or two hours, this sergeant Lapke was in the habit of making speeches in a horrible tone of voice. One had the impression that that man...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he have an address system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1744.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No. He walked from group to group. He yelled all over the yard, so that it was clearly audible, and one always had the impression that he was drunk. “What do you mean, you have come here for a rest? Soon you will see your Messiah. That’s all you want to see, your Messiah? You will all land back in Jerusalem, but not back there in the Jerusalem that you hope to see. You will all remain here. Here is your Jerusalem. And soon you will all see your Messiah.” And that was the reason why we gave him the nickname, Messiah. He was one of the most feared men that ever lived. And sure enough, on the second day of our arrival, this Lapke shot a prisoner, a certain Mr. Lagro, a perfume manufacturer from Berlin who fled to Belgium and was deported from Belgium afterwards, and was also in our group. This Lapke shot him, right on the second day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e He, in person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1799.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e He shot him in person. He took out to the place of work, he gave him the order—we all saw exactly how it happened—he ordered him to bring something from the woods, Lagro went into the forest about thirty meters deep, and then there was a shot, and that was the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1801.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did Lapke go with him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1815.0,1817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Lapke went with him and shot him in the back, and afterwards, that evening it was said that Lagro, that prisoner Lagro, was shot in an attempt to escape. We saw then which way the wind was blowing. Then we had a lager trusty, a Jew. His name was Cohen, a very fine fellow. He himself was in despair over the situation of the people for whom he had taken the responsibility. And so the winter came. Every day we had dead. People frozen, killed, or dead from starvation. We worked then in the...plant. There was a chief engineer, Reichman, who put on the appearance of being a decent person. He was the general work manager, and was always ready to help and so on and so on. But in the meantime this man tortured the prisoners to death by means of work assignments. At night and in fog, day and night, we had to work outdoors. We had nothing to wear. Our overcoats were taken away from us and were deposited in the storeroom of the lager, and we were not permitted to wear them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1817.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1885.0,1886.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Because we had to keep in action. They said that when a Jew is warm, he does not work, therefore they should not have any overcoats. They should generate warmth through motion and through work. And at work it was always demanded - motion, motion, motion. Always in motion, davay, davay, davay [Russian and Polish for give, give, give]. On with the work, on with the work. Then there was a foreman from...His name was Bielka. This man daily killed people with his own hand. He killed them with shovels. Not those long shovels, but the short spades. He beat people with them daily, who most frequently died afterwards from such injuries. This Bielka also got after me, and only through a fortunate accident I was transferred to another work division and got out from under Bielka’s eyes. Otherwise he finally would have killed me, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1886.0,1955.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you personally mistreated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1955.0,1957.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e [hesitantly] In this lager,.. Since I have shown myself very willing and have presented myself for any kind of work, I was never beaten inside the lager. But of course, you must remember that we had a Jewish lager trusty and as Jews we still had a certain amount of solidarity. Inside the lager we were rarely beaten. Only in cases where disciplinary punishment was administered for disobedience, which may have happened to all of us. It was only at work that we were beaten regularly and that was by the SA and by the foreman. The foremen were mostly Polish and non-Jews. I remember well how we got an order to dig holes for telegraph poles. To this job they assigned a Dutch Jew by the name of Hammerschlag, and three other Jews from Poland, and myself. And so there were five of us. Now, to dig in December or January in clay soil that was frozen harder than granite, in the beastly cold of thirty to forty degrees [centigrade] frozen harder than granite—and here we had to dig a hole. And we had to do it, there was not way out. And I must say we worked half naked to get it done. The sweat poured from us in torrents, and we had to do it, and we had to do the job. So we got it done, but at what sacrifice! Of the five people who worked at that hole, two Polish Jews froze to death, and also this Hammerschlag, that Dutch Jew. I myself had signs of frozen legs, and I myself was one of those who carried the dead from the place of work into the lager. I shall never forget the impression that is made by the face of a man frozen to death. I got the impression that these people were laughing. One notices on the faces a kind of transition, as if at the beginning of the agony the people distort their faces, and for the onlooker it creates the impression that he is laughing. This dead man—and that already is the dead from freezing - and this expression remains on the face as if they were laughing; and those dead had to be buried immediately, because in this lager we had no crematory, and so there was a special detail. Their duty was to dig graves in the near forest. And it wasn’t worth the trouble for the SA to assign a detail for each dead man; so the dead were kept in the lager until they has accumulated ten, twelve or fifteen dead. And that never took long; it always happened within five or six days. And then the ten of fifteen dead would be carried out, naked as they were, dirty, and filthy, in a terrible state. They were simply thrown into the pit, etc., etc. At the beginning we were still permitted to say Kadesh.[This is a prayer for the dead]. And we would throw in there the dead. Later appeared, an old Schlomask. Schlomasks is what we called the foremen and guards. And so this old Scholomask prohibited it. “What are you mumbling there? Nonsense. Stop that nonsense. Do your work and go.” We were in this lager until the end of summer 1942, and during the summer of 1942 this lager was evacuated. It was to be used for Russian war prisoners. And we came to the lager Gleiwitz. Gleiwitz lies near Gliwice. Gleiwitz was an old mill which never was fit for people to live in. It was a mill full of rats, mice; the floors full of holes; high ceilings, such as mills have. We were established there. We were lying over each other in five tiers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does that mean—in five tiers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2218.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In stacked up bunks, as stacked up trays are constructed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2219.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you near to each other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2222.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e This is really impossible to describe. We were lying next to each other like sardines in a can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2224.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So then they were sleeping scaffolds, so to speak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2228.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they were scaffolds. The first one about eighty centimeters high, the second one at about one meter fifty, the third one at about two meters fifty, the fourth one three meters fifty, and the fifth one at about...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2230.0,2243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But how was it arranged? Were they separated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2243.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No, these were just wooden scaffolds. Made out of board.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2247.0,2249.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Pritschen? ( In the peasant homes, old prisons and laborers’ barracks of Eastern Europe the sleeping facilities consisted of wooden scaffolds or shelves on which numerous people slept all together. The German name for them is Pritschen, the Russian Polati.) [Plank-beds]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2249.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Pritschen. Yes. They were covered with straw, and we lay next to each other, about five men within a distance between posts, all on scaffolds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2250.0,2269.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What posts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2269.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Posts that supported the building. And five tiers one over the other full of lice, full of fleas, full of bedbugs, Horrible conditions. It is unbelievable that people can survive such a thing. At three o’clock in the morning we had to get up. At four was the appell. That lasted until five. At five we marched out, and we had to march an hour and a half to the station. There we were put in box cars, which would take us to the place of work. We worked in the famous textile plant, Christian Berig in Oberlangen, Bilow. We also worked in Reichenach, in various textile mills. And so the night followed the day—when we returned it was nine o’clock in the evening. Then we had to struggle to get our food, because the people there were frozen stiff and starved, and the people had to stand in line until they got a bit of soup. Water soup with turnips. And when they had gulped down their soup, they had to get back into the halls to bed. There they handed out that little piece of bread. For eight, nine or twelve people a two-pound loaf. And when everything had been passed around, it was already eleven or twelve o’clock at night. And at three o’clock we were waked again. Every day we had dead. It was an intolerable situation. And only because I was on very friendly terms with the lager trusty, a certain Zehngut from Sosnovitz, he assigned me to a labor transport which was sent to Hirschberg in upper Silesia. We arrived in Hirschberg, thirty-three people, in November, 1943. We arrived in Hirschberg; there I worked in the Frik industries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of industries were they?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2377.0,2378.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e The Frik industries were making wool out of wood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2378.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that really possible?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2383.0,2385.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e That was possible. Of course, I don’t want to pass judgment as to the quality of such wool, but they really made wool out of wood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2385.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And they were able to weave cloth out of it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2394.0,2396.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e They made afterwards cloth out of it, uniforms, general goods, wool that was used to manufacture clothing. From Hirschberg I went to—In Hirschberg I was awakened one night and was called to the office. And before me stood the commander of the lager, the SS superior commander, Weigel. Then he asked me: “You are German?” And I said: “Yes, Herr Superior Commander.” So he asked me: “Can you write?” And I said: “Yes, Herr Superior Commander.” “Can you type?” “Indeed, Superior Commander.” “Well, sit down. We shall give you a trial.” And he placed before me a typewriter and I had to write something that he dictated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you type?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2446.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I could type. And so he said to the lager trusty, and to all the others present, the ones who were present that night—it was a puzzle to me what was going on—so he said, “I think he’s good. I believe we should take him.” He had some kind of Bavarian dialect. He was a Sudeten German. And so he said, “I believe we should take him.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2447.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This is Spool 164. This is Spool 164. This is Spool 164 of Jack Matzner and Anna Kaletski. There is quite some defective wire...empty wire...but this is Spool 164","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2466.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This is the...This is the...This is the Maztner and Anna Kaletska original spool, number 164. I’ve simply attached about a minute of wire at the beginning and at the end so that the actual original text be well-protected. Run about a minute and the text begins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2525.0,2559.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Wiesbaden, September the 26th...spools that we are taking in Germany. I am here in the eh...rehabilitative synagogue, not the main synagogue of München, but that was the eh...second shul, so to say. And Mr. Jack Matzner is continuing his story from Spool 163. Hm, we are rather under pressure but I don’t want him to hurry, I want him to be as specific and detailed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2559.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Please give me all the details, the way they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2589.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I was found suitable to be assigned as clerk. The lager foreman told me afterwards, “That is a great opportunity for you. This may be your lucky moment.” The same night I was dressed up. That is, I was given clean clothes. Up to then we were wearing sheer rags, and early in the morning at about four o’clock I had to depart, accompanied by the same Obershaar-fuehrer Weigel. We traveled then as far as the station Striegau in upper Silesia, and from there we marched on foot. On the way that Obershaar-fuehrer told me in his Sudetenland German dialect, “Don’t you dare to disgrave me. Stand at attention, don’t ask any questions, and keep your mouth shut.” All at once I noticed a sign “Gross-Rosen”, and a chill went through my body.[He uses the expression: “I got pale inside of me”] I was checked in, and here are the subsequent events.I was put in prisoner’s uniform, the blue-white uniform. I was given the number 20-201. Meanwhile there were delivered from other lagers twenty-four Jews and a few days later we were assigned to lager Wüstegiersdorf, also in Upper Silesia. In Wüstegiersdorf we were taken over by Obersturm-fuehrer Lichtemeier. This man made a speech, telling us that we were now to erect the camps, to build them, and that any instance of misbehavior would be punished by death without delay. We were ordered to select from our midst a lager deputy, who was to be responsible for the whole lager, and we were sent to lager Wolfsberg. Wolfsberg was really an empty stretch of hills and valleys—bare grounds and we were to build a lager. We were given the material, and within the next day or two arrived the first eight thousand Greek and Hungarian Jews. And they arrived from Auschwitz. These Jews were immediately checked in. They all had tattoes and were assigned to build the lager with the material at our disposal, and shortly the lager was ready. It did not consist of “blocks” but of some type of round eskimo tents. We called them Finnish tents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Within a short time we had a population of about twenty-one thousand persons, all Jews. Rabbis, shochets ( Slaugters of cattle and fowl according to hebrew ritual. ), scholars, chazidim, ( An ultra orthodox Jewish religious sect. ) artisans, judges, lawyers, workingmen—Poles, Hungarians, Rumanians, Germans, French, Greek—a wholly international conglomeration of humanity. But in spite of that, we the leaders had decided to hold together, and to help and save everyone. We established a hospital under the direction of the Hungarian physicians Dr. Friek and Dr. Deutsch, and we put there all the rabbis, all scholars, all chasids, even if they were not sick, simply to protect these people who had never worked/physically/ from the heavy labor in the tunnel. You see, a tunnel of twenty-five to thirty kilometers was being constructed, and we were the ones to construct it. Every day we had deaths. Construction accidents, cave-ins, the excavating machines killed people daily; the foremen were clubbing people; they knew it was a question of life or death. And only because we had a good organization were we able to see to it that inside of the lager itself nothing should happen contrary to our intentions. There we remained until January, 1945. In January 1945, the lager was abandoned. We knew already why. Our exploratory senses and our eyes were directed toward the outside world. We knew the Russians were on the march. Ever night we saw how Breslau was bombed. We saw the allied fortresses flying over our lagers, who knew for certain that the people there below, in the blue and white uniforms, were their own and that no bombs should be dropped on them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e In January, 1945, the lager was abandoned. We were transported to Schimberg. These were all just small villages, stations that received us until we came to the lager Bergen-Belsen. En route we had, not dozens, but hundreds of deaths. People who were old and sick and weak and unable to stand the march would fall on the road. We had to drag them with us and bury them at night. We had orders from the SS to break out the gold teeth before burial. So we marched on and on. Piles of corpses and mountains of corpses rose, which were just buried anywhere or scarcely covered with sand. And then one night we arrived at Bergen-Belsen. Bergen-Belsen—at first we did not see this lager in its true light. But the next day we understood; we saw the treatment accorded us. Undress, give up everything, lie down, stand up, appells lasting for hours. By appells lasting for hours is to understand appells lasting fifteen to twenty hours, in mud, in snow, in ice, in water, Nightly we had people in the barracks who had gone to bed in the evening and were dead by the morning after. In darkness we were unable to see what was going on in these pestilent and over-crowded blocks. One was killing the other. The population of the lager must have reached the hundred thousand mark. Gentiles and Jews, Catholics, Protestants, Engligh, parachutists, French volunteers who were fighting on the side of the allies, Jews, Maquis—all of them were here, and every one knew it was merely a matter of minutes. In Bergen-Belsen I saw for the first time how people were burned on open pyres. Apparently the gas or gas piping stopped to function; so they piled the people in mounds and poured gas over them and burned them on open pyres. ( I apparently was in such a trance that I did not interrupt him to ascertain that those “people” were corpses only. Presumably they were. ) One got accustomed to such a sight as if it was something ordinary. It is terrible to say that. And up to this day I can’t conceive how I was able to bear this stench which would not only come through the nose but would stick to one’s palates as if it were something palpable; this repugnant, pestilent stench that filled the air.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e One day it was announced that a labor transport was being formed for some other lager. We wanted to get away from Bergen-Belsen at any cost. We reported accordingly, and we had the good fortune to be among the three thousand persons that were chosen. And we marched to the railroad, and after a trip lasting a full day and a full night we arrived at Messantine. Messantine is a small place near Frankfurt-on-the-Oder or Stetin. After all, we never knew where we were. At any rate we were working now in the industries in Pohlitz. This is a plant as big as a city. They manufactured there benzine and fuel. A foreman under whom I worked told me that this plant was producing four and one-half million liters of fuel daily, until there came one night nearly two thousand English and American planes in waves and within an hour or so demolished the whole plant. At any rate, it was our duty to clean the place up. We had to remove the wreckage and mountains of rubble, and the work had to go on. However, we were already under artillery fire of the Russians who were located on the opposite shore of the Oder. Our lager and plant were on this side of the Oder, and the Russians were already on the opposite side. The locality was under artillery fire, and one day we had as many as twenty-five or twenty-six dead and injured, among them guards who were also killed by bombs and missiles of the Russian artillery. So we cleared also this lager, and then we came to Barth. Barth was a small town near Wismar. And there we were located in the Heinkel aircraft works. The Heinkel aircraft works looked very beautiful. The lager was very beautiful, but what occurred there defies any descriptions. I noticed there for the first time that I was beginning to weaken. I could not stand it any more. And my friend with whom I had been together all the time, all these years, Fischel Wiener from Sosnovitz, was telling me “Matzner, hold out, brace up, keep up your strength; it cannot last much longer; you must.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What year was that, 1945?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3289.0,3290.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e “You have to hold out, you have stood it so long. Keep your strength.” And meanwhile every day my best friends were dying. My best buddies perished. I was together with a Hungarian landowner, Ludwig Biro, from Szatmár.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3290.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3308.0,3309.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jew—he was there with his brother. His brother had perished, there. And how did the people die? One of my best friends, Moishe Rotbart, hanged himself, a pious man, who said, “I can’t stand it any more.” At work he was gnashing his teeth. He was eager to survive, but he couldn’t, and he took his own life. A day later we saw him lying, down there in the cellar, a corpse. And so we had suicides daily and daily more people were killed. One “fine” morning I felt that I had fever. I have been having fever most of the time, but that morning it was especially high, and I went to the hospital to have my temperature taken, and the attendant measured a temperature of 39.6 degrees. With the slip on which he had written that I had a temperature of 39.6 I went to the lager foreman and pleaded with him to let me remain in the lager since I had such a high temperature. He gave me a kick in the stomach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3309.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And that was a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3364.0,3365.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was a Christian, a so-called BV-er; (Befauer) that means a professional criminal. He gave me a kick in the stomach and said, “You Jew-pig, get out of here. For you it is high time that you croak.” Because of that kick, I fell, and remained lying on the ground. I felt only that I was trampled in the face and on the back. And so I was lying there, and when I came to (you see, I lost consciousness) I found myself in the cellar. This cellar was an invention of this Befauer. The cellar was about chest-high under water. In the water at the time of my arrival were lying and standing about ninety or ninety-five people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3365.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They couldn’t lie there!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3421.0,3422.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Those who were lying there were already dead. And these who were standing had arranged the bodies of the dead in such a manner that they could stand or sit on them; otherwise the ones who were still living would also have drowned. I did the same thing. I found myself a place at the wall. I dragged one or two bodies which were under the water and arranged them under the water against the wall, and I sat on them. And so I remained in the water, counting from that morning exactly two days and two nights. During this time my buddy drowned, who stood next to me, Ludwig Pasternak, from Hungary, who constantly pleaded with me. “Matzner,” he would say to me, “if I should not be saved, tell my cousin who lives in Toulouse that I have died and that my last thoughts were with my father, my other, and my family. Tell my cousin John Hillman that I could not stand it anymore.” This John Hillman was in the same lager. And so my friend died. So died my friend Ludwig Pasternak. I think a relative of his was the famous opera singer Louis Pasteur. (He apparently has confused the name.) And then all at once it began to happen. I myself don’t really know how. I was almost unconscious throughout these days and nights. I just breathed instinctively; I just lived instinctively. I had nothing to eat or to drink, but I was still alive. And all at once they were yelling: “Out! Out!” And people from upstairs came down, and all at once I found myself in a room. And there was not water, and I was lying on the floor, and afterwards on a table. And again my friend Fishel Wiener was standing before me, and he was just saying to me, “Matzner, you will live, you will live. The Russians are at the gate, the Russians are coming.” Then I knew I was lying in a real bed, where everything was white, and then it was night. And there came to me a man. He stroked my head, and I only recognized a uniform of the color worn by the American soldiers. He stroked my head and spoke to me, but I could not understand him. Then he called a nurse. She was all in white. I did not know that he was calling a nurse; I understood that he had called a nurse only when I saw her there. She wore a white cap over her head and spoke Russian, and he said something to her, and returned after some time with two bottles, and he poured the content of these two bottles over me and washed me with it. It was cognac. Today I know that it was whiskey or cognac. Then I didn’t know what it was, but it refreshed me miraculously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3422.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e He washed you with it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3634.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e He washed me with it. He removed my bedcovers and washed me with it. The nurse had placed a rubber sheet under me and he washed me from head to foot with whiskey. It refreshed me miraculously. Next to me, on the next cot lay a Greek lawyer. His name was Nissin—I just called him Nissim. ( Nissim means in Hebrew “miracles”. He used it apparently as a nickname for Mr. Nissin. ) He was just calling, “Adonai, Adonai, Adonai! Matzner that is good for you, that is good.” “Ce hace bien, Ce hace bien!” He spoke French, “Ce hace bien pour vous, ce hace bien.” And I came to, and I later came under the treatment of a Russian physician—I have forgotten his name. At any rate I went through a violent attack of typhus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3635.0,3685.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Spotted typhus or intestinal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3685.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Intestinal. And under the care of this Russian physician—he treated me marvelously, indeed—I was healed. From the Russian hospital I came to the International lager and from there...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3686.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . I was sent to a French hospital and I convalesced in Bart. I did not want to remain in Bart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where is Bart?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e It is somewhere in Silesia. I pretended to be a Frenchman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were free by the Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was freed by the Russians. But that man, that soldier who washed me with cognac, he was an American pilot. That I found out afterwards. They were there with huge American flying machines. I did not see them myself but from the description—they were just giant flying machines. And I presented myself to be a Frenchman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did that man get into the hospital?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t know that. At any rate there were Americans present. The best proof of it is that many of our patients who could already walk were given by these...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,3702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e American soldiers bandages, pieces of underwear, shirts, chocolate, grapefruit, and food and drink. And our people were repeating the only word, “OK, OK, OK.” They were all Greeks and Hungarians, etc. who did not know any English. The only word they knew was, OK, OK, OK. Today I know that these men were American soldiers. And so I came to the French hospital and I presented myself to be a Frenchman, to be transported to France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3702.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you speak French so well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3735.0,3737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, because I lived a long time in France. This little trick was successful; I came with the last French transport to Bad Schwartau. There I was accepted in a lager of the British Army, where I encountered the first Jew in uniform. This was a certain Mr. Henry-Harry Dumbrand, from London, at any rate from England. He gave me cigarettes. He was glad to meet a Jew. And from Bad Schwartau I came to an UNRRA lager in Geldern, which is near Kevelaer at the Dutch border, and from there I returned to my home town Wiesbaden. ( From here a few paragraphs of the interview are missing due to technical failure in the recorder. ) It drove me to Wiesbaden first because I believed that from there I might start the search for my family. Also because it was in the American zone. I returned to Wiesbaden. And I was still very sick, very weak, and I gradually recovered only due to the help of some American friends whose acquaintance I had made, especially a Captain Dave Le-Melman, from Miami, who took a special interest in me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3817.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJaques Matzner:\u003c/strong\u003e All Jews. And last, but not least, the crown of my acquaintances, the wonderful Chaplain William E. Darling, a man who stood up not only for me personally but for the whole Jewish community of Wiesbaden...And so I, as a Wiesbadener, got the inspiration to rebuild anew the House of the Lord, which served as a holy place for my parents and for the oldest Rabbi of Germany, Rabbi Dr. Leo Kahn (may he rest in peace). I consider it almost the calling of my life to rebuild the house in which my father and my mother (may they rest in peace) have stood, the house in which I was confirmed, the house in which my sisters and brothers had worshipped for decades. And to rebuild it again as it was. I consider it my life work to rebuild this house for the sake of the dead, for the sake of those who shall not return any more, and for those who were able to leave this country in time, so the word of God may spread over all the world, a memorial to all who knew Wiesbaden and who once lived in Wiesbaden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3817.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes a report—rather condensed—of Mr. Jack Matzner. There would be a number of questions I would like to ask him and he could probably give me some very intelligent answers, but since it could be done by mail, I think I will call in one and the other of the two ladies who are waiting for the interview. It’s a very difficult thing to have...to stagger the interviewees—you don’t want to interrupt, it takes always more times than you expect. We are now going over to the next interview [unintelligible] start Mr. Matzner at twenty-five minutes of Spool 164.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=4101.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This concludes Spool 9-164A—the interview with Jack Matzner. The second part—the interview with Anna Kovitzka—is put on separate spool, 164B. The 14th of November, 1950, Boder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=4140.0,4154.49613"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8027/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/027/original/jaques-matzner_en.txt?1735944587","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/027/original/jaques-matzner_en.txt?1735944587"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Wiesbaden, September the 26th, 1946. These are the last spools we are taking in Germany and they are about the last spools of the project. I am now interviewing Mr. Jack Matzner, forty-two years old, an important member of the Wiesbaden community, which is primarily supported by UNNRA, but lives in pri— is billeted in private homes. The billeting, of course, as I understand, is about 1.6 people per bedroom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.572,38.56"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Herr Matzner, wollen Sie mir nochmal sagen, wie heißen Sie und wo sind Sie geboren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=38.56,46.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich heiße Jaques Matzner und ich bin geboren in Wiesbaden. Meine Eltern sind polnischer Abstammung und ich hatte bis zum Jahre 1938 die polnische Staatsangehörigkeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=46.207,59.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben die gehabt, obwohl Sie sind in Wiesbaden geboren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=59.787,61.782"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Trotzdem, dass ich in Wiesbaden geboren wurde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=61.782,64.048"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun wollen Sie mir dann jetzt sagen, was hat Ihnen passiert, dass Sie direkt als Konsequenzen des Hitler Regimes betrachten können.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=64.048,76.875"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Vor allen Dingen wurde die geschäftliche Tätigkeit, die ich bis zum Jahre neunzehn hundert drei und dreißig (1933) ungestört ausüben konnte mit dem Tag des Hitler’s Übernahme der Macht vollkommen gestört.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=76.875,93.325"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=93.325,95.13"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Neunzehn hundert acht und dreißig .(1938) wurden...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=95.13,100.246"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also was war ihr Geschäft, dass es schon 1933 gestört wurde?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=100.246,104.046"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich hatte ein Textilwaren Versandgeschäft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=104.046,106.935"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wohin haben Sie die Waren versandt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=106.935,109.312"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Innerhalb Deutschland, besonders Groß-Hessen, Rothenberg, Bayern und Baden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=109.312,116.143"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm. Also, das war, was wir sagen - ein Mail Order House?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=116.143,119.276"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, man hat es per Post bestellt und per Post verschickt. 1938 wurden die polnischen Juden deportiert. Eines Nachts kam die...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=119.276,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sprechen Sie lauter, bitte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,129.838"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Eines Nachts kam die Gestapo und wir mussten innerhalb zwanzig (20) Minuten das Haus verlassen. Mein Bruder, meine beiden Schwestern, die beiden Kinder der einen Schwester und ich selbst, wurden zwangsweise zur Polizei gebracht unter Zurücklassung unserer gesamten Habe und Gutes. Ein ziemlich großes Barvermögen in Geld und ein ziemlichgroßes Vermögen in Schmuck wurde uns abgenommen und wir betrachteten es damals als ein Glück, dass unsere beiden alten Eltern nicht mitgenommen wurden, weil sie durch ärztliche Atteste bescheinigt bekamen, dass sie für einen Transport unfähig seien. Wir wurden dann nach Polen deportiert—in Viehwagen, zusammengepfercht, sechzig (60) bis siebzig (70) Personen in einem Viehwagon—und kamen an einem Sabbat Morgen in Beuten an der oberschlesischen polnischen Grenze an.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=129.838,199.6"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie heißt Beuten auf polnisch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=199.6,202.107"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das ist die letzte Station in Deutschland vor der polnischen Grenze, zwischen Volten und Katovitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=202.107,207.322"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=207.322,208.165"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Sosnovitz, Katovitz","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=208.165,209.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das scheinen die Grenzstädte gewesen zu sein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=209.588,212.793"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wir wurden dann teilweise durch die polnische Grenze geschleust und kamen dann an einem Sonntag im Katovitz am Hauptbahnhof an. Der Empfang von Juden, die in Polen schon davon unterrichtet waren, dass wir kämen, war derart gross und derart wunderbar, dass man eigentlich für den Augenblick das Leid, die Elend und die Not vergessen hatte. Aber...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=212.793,243.021"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was meinen Sie bei dem Empfang von den Juden? Was haben sie getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=243.021,245.699"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Die Leute haben sich aufgeopfert. Tag und Nacht haben sie uns Verpflegung, Kleidung und alles Mögliche gebracht. Es darf nämlich nicht vergessen werden, dass wir nichts mitnehmen durften.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=245.699,255.449"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat Sie Polen herein gelassen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=255.449,257.504"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Polen hat uns herein gelassen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=257.504,259.131"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=259.131,260.408"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich persönlich hatte allerdings noch in der selben Nacht eine telephonische Rücksprache mit dem Rabbiner Dr. Ansbacher, der hatte dafür zu sorgen, dass meinen beiden alten Eltern nichts geschieht und sie zu beruhigen, dass wir gut angekommen wären und ich habe versucht den Eindruck zu erwecken, dass es uns gut geht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=260.408,281.312"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=281.312,282.411"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Kurz danach, es war sechs (6) Wochen später, gelang es mir illegal aus Polen nach Wiesbaden zurück zu kommen und zwar mit der Absicht meine Eltern ebenfalls nach Polen zu bringen, weil...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=282.411,294.803"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das war in acht und dreißig (38)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=294.803,296.488"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war im Dezember acht und dreißig (38) und Jänner neun und dreißig (39).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=296.488,300.34"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also wann...wann hat Deutschland angefangen den Krieg mit Polen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=300.34,303.99"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Am ersten (1.) September neun und dreißig (39).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=303.99,306.196"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha, also das war noch bevor dem Krieg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=306.196,308.883"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war etwa neun (9) oder zehn (10) Monate bevor dem Kriege.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=308.883,312.554"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=312.554,313.667"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich kam dann illegal nach Deutschland zurück.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=313.667,316.315"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie illegale Papiere gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=316.315,318.211"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein. Ich habe mich geschmuggelt. Und zwar waren wir eine Gruppe von ein und dreißig (31) Personen, die beim Grenzüberschritt sogar angeschossen wurde, wobei das halb jährige Kind einer Frau erschossen wurde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=318.211,331.462"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=331.462,332.607"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich kam nach...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=332.607,334.589"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für eine Gruppe war das? Erzählen Sie mir bitte etwas darüber.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=334.589,336.756"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das waren alles Leute, die früher in Deutschland gelebt hatten. Polnische Juden, die mit dieser Aktion nach Polen deportiert worden sind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=336.756,343.836"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und sie haben beschlossen trotzdem zurück zu gehen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=343.836,346.153"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Sie hatten beschlossen zurück zu gehen, um das, was sie hatten noch retten zu können.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=346.153,350.245"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha,...und dann wieder nach Polen zurück.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=350.245,351.72"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Und dann wieder nach Polen zurück zu gehen. Oder es bestand ja auch die illegale Immigration nach Belgien, nach Holland, nach Frankreich und nach Italien. Jedenfalls bei mir persönlich war der ausschlaggebende Grund: ich wollte meine Eltern retten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.72,364.16"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=364.16,364.797"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich kam dann illegal nach Wiesbaden zurück und wurde noch Zeuge der brennenden Synagogen in Leipzig, in Dresden, in Aschaffenburg, im Mainz, in Frankfurt und auch in Wiesbaden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=364.797,374.417"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wann war das? War das nachdem dieser Mann in Frankreich ermordet wurde—das war Raat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=374.417,380.018"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war der, die Synagogen Verbrennungen in Deutschland, die wurden automatisch auf das Geschehen ausgelöst - auf Grund der Erschießung dieses Herrn Von Raat in der Pariser Gesandtschaft. Es wurde damals von dem damaligen Reichsminister Göbel—hm, die Sache wurde so präpariert, als wäre es eine Erschwerung gewesen, die den Juden zuzuschreiben wäre, und er hat den gut vorbereiteten Programm auf die jüdischen Synagogen und Tempel Deutschland’s ausgeführt, indem die Angehörigen der damaligen nazistischen Partei aufgefordert wurden, die Synagogen in Band zu stecken. Der Wiesbadener Tempel, der zu den sechs (6) schönsten Synagogen Deutschland’s gezählt hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=380.018,421.063"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ist das dieses Gebäude da?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=421.063,422.748"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein, das ist nicht das Gebäude. Das ist ein Gebäude gewesen von dem man heute überhaupt nichts mehr sieht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=422.748,428.495"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wurde es von den Bomben vernichtet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=428.495,430.241"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein es wurde durch die nazistischen Machthaber von damals vernichtet, wo es mit Petroleum und Benzin überschüttet wurde and dann angezündet wurde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=430.241,439.728"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=439.728,441.173"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Die Synagoge, die jetzt hier ist, wurde damals nur deshalb nicht angezündet, weil die Nachbarschaft dadurch bedroht gewesen wäre. Es wurde die Synagoge nur inwendig vollkommen ausgeplündert und ausgeraubt. Die Sefer Torah’s wurden auf die Strasse hinaus geworfen, aufgerollt und auf dem Straßenpflaster. Mein alter Vater, der täglich in die Synagoge kam...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=441.173,468.242"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In diese?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=468.242,468.904"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: In diese Synagoge—kam auch an diesem Morgen in die Synagoge um, wie gewöhnlich, dem Gottesdienst bei zu wohnen. Es waren nämlich immer noch Juden in Wiesbaden, die den Synagogendienst, den Gottesdienst abhalten wollten. Er wurde zurück gewiesen. Er erkannte, dass hier irgendwie eine Gefahr sei und ist zurück.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=468.904,487.5"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=487.5,489.134"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Mein Vater selbst hat eine Sefer Torah noch gerettet, das ich nachher mit Hilfe meines Vaters in die Schweiz verschickt habe, wo es heute noch liegt und mit Hilfe des jetzt stationiert Kaplans William Darling von der Armee, werden wir diese Sefer Torah wieder nach Wiesbaden zurück bekommen. Und ich hoffe, dass wir zu der bevorstehenden Dedication dieser, wieder aufzubauenden Synagoge auch diese Sefer Torah wieder hier haben werden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=489.134,516.459"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=516.459,518.334"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Und so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=518.334,519.366"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und was hat Ihnen passiert dann, wie Sie sind zurück gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=519.366,522.164"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich bin zurück gekommen und im Juli neunzehn hundert neun und dreißig (1939) haben wir dann die Ausreise beschlossen und zwar illegal nach Belgien. Und zwar für meinen Vater, für meine Mutter und für mich. Illegal, weil zu dieser Zeit sind auch wieder von Polen zurück gekommen meine beiden Schwestern und deren beide Kinder. Auch für diese habe ich die illegale Ausreise nach Belgien - und zwar nach Antwerpen—vorbereitet. Es ist vielleicht für den Außenstehenden nicht sehr leicht zu erkennen, was das für Schwierigkeiten bedeutet hat, den „deutschen Boden“, wie es die Nazis genannt hatten, zu verlassen und zwar ohne Kontrolle. Erstens einmal die unerhörten Kosten, die dafür aufzuwenden waren. Zweitens mal, dass wir gar nichts mit nehmen durften, da man ja über die direkte Grenze fast kriechen musste. Auf allen Vieren musste man über die Grenze kriechen, aber man hat wenigstens sein Leben gerettet. Wir kamen dann etwa am neunten (9.) Juli neunzehn hundert neun und dreißig (1939) nach Antwerpen an. Wir wurden sehr gut aufgenommen von dem damaligen belgischen jüdischen Hilfs-Kommittee, wir hatten eine Wohnung und wir blieben in Ruhe in Antwerpen bis zum Pesach neunzehn hundert und vierzig (1940).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=522.164,596.343"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=596.343,597.134"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Am zehnten (10.) Mai neunzehn hundert und vierzig (1940) hat Hitler den Überfall auf Belgien ausgeführt. In der Nacht begann das erste (1.) Bombardement und meine—inzwischen verstorbene Mutter—bat mich, dass ich nach Frankreich entfliehen sollte, damit ich wenigstens in Frankreich einen weiteren Weg für die zurück gebliebene Familie vorbereiten sollte. Ich hab dann...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=597.134,621.887"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Den Teil der Familie, die in Holland waren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=621.887,625.417"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wir waren inzwischen alle zusammen in Antwerpen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=625.417,627.502"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: in Belgien.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=627.502,628.134"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: In Belgien.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=628.134,629.038"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=629.038,629.984"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich bin dann am vierzehnten (14.) Mai nach Frankreich gereist. Ich habe mich an dem Morgen von meinem Vater, meiner damals noch lebenden Mutter, meinen beiden Schwestern und ihren beiden Kindern verabschiedet und ich wusste nicht, dass es ein Abschied für das ganze Leben sein wird. Ich bin dann am sechs und zwanzigsten (26.) Juni nach Frankreich gekommen. Ich wurde einige Tage später durch die dortige Geheimpolizei verhaftet und zwar als Verdächtiger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=629.984,663.663"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber Hitler war ja noch nicht in Frankreich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=663.663,665.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Hitler war damals noch nicht in Frankreich, aber die einströmenden Flüchtlinge haben Frankreich vielleicht beunruhigt und so wurden alle Flüchtlinge, die kamen, als „suspekt“ - als verdächtig—betrachtet. Und so kam ich in das berüchtigte Straflager Le Vernie in Departement of Ariege. Ich musste dort elf (11) Monate verbringen und war mit etwa neun tausend (9000) Juden zusammen, die geflüchtet waren, unter anderem auch mit der, hm, Brigade international, die im spanischen Bürgerkrieg mit gekämpft hat. Alles in allem waren wir etwa zusammen neunzig tausend (90000) Gefangene, die hinter fünffachem Stacheldraht, unter schwerster Bewachung Tag und Nacht, Wochen und Monate zu verbringen hatten. Mein, in Frankreich lebender Bruder, der seit neunzehn hundert ein und dreißig (1931) in Frankreich lebt und dort einen sehr hohen Posten als Rabbiner, als Schlächter, als Dajin und als [unverständlich; vielleicht Moreh] in Straßburg bekleidet hatte, war während dieser Zeit nach dem Süden Frankreichs evakuiert worden. Mein Bruder stellte für mich ein Garantie das Zuzugsrecht in ein kleines Dorf, wo auch mein Bruder lebte, wo auch verschiedene Juden Straßburgs evakuiert worden waren und nur auf Betreiben meines Bruder’s wurde ich aus diesem Straflager entlassen. Es war an Purim neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941). Ich kam an dieses kleine Dorf...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.207,756.9"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also die Amerikaner waren damals noch nicht in dem Krieg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=756.9,759.617"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Die Amerikaner waren damals noch nicht in den Krieg eingetreten. Auch diese Zone, wo ich mich befand in Frankreich, war damals noch nicht von den Deutschen besetzt. Es war die sogenannte Zone „non-occupation“.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=759.617,772.737"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das heißt frei.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=772.737,773.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja. Ich kam an Purim neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) nach Besancon. Ich wurde sehr schön empfangen und verbrachte dort eine kurze Zeit in Besancon und erhielt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=773.95,784.16"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und Ihre Eltern?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=784.16,785.184"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Meine Eltern waren...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=785.184,785.847"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sind zurück geblieben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=785.847,787.479"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Meine Eltern waren zu dieser Zeit immer noch in Belgien und zwar in Antwerpen. Ich hatte mit ihnen Korrespondenz und an Rosh Shoshana...nein, ich hab mich geirrt, an Sukkoth neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) erhielt ich die Nachricht über meine in der Schweiz lebenden Verwandten, dass meine gottselige Mutter an Rosh Hoshana in Antwerpen verstorben war. Ich glaubte...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=787.479,814.247"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [unverständlich]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=814.247,816.564"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich hatte gestern [unverständlich]. Ich glaubte damals, dass ich es nicht überleben werde, denn meine Mutter, die für mich [weint] das wohlauf Bedeutsamste...ist ohne mich [weint und schluchzt] verstorben. Aber heute—nachdem ich fünf und fünfzig Monate im Konzentrationslager hinter mir habe und heute, nachdem ich die Gewissheit habe, dass mein Vater und meine beiden Schwestern und deren beide Kinder gewaltsam durch die Nazis von Belgien deportiert wurden, nach Auschwitz deportiert wurden und wahrscheinlich das Schicksal von Millionen mitgemacht haben, bin ich eigentlich beruhigt, dass meine Mutter damals in Antwerpen auf ihrem eigenen Bett, umgeben von ihren Kindern und Enkelkindern, gestorben ist. Ich selbst wurde am sechs und zwanzigsten (26.) August des gleichen Jahres nach Paris Drancy deportiert. Im Auftrag von...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.564,889.404"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von wo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=889.404,890.075"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Von Besancon im Süden Frankeichs, im Auftrag von...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=890.075,891.971"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=891.971,893.725"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Im Auftrag der deutschen Gestapo, wurde ich von der französischen Garde mobil eines nachts verhaftet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=893.725,900.766"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also obgleich es nicht okkupiertes Frankreich war, haben die Deutschen doch den Druck ausgeübt, dass man die Juden verhaften soll?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=900.766,908.379"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Jawohl. Die Deutschen hatten ihre Finger bis an die spanische Grenze ausgestreckt und es wurden damals mit dem Transport drei und sechzig tausend (63,000) Juden, die aus Deutschland, aus Österreich, aus Ungarn, aus Holland, aus Belgien und von überall her geflüchtet waren, ebenso auch aus der besetzten Zone Frankreichs in das unbesetzte Frankreich geflüchtet waren, wurden damals drei und sechzig tausend (63000) Personen deportiert, konzentriert zuerst in Nixon, im Süden Frankeichs und dann in Viehwagen nach Paris Drancy gebracht. In Paris Drancy wurden wir sofort von der deutschen Gestapo übernommen und dort fand das erste Mal eine „Auswahl“ statt, die ich später in Kobel, in Gobelin und in Auschwitz, in Groß-Rosen und in Bergen-Belsen als „Selektion“ wieder kennenlernte. Auch ich wurde damals in die erste Selektion eingereiht und kam mit ein und achtzig (81) Personen zusammen in einen Viehwagen—Männer Frauen und Kinder, alt und jung...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.379,975.976"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Woher wissen Sie die Nummer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=975.976,979.497"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Die Nummer wissen wir deshalb, weil eigentlich noch viel mehr in diesen Wagon hinein sollten. In diesen Einzelwagon sollten noch viel mehr Menschen hinein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=979.497,989.466"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=989.466,990.107"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Aber wir in unserem Wagon haben innerhalb von Minuten eine kleine Organisation geschaffen, dass ein sogenannter Wagon- Ältester sofort das Kommando übernommen hat, damit eine Ordnung im Wagon herrscht und er hat ein und achtzig (81) Personen abgezählt. Es war dies, mein später mit mir im Konzentrationslager zusammen gewesener Ludwig Lass aus Hamburg, der auch seine Frau und seine beiden Kinder verloren hat. Aus diesem Grund weiß ich, dass wir damals ein und achtzig (81) Personen im Wagon waren. Nachdem wir mit, hm, dem Fahren begonnen haben—der Wagon, ich muss das noch bemerken, wurde plombiert, verschlossen und versiegelt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=990.107,1028.896"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun ja, warum hat die Gestapo diesen Wagon Ältesten gefolgt, dass man nicht mehr Leute rein?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1028.896,1038.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wir haben geschrien und wir haben gedroht. Wir haben geschrien: „Wir sind ein und achtzig (81) Menschen, es geht nicht mehr, es geht nicht mehr.“ Mit Balken und mit Querbalken und mit Gewehren haben sie uns rein gestoßen mehr und noch mehr, aber es ging tatsächlich nicht mehr. Wir waren in unserem Wagon ein und achtzig (81), in anderen Wagons, die vielleicht etwas mehr Glück gehab haben, waren vielleicht nur fünf und siebzig (75). Es mögen aber auch schon fünf und achtzig (85) da gewesen sein. Jedenfalls war die Durchschnittszahl für jeden Wagon durchschnittlich achtzig (80).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1038.044,1064.647"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ist—das waren die französischen , vierzig und acht (40 und 8) Wagons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1064.647,1068.417"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das waren die französischen Viehwagon, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1068.417,1070.674"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja vierzig und acht (40 und 8).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1070.674,1072.299"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich weiß es nicht...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1072.299,1073.361"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Diese „vierzig Leute oder acht Pferde“ (40 und 8).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1073.361,1077.092"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Vierzig Personen oder acht...Ja, ja, das stimmt. [lacht etwas] Das stimmt. Quarante hommes ou huit chevaux.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1077.092,1081.726"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1081.726,1082.659"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja das war die Aufschrift, ja! Wir fuhren dann ungefähr fünf (5) Tage und fünf (5) Nächte ohne Unterbrechung, das heißt der Zug hat verschiedentlich angehalten, wir wussten aber niemals, wo wir uns befinden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1082.659,1095.954"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1095.954,1097.008"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wir bekamen keine Verpflegung, wir bekamen nicht einen Tropfen Wasser. In unserem Wagon war weder eine einzige hygienische Einrichtung oder irgend etwas, wo eine Mensch hätte seine Notbedurft hätte verrichten können. Wir selbst haben uns geholfen so weit wir konnten während der Fahrt bis Kosel. In Kosel hielt der Zug. Während dieser Zeit hatten wir neun (9) Tote, drei (3) Frauen—Wienerinnen, vier (4) Männer und zwei (2) Kinder. In Kosel hielt der Zug, wir mussten heraus und zwar nicht alle, sondern nur Männer von sechzehn (16) bis fünf und vierzig (45). Alle älteren Männer undüberhaupt alle Frauen mussten im Wagon bleiben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1097.008,1144.603"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren Sie verheiratet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1144.603,1145.996"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich war nicht verheiratet. Und ich war bei denen, die mit heraus gesprungen sind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1145.996,1150.153"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1150.153,1151.039"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Heraus gesprungen ist übertrieben, denn wir konnten uns damals ja kaum noch bewegen. Ich habe noch genau in Erinnerung, dass während ich aus dem Wagon heraus kletterte, ein SS Mann vorbei lief, der folgende Worte sagte: „Wir werden Euch schon die Eier schleifen!“ Daraufhin sind wir in Gruppen aufgestellt worden und wir mussten sofort in Kniebeuge gehen. Es waren ungefähr neun hundert (900) Personen, die im Ganzen da auf einen kleinen Block, das war so ein kleines Karree, das gebildet wurde. Und von diesen Karrees sind ungefähr zwölf (12) oder fünfzehn (15) gebildet worden und in meinem waren neun hundert (900) Männer. Wir mussten sofort in Kniebeuge gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1151.039,1195.023"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1195.023,1195.986"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Kniebeuge—das heißt wir mussten uns knien, aber nicht stehen und nicht sitzen, sondern die Kniebeuge. Das heißt die Knie so eingebogen, dass das Gesäß fast die Ferse vom Fuß berührt, aber wir konnten nicht...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1195.986,1210.747"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und dann so bleiben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1210.747,1211.478"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, und so mussten wir sitzen bleiben. So mussten wir sitzen bleiben auf...nicht auf und nieder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1211.478,1216.693"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Keine Gymnastik?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1216.693,1217.442"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein, keine Gymnastik","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1217.442,1218.074"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Für was war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1218.074,1219.26"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war ausgesprochenen zur Qual der Menschen. Verschieden haben versucht sich einzelne Gepäckstücke, die sie gerettet hatten, unter zu legen, damit sie sitzen können, die bekamen sofort mit Fußtritten das Gepäck unterm Hintern weg gestoßen und wurden umgetreten und mussten dann wieder in Kniebeuge gehen. Und da sind wir etwa vierzig (40) Minuten. Nach vierzig (40) Minuten kam ein Auto angefahren. Es stieg aus ein SS Mann aus, der sehr viel Silber und Gold an der Brust hängen hatte und wir erkannten daraus, dass das irgendwie ein höheres Tier gewesen sein muss. Ich selbst hatte ja schon vorher fünf (5) Jahre in Deutschland gelebt und ich kannte ungefähr so die einzelnen Charchierungen der Leute. Also ich erkannte: ein SS/ Ober-Sturmführer oder Ober-Sturmbandführer. Und dieser Mensch, dessen Namen ich nach Jahren auch erfuhr, zog sich seine Handschuhe an...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1219.26,1271.9"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was war der Namen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1271.9,1272.752"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Der Name war Liepner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1272.752,1274.536"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wissen Sie, was mit ihm passiert ist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1274.536,1277.636"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich hoffe, dass er erschlagen worden ist und ich glaube auch, dass er erschlagen worden ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1277.636,1282.249"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von wem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1282.249,1283.612"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Von den später durch die Alliierten Truppen befreiten Häftlingen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1283.612,1288.009"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah so. Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1288.009,1288.46"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Dieser Liepner zog sich seine Handschuhe an und machte zu seinem Adjutant eine Bemerkung, die wir natürlich nicht hören konnten, aber aus seiner Handbewegung erkannten wir, dass er etwas weg werfen wollte, so etwas Abruptes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1288.46,1302.87"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1302.87,1304.263"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Und wir mussten darauf hin aufstehen und wurden auf Lastwagen verladen und sind ungefähr zwei (2) Stunden lang mit den Lastwagen gefahren worden bis wir in ein Lager eingeliefert wurden. Das war das Lager Name Gogolin in Ober Schlesien. In Gogolin wurden wir registriert, wir wurden eingetragen und am anderen Morgen wurden wir in Baracken eingegliedert. Während der Nacht mussten wir auf dem Hofe schlafen. Die Baracken waren aufnahmefähig für ungefähr fünf und dreißig (35) bis vierzig (40) Personen in Militärbetten, die zu dreien und über einander stehen. Ich wurde aber in eine Stube mit über achtzig (80) bis neunzig (90) Personen hinein gepfercht. Ich wurde...jede Stube musste einen Stuben Ältesten stellen und die Stuben Ältesten unterstanden dem Lager Ältesten. Das war ein System, dass wir damals noch gar nicht kannten. Wir würden hier auf Folgendes aufmerksam gemacht von dem damaligen Lager Ältesten. Das war auch ein Jude, ein Häftling, der schon frühere Zeit im Lagerverbracht hatte. Er sagte uns an diesem Morgen, bei dem Appell, Folgendes: „Ihr habt mit den Deutschen, mit dem deutschen Aufsichtspersonal gar nichts zu tun. Euer Aufsichtspersonal ist der Stuben Älteste, der Block Älteste und der Lager Älteste.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1304.263,1391.463"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das sind alles Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1391.463,1392.465"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das waren alles Juden. „Wenn Ihr was habt, meldet Euch bei Eurem Stuben Ältesten. Meldet Euch nicht so viel und macht Euch nicht auffällig. Redet nicht viel und tut was man Euch sagt. Redet nicht viel unter einander und versucht nichts zu tun, das gegen die Lagerhaltung verstößt. Hier redet man nicht viel, hier spricht man nicht viel. Hier kann jedem was geschehen, was er nicht will.“ Am anderen Morgen würden wir zur ersten Arbeit geführt. Es war damals eine Arbeit an der Reichs-Autobahn. Auf fünf (5) Häftlinge—ich betrachtete mich damals eigentlich noch nicht als Häftling...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1392.465,1437.774"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1437.774,1439.521"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Also auf fünf (5) Personen kamen zwei (2) Wachposten. Die zwei Wachposten waren bewaffnet mit Gewehr, mit Pistole, mit einem kurzen Dolch und mit je einem Wachhund. Die Wachhunde sind ein Kapitel für sich, diese Wachunde sind eigentlich das Furchtbarste, was ich mir vorstellen kann. Diese Wachhunde sind direkt auf Menschen gezüchtet—und zwar auf Menschen, die keine Uniform tragen. Und es kommt mir fast so vor, als hätten diese Wachhunde—es ist natürlich lachhaft, was ich sage—aber es kam mir tatsächlich so vor, als wären die Wachhunde trainiert gewesen auf alles, was Jude ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1439.521,1490.384"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir dies—um Gottes Willen, wie viele Wachhunde haben die gehabt? Sie sagen zwei (2) Wachhunde für jede fünf (5) Personen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1490.384,1499.906"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Für jeden Wachposten war ein Wachhund da.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1499.906,1504.218"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie viele Leute soll ein Wachposten betreuen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1504.218,1507.717"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Hm, fünf (5) Personen hatten zwei (2) Wachposten, also hatten richtig gesehen fünf (5) Personen hatten zwei (2) Wachposten mit zwei (2) Wachhunden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1507.717,1514.879"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, und was waren die, deutsche Schäferhunde?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1514.879,1517.295"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das waren deutsche Schäferhunde—meistenteils, es waren aber auch Bulldoggen darunter. Ich kann mich eigentlich nicht entsinnen deutsche Schäferhunde gesehen zu haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1517.295,1525.991"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und die haben wirklich so viele Hunde gehabt? Es war ja eine Frage, wie man diese Hunde ernährt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1525.991,1531.949"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: In einem Lager, das ich später durch gehen musste, das war das Lager Groß-Rosen, das ist in der Nähe von Strigau, ein Lager mit einer Kapazität von neunzig tausend Häftlingen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.949,1545.582"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1545.582,1546.395"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Da war einen besonder Wachtruppe, die nur die Hunde betreut haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1546.395,1550.775"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1550.775,1551.058"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Es war ein SS Oberscharführer und ein SS Unterscharführer und dann wieder so und so viel SS Leute, die nur speziell dafür da waren, dass die Hunde ihre Pflege, ihre Zucht und ihre Unterkunft und ihre wunderbare Verpflegung und alles haben. Wo sie die Verpflegung her genommen haben, weiß ich nicht. Jedenfalls, das war uns damals schon sicher, dass die Hunde eine bessere Verpflegung hatten als wir. Das steht sicher! Und die Hunde waren eben darauf, hm, hm, gezüchtet, dass jeder Fluchtversuch oder jeder Mensch, der hätte flüchten wollen, nach hundert (100) oder zweihundert (200) Metern sofort gefunden worden wäre. Und Flüchtlinge, Flüchtlinge, die in der Nacht geflüchtet sind, soweit das überhaupt möglich war, oder von den verschiedenen Baustellen, die wurden durch die Hunde mit ihrer Fährte verfolgt bis sie dann eben doch gefunden wurden. Es ist in den fünf und fünfzig (55) Monaten meiner Haftzeit niemals bekannt gewesen, dass es einem Häftling gelungen wäre zu flüchten. Er war einen Tag verschwunden er war vielleicht auch drei (3) oder vier (4) Tage und Nächte verschwunden, aber er kam immer zurück, lebend oder tot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1551.058,1620.624"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun, zurück zu Ihrer Arbeit auf der Autobahn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1620.624,1624.545"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, die Arbeit bei der Autobahn war eigentlich für uns der Fügung nach sehr leicht. Warum, weil wir das Tempo, das später kam, noch nicht kannten. Wir bekamen eine Schaufel in die Hand gedrückt und wir mussten schaffen. Die Sinnlosigkeit der Arbeit ist uns aber gleich erschienen, denn wir mussten den Sand von links nach rechts und die Anderen von rechts nach links schaffen. Also die ganze Sache...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1624.545,1645.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber Sie waren dann nicht auf der Autobahn?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1645.918,1648.626"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Es war damals die Autobahn, die geschaffen werden sollte. Es war noch keine fertige Autobahn, es war die rohe Autobahn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1648.626,1653.448"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und warum sollten Sie dann unnütze Arbeit tun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1653.448,1656.818"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, der Sand musste geschaufelt werden, es war Trockensand und es war Nasssand, es war Getief und es waren Steine. Jeder hatte seine Arbeit und es erschien so, als wäre es vollkommen zwecklos.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1656.818,1666.507"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Es erschien Ihnen so, es war aber nicht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1666.507,1669.216"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wahrscheinlich war es doch nicht so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1669.216,1670.308"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1670.308,1671.271"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Von Gogolin aus kamen wir nach ungefähr 14 Tagen in das Lager Fürstengrube, bei Katowitz. Es handelte sich damals um ein unter Wasser stehendes Bergwerk trocken zu legen und mit Fürstengrube beginnt ein Kapitel, das war vielleicht das traurigste Kapitel, das ich mit gemacht habe. Es war im November 1941, wie wir dort hin kamen und gleich von Anfang an spürten wir, hier ist Schluss mit allem. Die Bewachung war sehr streng, es waren SA Leute. Der Lagerführer, der dieses Kommando unter sich hatte, war ein gewisser Mareck und er hatte einen Assistenten, das war damals ein Polizei Wachtmeister Lapke, dem wir den Namen Messias gegeben haben, denn jeden Morgen um vier (4) Uhr war Appell, der begann so ungefähr um drei (3) Uhr und dauerte so ungefähr bis fünf (5), da mussten wir draußen im Hof stramm stehen und während dieser ein (1) oder zwei (2) Stunden hat dieser Wachtmeister Lapke jedesmal eine Rede gehalten in einem furchtbaren Ton. Man hat den Eindruck gehabt, dass der Mann...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.271,1744.854"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat es einen Lautsprecher gegeben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1744.854,1746.638"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein, der ist von Gruppe zu Gruppe gegangen, der hat über den ganzen Hof geschrien, dass man es gehört hat und man hat immer den Eindruck gehabt, dass er besoffen ist. „Was glaubt Ihr wohl, dass Ihr hier hergekommen seid zur Erholung? Ihr werdet bald Euren Messias sehen. Ihr wollt ja nur Euren Messias sehen. Ihr kommt alle nach Jerusalem, aber nicht dahinten in das Jerusalem, was Ihr Euch erhofft. Ihr bleibt alle hier, hier gibt’s für Euch Jerusalem und Ihr werdet alle bald Euren Messias sehen.“ (Herr Matzner sagt das in einer komischen Stimme, er ahmt den Wachtmeister nach.) Und aus diesem Grund haben wir ihm den Namen Messias gegeben. Es war einer der Gefürchtesten, den es überhaupt gegeben hat. Und auch gleich am zweiten (2.) Tag nach unserer Einlieferung hat dieser Lapke einen Häftling, einen Herrn Lagro, einen Parfüm Fabrikanten aus Berlin, der auch nach Belgien geflüchtet war und auch von Belgien mit deportiert wurde, der auch in unserer Gruppe war, den hat dieser Lapke gleich am zweiten (2.) Tag erschossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.638,1799.949"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Persönlich?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1799.949,1801.011"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Persönlich erschossen. Und zwar hatte er ihn mit raus geführt auf die Baustelle, er hat ihm den Auftrag gegeben - wir haben genau gesehen wie’s zu ging—er hat ihm den Auftrag gegeben, dort im Wald etwas zu holen. Herr Lagro ist ungefähr dreißig (30) Meter in den Wald rein gegangen und dann hat’s geknallt und dann war Schluss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1801.011,1815.334"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ist der Lapke mit gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1815.334,1817.862"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Der Lapke ist mit gegangen, ja, und hat ihn von hinten erschossen und hat nachher hat es dann abends geheißen, Lagro, Häftling Lagro wurde wegen Fluchtversuch erschossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1817.862,1825.603"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1825.603,1826.699"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Wir haben also gesehen wohin der Wind bläst. Dann hatten wir einen Lager Ältesten, der war ein Jude, er hieß Cohen, es war ein sehr feiner Junge. Der selbst war verzweifelt über die Lage der Leute für die er Verantwortung übernommen hatte. Und so kam der Winter—jeden Tag hatten wir Tote—erfroren, erschlagen und verhungert. Wir arbeiteten damals auf der Fürstengrube. Dort war ein Oberingenieur Reichmann, der sich so den Anschein gegeben hat, als wäre er der feine Mann, als wäre er der generöse Arbeitgeber, er wollte helfen und so weiter und so weiter. Dabei hat dieser Mann mit seinem Arbeitsauftreten die Häftlinge bis aufs Blut gepeinigt. Bei Nacht und Nebel, Tag und Nacht mussten wir draußen arbeiten. Wir hatten nichts zum Anziehen. Unsere Mäntel waren uns abgenommen worden und lagen im Magazin im Lager und wir durften sie nicht tragen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1826.699,1885.472"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1885.472,1886.715"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Weil wir in Bewegung bleiben sollten. Es hieß so: „Wenn es den Saujuden zu warm ist, dann schaffen sie nichts, sie dürfen keine Mäntel haben. Sie müssen sich durch Bewegung und durch Arbeit müssen sie sich Wärme schaffen.“ Und immer hat es beim Arbeiten geheißen: „Bewegung, Bewegung, Bewegung! Immer Bewegung, davai, davai, davai.“ Das waren meistens polnische Vorarbeiter, die uns immer so die Kommandos zugerufen haben und ich habe noch immer in Erinnerung dieses furchtbare „davai, davai, davei—immer Arbeit, immer Arbeit!“ Dann war dort ein oberschlesischer Werkmeister, der hieß Bielka. Dieser Mann, der hat mit seiner eigenen Hand jeden Tag Menschen erschlagen und zwar mit Schaufeln. Nicht diese langen Schaufeln, sondern kurze Spaten. Mit denen hat er jeden Tag Menschen geschlagen, die tatsächlich auch nachher an diesen Verletzungen gestorben sind. Ich selbst bin von diesem Bielka aufs Korn genommen worden und nur durch einen glücklichen Zufall kam ich in ein anderes Arbeitskommando und war so diesem Bielka aus den Augen gekommen, sonst hätte er mich zu Ende auch noch erschlagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1886.715,1955.076"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wurden sie persönlich misshandelt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1955.076,1957.492"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich wurde in diesem Lager dadurch, dass ich mich sehr willig gezeigt habe und mich zu jeder Arbeit sofort bereit erklärt habe, eigentlich im Lager selbst nie geschlagen. Und dann ist zu berücksichtigen, wir hatten einen jüdischen Lager Ältesten und als Jude, als Juden hatten wir dort einen gewissen Zusammenhalt. Wir wurden im Lager eigentlich wenig geschlagen. Nur wenn es tatsächlich disziplinarische Strafen gewesen sind, wegen Verstoß, die allen geschadet hätten. Geschlagen wurden wir nur auf der Baustelle und zwar nur von der SA und von den Vorarbeitern. Die Vorarbeiter waren meistens polnische oder schlesische Nichtjuden. Ich kann mich noch gut besinnen, wir bekamen einmal einen Auftrag ein Loch aus zu graben, um Telegraphen Masten einzusetzen. Zu dieser Arbeit wurden beordert ein holländischer Jude, namens Hammerschlag und noch drei andere Juden, Polen und ich; wir waren also fünf (5). Jetzt im Dezember, Januar einen Lehmboden, der bei einer oberschlesischen Kälte von dreißig (30) bis fünfzig (50) Grad härter wie Granit gefroren ist, da sollten wir das Loch ausgraben. Wir mussten es, es hat uns nichts geholfen. Und ich muss wirklich sagen, wir haben halb nackt gearbeitet, um es zu schaffen. Der Schweiß ist uns in Strömen runter geflossen und wir mussten es tun, wir mussten es [unverständlich; zu leise]. Und wir haben es getan, aber mit welchem Opfer. Von diesen fünf (5) Personen, die in diesem Loch gearbeitet haben, sind zwei (2) polnische Juden erfroren und auch dieser Hammerschlag, dieser holländische Jude. Ich selbst habe damals Erfrierungserscheinungen an den Füßen gehabt und ich selbst war einer dieser, der die Toten von der Baustelle mit in das Lager rein getragen haben. Ich werde nie vergessen den Eindruck, den ein Gesicht eines erfrorenen Menschen’s hat. Ich hatte den Eindruck, die Menschen lachen. Es ist eine, ein Übergang im Gesicht zu sehen, es ist das schon der Beginn der Agonie, die Menschen verzerren ihr Gesicht und es wirkt für den Außenstehenden genau so, als würde er lachen dieser Tote. Und dabei ist das der Tod des Erfrierens—und es ist dieser Ausdruck im Gesicht, als würden sie lachen. Und diese Toten mussten sofort begraben werden, denn wir hatten ja im Lager kein Krematorium. Das gab es ein Kommando, die mussten im nahe gelegenen Wald Gräber ausheben und es hat sich für die SS und die SA nicht gelohnt, dass sie für jeden Toten ein Grab ausheben, so wurden die Toten im Lager aufbewahrt bis so zehn (10), zwölf (12) oder fünfzehn (15) Tote immer zusammen waren. Das ha nie lang gedauert, das war innerhalb von fünf (5), sechs (6) Tagen geschehen. Dann wurden die fünfzehn (15) oder zehn (10) Toten hinaus gebracht und wurden dann—nackt, wie sie waren, schmutzig, verdreckt in einem furchtbarem Zustand—einfach in die Grube da rein geschmissen, zugedeckt, und so weiter, und so weiter. In der ersten Zeit war es uns noch erlaubt Kadesh zu sagen, wenn wir die Toten rein geworfen haben. Später hat dann so ein alter Schlomberg, Schlomberg nannten wir die schlesischen Vorarbeiter und Wachposten, hat das so ein alter Schlomberg verboten. „Was redet Ihr denn da für einen Schmarren? Das gibts nicht, macht Eure Arbeit und weg, ab damit.“ Wir haben dann also,...wir waren in diesem Lager bis zum Ende des Sommers neunzehn hundert drei und vierzig (1943) wurde das Lager aufgelöst. Es sollte nämlich für russische Kriegsgefangene benutzt werden. Und wir kamen in as Lager Grevitz. Grevitz liegt in der Nähe von Gleiwitz. Grevitz war eine alte Mühle, die niemals dazu fähig gewesen wäre Menschen auf zu nehmen. Es war eine Mühle mit Ratten, mit Mäusen, durchlöcherten Fußböden, hohen Sälen, die eigentlich für Mühlen eingerichtet waren. Wir wurden dort eingebracht. Wir haben zu fünft über einander gelegen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.492,2218.405"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt zu fünft über einander?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2218.405,2219.407"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: In Betten, so Gestelle waren es und da haben wir...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2219.407,2222.446"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Neben einander?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2222.446,2224.432"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das ist eigentlich gar nicht zu sagen. Wir lagen neben einander, wie die Sardinen in einer Büchse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2224.432,2228.825"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also es war eine Leiste zum Schlafen sozusagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2228.825,2230.54"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, es war eine Leiste und ungefähr achtzig (80) Zentimeter Höhe, die Zweite ungefähr ein (1) Meter fünfzig (50), die Dritte zwei (2) Meter fünfzig (50), die Vierte drei (3) Meter fünfzig (50) und die Fünfte wieder bei...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2230.54,2243.127"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: (Unverständlich) waren sie separiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2243.127,2247.288"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Nein, es waren also Holzgestelle, Bretter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2247.288,2249.997"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Pritschen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2249.997,2250.939"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ja, Pritschen, die waren belegt mit Stroh und wir lagen neben einander, lagen neben einander in einer Gesamtreihe von fünf Mann vielleicht innerhalb eines Balkens, so auf Gerüsten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2250.939,2269.58"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für Balken?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2269.58,2270.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Balken, die das ganze Gebäude gestützt haben. Und zu fünft (5.) über einander, voller Läuse, voller Flöhe, voller Wanzen, furchtbare Zustände, das ist überhaupt nicht zu glauben, dass das Menschen das überhaupt überleben konnte. Um drei (3) Uhr in der Früh war das Wecken, um vier (4) Uhr war der Appell, der Appell hat gedauert bis fünf (5). Um fünf (5) Uhr war Ausmarsch, wir mussten ein, ein Viertel (1 ¼ ) Stunden bis zur Station marschieren. Dann wurden wir wieder in Viehwagen, in Viehwagon verladen, und mussten bis zur Baustelle fahren. Die Baustelle war in der berühmten Textil Weberei, Christian Berig in Oberlangen, Bilau. Wir haben auch gearbeitet in Reichenach in Schlesien in verschiedenen Webereien. Und so war eine Nacht und ein Tag. Wir haben gearbeitet bis fünf (5) Uhr abends—bis wir ins Lager zurück kamen war es neun (9) Uhr abends. Dann mussten wir uns schlagen bis wir unser Essen bekommen haben, weil die Menschen waren ausgefroren und waren ausgehungert und wir Menschen mussten Schlange stehen bis wir ein bisschen Suppe bekommen haben. Wassersuppe mit Rüben. Und bis sie ihre Suppe verschlungen hatten, mussten sie sich schon wieder in die Säle zum schlafen. Dort wurde das Stückchen Brot ausgegeben. Für acht (8), neun (9) oder zehn (10) Personen ein Laib, ein zwei (2)Pfund Brot. Und bis alles ausgegeben war, war es schon elf (11) oder (12) Uhr abends. Und um drei (3) Uhr wurde schon wieder geweckt. Jeden Tag hatten wir Tote. Es war ein Zustand, der unerträglich gewesen ist. Und nur dadurch, dass ich mit dem damaligen Lager Ältesten, ein gewisser Zehngut aus Sosnovitz sehr gut befreundet war, hm, hat er mich in einen Arbeitstransport eingegliedert, der nach Hirschberg in Oberschlesien ging. In Hirschberg angekommen—wir waren damals drei und dreißig (33) Mann—wie ich im November neunzehn hundert drei und vierzig (1943) nach Schlesien gingen, wir kamen nach Hirschberg kam, dort war ich in den Fricks Werken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.784,2377.378"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was waren diese Werke?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2377.378,2378.44"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Fricks Werke, die haben Wolle, hm, aus Holz hergestellt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2378.44,2383.405"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das wirklich möglich?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2383.405,2385.722"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war möglich. Aber ich will natürlich kein Urteil über die Qualität dieser Wolle geben. Es wurde aber tatsächlich Wolle aus Holz gemacht","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2385.722,2394.629"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War es möglich daraus Stoffe zu machen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2394.629,2396.443"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das auch. Es wurden nachher Kleiderstücke, Uniformen, also Stoffe gemacht, also Wolle, die dazu zu verwenden war, Kleidung zu [unverständlich]. Von Hirschberg aus kam ich dann...in Hirschberg wurde ich eines nachts geweckt und wurde aufs Büro gerufen. Vor mir stand der Allgewaltige dieses Lagers, der SS Oberscharführer Weigel. Und er fragte mich: „Bist Du Deutscher?“ Da sagte ich: „Jawohl, Herr Oberscharführer“. Dann fragte er :“Kannst Du schreiben?“ Und da sagte ich: „Jawohl, Herr Oberscharführer“. „Na, kannst Du Maschine schreiben?“ „Jawohl, Herr Oberscharführer“. „Setz Dich mal hin, mach mal eine Probe.“ Und dann hat er mich an die Maschine gesetzt und ich musste etwas schreiben, was er mir diktiert hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.443,2446.292"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Konnten Sie das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2446.292,2447.165"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich konnte Maschine schreiben. Und dann sagte er zu den anwesenden Lager Ältesten und zu den verschiedenen anderen Anwesenden, die da in der Nacht anwesend waren, es war ja zwei Uhr—„Ich glaube, der ist gut. Ich glaube, den nehmen wir.“ (Lärm im Tonband—klingt als ob es abreißt)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2447.165,2466.823"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This is Spool 164. This is Spool 164. This is Spool 164 of Jack Matzner and Anna Kaletski. There is quite some defective wire...empty wire...but this is Spool 164","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2466.823,2525.396"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: This is the...This is the...This is the Maztner and Anna Kaletska original spool, number 164. I’ve simply attached about a minute of wire at the beginning and at the end so that the actual original text be well-protected. Run about a minute and the text begins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2525.396,2559.027"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wiesbaden, September the 26th...spools that we are taking in Germany. I am here in the eh...rehabilitative synagogue, not the main synagogue of München, but that was the eh...second shul, so to say. And Mr. Jack Matzner is continuing his story from Spool 163. Hm, we are rather under pressure but I don’t want him to hurry, I want him to be as specific and detailed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2559.027,2589.464"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also bleiben Sie bei den Einzelheiten, wie sie waren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2589.464,2592.295"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Jawohl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2592.295,2592.777"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber halten Sie die Linie immer bei Ihren persönlichen Erlebnissen, [unverständlich]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2592.777,2596.723"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Jawohl. Ich wurde dann für gut gefunden, als Schreiber abkommandiert zu werden. Der Lager Älteste sagte mir nachher, dass ich ein Glück hatte: „Das kann Dein Glück sein“. In derselben Nacht wurde ich eingekleidet, das heißt ich wurde sauber angezogen. Bis dahin hatten wir ja nur Lumpen. Und in der Früh, etwa gegen vier (4) Uhr musste ich in Begleitung eben dieses selben Oberscharführer’s Weigel weg fahren. Wir fuhren dann bis zur Bahnstation Striegau in Oberschlesien und von dort ging es zu Fuß. Wir gingen und da sagte mir unterwegs der Oberscharführer in seinem Sudetendeutschen Dialekt: „Darfst mi fein net blamiern, wen ma hin kommen. Steh und dass’d nix redst, wenn nix gfragt wird. Und dass Dei Maul haltst“. Ich habe nie den Namen Groß-Rosen gesehen, da bin ich innerlich schon erblasst. Ich wurde eingeliefert und es ging nachher folgendermaßen vor sich: Ich wurde in Häftlingskleidung gesteckt, die blau-weiß gestreifte Kleidung. Ich bekam die Nummer zwanzig zwei hundert eins (20 201). Mittlerweile waren noch von verschiedenen anderen Lagern vier und zwanzig (24) Juden eingeliefert worden und einige Tage später wurden wir abkommandiert in das Lager Wüstegiersdorf, ebenfalls in Oberschlesien. In Wüstegiersdorf wurden wir übernommen von dem Haupt Sturmführer Lüdkemeier. Dieser Lüdkemeier hat uns einen Vortrag gehalten, dass wir also jetzt die Lager zu schaffen, zu errichten hätten und dass jedes Vergehen, das uns unterlaufen würde, unweigerlich mit dem sofortigen Tod bestraft wird. Wir sollten aus unserer Mitte dann einen Lager Ältesten wählen, der die Verantwortung für das ganze Lager hätte und dann wurden wir abkommandiert nach dem Lager Wolfsberg. Wolfsberg das war einfach eine...eine freie Fläche von Berg und Tal—eine kahle Fläche und wir sollten da ein Lager bauen. Wir bekamen das Material und am anderen Tag oder zwei (2) Tage später kamen schon die ersten acht tausend (8000) ungarischen und griechischen Juden an; und zwar kamen die aus Auschwitz. Diese Juden wurden sofort empfangen, sie waren alle tätowiert und sie mussten das Lager aufbauen mit dem Material, das wir hatten und in kurzer Zeit stand auch das Lager da. Es war in keinem Block, sondern es waren solche runde Eskimo Zelte. Wir nannten sie die Finnen Zelte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2596.723,2794.168"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Im Laufe einer kurzen Zeit hatten wir einen Belegschaft von ungefähr ein und zwanzig tausend (21000) Personen, alles Juden: Rabbiner, Shohet (Schlächter), Rabbeien, Chasidim, Handwerker, [unverständlich]-Arbeiter, Oberstaatsanwälte, Arbeiter, Polen, Ungarn, Rumänen, Deutsche, Franzosen, Griechen—ein ganz internationales Gemisch von Menschen. Aber trotz dessen, dass wir Führenden uns vorgenommen hatten, zusammen zu halten und jedem einzelnen Menschen zu helfen, zu retten—haben wir einfach das damals geschaffene Krankenrevier, das von dem ungarischen Arzt Doktor Frieck und Doktor Deutsch geleitet wurde, da haben wir alle Kranken und alle Rabbeien und alle Rabbiner, alle Verschiedenen haben wir dort rein gelegt, auch wenn die nicht krank waren. Nur damit wir diese Menschen, die doch niemals gearbeitet haben, vor der schweren Arbeit zu schützen. Es wurde nämlich ein Tunnel gebaut von einer Länge von zirka fünf und dreißig (35) bis vierzig (40) Kilometer und den mussten wir bauen. Jeden Tag hatten wir Tote. Bauverletzungen, Einstürze, die Baggermaschinen haben jeden Tag Menschen erschlagen, die Meister haben geschlagen, wir haben gewusst es geht hier auf Leben und Tod. Und nur dadurch, dass wir eine eigene gute Organisation geschaffen hatten, wurde es verhindert, dass im Lager selbst nie etwas vorkam, das gegen unsere Bestrebungen gegangen wäre. In diesem Lager haben wir verbracht bis zum Januar neunzehn hundert fünf und vierzig (1945). Im Januar neunzehn hundert fünf und vierzig (1945) wurde das Lager geräumt. Wir wussten schon warum, denn wir hatten in dieser Zeit schon unsere Fühler und unsere Ohren nach außen hin ausgestreckt. Wir wussten die Russen sind im Anzug. Wir haben jede Nacht gesehen, wie Breslau bombardiert worden ist. Wir haben über unser Lager alliierte Flugzeuge fliegen gesehen, die genau wussten, dass die Menschen, die da unten sind in den blau weißen Uniformen, dass das eigene Menschen sind und dass keinen Bomben abgeworfen werden. Breslau wurde bombardiert. Bleiwitz und Leibnitz wurden bombardiert, in unserer Nähe sind Bomben gefallen, aber das Lager wurde nie bombardiert, weil unsere Brüder in der Luft wussten, hier unten sind unsere Jungs, hier unten sind eigene Menschen und wir sehen, dass ihnen nichts geschehe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.168,2953.896"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Im Januar neunzehn hundert fünf und vierzig (1945) wurde das Lager aufgelöst und wir sind abmarschiert nach Schirmberg. Das waren alles so kleine Dörfer—Stationen, wo, hm, man uns aufnahm, bis wir in das große Lager Bergen-Belsen kamen. Unterwegs hatten wir nicht nur Dutzende, sondern Hunderte von Toten. Menschen, alt und krank und schwach, die den Marsch nicht überstehen konnten, sind an der Strasse liegen geblieben. Wir mussten sie mitschleppen und nachts begraben. Vorher wurden ihnen noch auf Anordnung der SS die Goldzähne ausgebrochen. Und dann ging’s immer weiter und immer weiter. Haufen und Berge von Leichen habe sich getürmt, die einfach irgendwo begraben und verscharrt worden sind. Und dann eines Nachts kamen wir in Bergen-Belsen an. Bergen-Belsen—das Lager, das wir eigentlich in seiner wahren Fratze erst gar nicht erkannt haben. Das sahen wir erst am Tag darauf, wir sahen, wie wir behandelt wurden. Alles abgeben, hin legen, stehen bleiben, stundenlange Appelle. Unter stundenlange Appelle ist zu verstehen sechzehn (16 und zwanzig (20) Stunden lange Appelle—in Dreck, in Schnee, in Eis, in Wasser. Jeden Tag hatten wir in den Barracken noch Menschen, die sich nachts hingelegt haben, sich schlafen legt, morgens waren sie tot. Im Dunkeln haben wir nicht gesehen, was in diesem überpferchten und überpfropften Block vor gegangen ist. Einer hat den Anderen erschlagen. Wir sahen vielleicht eine Ermassung von hundert tausend (100000) Menschen in diesem Lager. Christen und Juden, Katholiken und Protestanten, englische Soldaten, Fallschirmabspringer, französische Freiwillige, die sich gemeldet hatten, um auf alliierter Seite gegen die Deutschen zu kämpfen, Juden, Maquis waren da, alles war da und jeder hat gewusst, es geht um die Minute. In Bergen-Belsen habe ich das erste Mal gesehen, dass Menschen verbrannt wurden auf offenen Scheiterhaufen. Scheinbar hat das Gas oder die Gaszuleitung nicht funktioniert zu haben, da haben sie die Menschen aufgeschichtet in Haufen und haben sie - wahrscheinlich mit Benzin oder Petroleum überschüttet und haben sie verbrannt auf offenen Scheiterhaufen. Man hat sich an diesen Anblick gewöhnt—so, als wäre es etwas Alltägliches. Es ist fürchterlich so etwas auszusprechen. Und heute begreife ich nicht, wie ich diesen Gestank, der nicht nur durch die Nase ging, sondern der einem am Gaumen geklebt hat, als wäre es etwas Greifbares, Ekelhaftes, dass man diesen Gestank und diese bestialische Luft überstehen konnte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.896,3119.93"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Und an diesem,...eines schöne Tages wird ein Arbeitstransport zusammen gestellt für irgend ein Lager. Wir wollten unter allen Umständen aus diesem Lager Bergen-Belsen heraus und haben uns gemeldet und es ist geglückt, es wurden ungefähr drei tausend (3000) Personen zusammen gestellt. Und wir sind dann los marschiert an die Bahn und mit der Bahn sind wir wieder fünf (5) Tage und fünf (5) Nächte langem Fahren nach Messantin gekommen. Messantin ist ein kleiner Platz in der Nähe von Frankfurt an der Oder oder von Stettin. Wir wussten ja nie, wo wir uns befanden. Jedenfalls haben wir damals gearbeitet in den Hydrierwerken in Pohlitz. Das ist ein Werk so gross, wie eine ganze Stadt. Es wurde dort her gestellt Benzin und Treibstoff. Ein Meister, unter dem ich arbeitete, der sagte mir mal, dass in diesem Werk, hm, täglich vier einhalb (4 ½ ) Millionen Liter Betriebsstoff hergestellt worden wären. Bis dann in einer Nacht einmal ein Raid von zwei tausend (2000) englischen und amerikanischen Flugzeugen in Wellen gekommen ist, die das ganze Werk innerhalb von einer oder zwei Stunden zerstört hätten. Jedenfalls wir mussten aufräumen. Wir mussten also die Trümmer weg räumen und die Schutthaufen weg räumen und es sollte immer weiter gearbeitet werden. Und inzwischen lagen wir schon in diesem Werk unter Artilleriebeschuss der Russen, die auf der anderen Seite der Oder standen. Unser Lager und unsere Arbeitsstätte war also diesseits der Oder und die Russen standen schon jenseits der Oder. Wir lagen dauernd unter Artilleriebeschuss und eines schönen Tages hatten wir sogar fünf- oder sechsundzwanzig Tote oder Verletzte, und darunter waren auch Wachtposten, die auch erschossen und erschlagen worden sind von Bomben und den Artilleriegeschossen der russischen Artillerie. Und dann wurde auch dieses Lager geräumt und wir kamen nach Barth. Barth ist eine kleine Stadt in der Nähe von Wismar und dort wurden wir untergebracht in den Heinkel Flugzeugwerken. Die Heinkel Flugzeugwerke sahen sehr schön aus. Das Lager war sehr schön, aber was dort vorgekommen ist, das spottet jeder Beschreibung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.93,3259.981"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3259.981,3260.704"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war in Barth in den Heinkel Flugzeugwerken. Ich habe gerade eben durch gesagt, dass ich Belege und alles durchgegangen bin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3260.704,3266.531"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3266.531,3267.525"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Und dort spürte ich auch das erste Mal, dass ich anfing schwach zu werden. Ich konnte nicht mehr. Und, hm, mein Freund mit dem ich die ganze Zeit und die ganzen Jahre zusammen verbrachte, Fischel Wiener aus Sosnovitz, der sagte mir: „Matzner, halte Dich, halte Dich, sei stark, es kann nicht mehr lange dauern!“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3267.525,3289.255"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In welchem Jahre war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3289.255,3290.248"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ds war im Jahre neunzehn hundert fünf und vierzig (1945).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3290.248,3291.664"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3291.664,3292.093"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: „Es muss noch gehen, Du hast so lange durch gehalten. Nun sei stark.“ Und dabei sind jeden Tag meine besten Freunde gefallen und gestorben. Mein besten Kameraden sind dabei zu Grunde gegangen. Ich war zusammen mit einem ungarischen Groß-Grundbesitzer Ludwig Biro aus Szatmár.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3292.093,3308.521"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3308.521,3309.304"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ein Jude—er war mit seinem Bruder dort. Sein Bruder ist dort umgekommen, sein Bruder ist dort gestorben. Und wie die Menschen umgekommen sind. Einer meiner besten Freunde, Moishe Rotbart, hat sich dort selbst aufgehängt, ein frommer Mensch, der gesagt hat: „Ich kann nicht mehr! Ich kann nicht mehr!“ Bei der Arbeit hat er die Zähne zusammen gebissen. Er wollte es überleben, aber er konnte es nicht, er hat sich selbst das Leben genommen. Einen Tag später sah ich ihn unten im Keller als Leiche liegen. Und so waren jede Tag noch mehr Selbstmode und jeden Tag noch mehr Menschen erschlagen worden. Eines schönen Morgens verspürte ich, dass ich Fieber hatte. Ich hatte ja die ganze Zeit schon Fieber, aber an diesem Morgen war es besonders stark und ich ging ins Hospital, um mir das Fieber messen zu lassen und der Sanitäter maß neun und dreißig sechs (39.6) Fieber. Ich bin mit diesem Zettel, den er mir ausgestellt hatte, dass ich neun und dreißig sechs (39.6) Fieber habe zum Lager Ältesten gegangen und habe ihn gebeten mich im Lager liegen zu lassen, da ich ein so hohes Fieber hatte. Darauf gab er mir einen Tritt in den Leib.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3309.304,3364.41"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3364.41,3365.554"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Das war ein Christ, ein sogenannte BVer war das, ein Berufsverbrecher. Da gab er mir einen Tritt in dem Leib und sagte: „Du Judensau, geh raus. Für Dich ist es schon längst Zeit, dass Du krepierst.“ Und durch den Tritt bin ich hin gefallen und bin am Boden liegen geblieben. Ich verspürte nur noch, dass ich in den Rücken und in das Gesicht getreten wurde. Und so bin ich liegen geblieben und als ich dann wieder zu mir kam—ich war bewusstlos geworden—befand ich mich im Keller. Dieser Keller war eine Eichrichtung dieses Lager Ältesten, dieser BVer—Berufsverbrecher. Der Keller stand etwa brusthoch unter Wasser. Im Wasser selbst haben damals, als ich ein kam etwa neunzig (90) oder fünf und neunzig (95) Menschen gelegen und gestanden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3365.554,3421.97"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die konnten doch nicht liegen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3421.97,3422.933"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Gelegen, diejenigen, die gelegen haben, die waren schon tot. Und diejenigen, die gestanden haben, haben die Leichen der Toten sich so zurecht gelegt, dass sie darauf sitzen konnten, sonst wären die noch Lebenden auch schon ertrunken gewesen. Ich habe das Selbe getan. Ich habe mir einen Platz an der Wand heraus gefunden, ich habe ein oder zwei (2) Leichen, die schon im Wasser lagen, unter dem Wasser zurecht geschleppt an die Wand und ich habe mich darauf gesetzt. Und so habe ich im Wasser gelegen, von diesem Morgen an gerechnet zwei (2) Tage und zwei (2) Nächte. Während dieser Zeit ist ertrunken im Wasser mein Kamerad, der neben mir lag, Ludwig Pasternak, aus Ungarn, der mich immer gebeten hat „Matzner“, sagte er zu mir „Matzner, wenn ich nicht gerettet werde, dann sag Du meinem Cousin, der in Toulouse lebt, dass ich gestorben bin und dass mein letzter Gedanke mein Vater, meine Mutter und meine Geschwister gewesen sind. Sag meinem Cousin Jenö Hillmann, dass ich’s nicht mehr überleben konnte.“ Dieser Jenö Hillmann war auch im gleichen Lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3422.933,3507.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie war der Name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3507.95,3508.625"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Jenö, Jenö Hillmann. Und so ist mein Freund Ludwig Pasternak gestorben. Ich glaube ein Verwandter von ihm, war auch dieser berühmte französische Opernsänger Louis Pasteur. Und dann kam es auf einmal so, ich weiß es ja selbst nicht, wie es war—ich war ja diese Tage und diese Nächte wie benommen, ich habe nur mehr instinktiv geatmet, ich habe nur mehr instinktiv gelebt. Ich habe nichts mehr gegessen und nichts mehr getrunken, aber ich habe noch gelebt. Und dann hat es auf einmal geheißen: „Alles raus! Raus!“ und dann kamen Menschen von oben und ich befand mich auf einmal wieder in einem Zimmer. Und da war kein Wasser und ich habe am Boden gelegen und nachher auf einem Tisch gelegen. Und dann stand wieder mein Freund Fischel Wiener vor mir und der hat nur zu mir gesagt: „Matzner, Du wirst leben, Du wirst leben. Nach Haus geht’s ja doch! Und Du wirst stark und Du wirst leben! Die Russen sind schon vor den Türen, die Russen kimmen.“ Und dann weiß ich, dass ich tatsächlich in einem richtigen Bett gelegen hab, wo alles weiß gewesen ist und dann war es Nacht. Und da kam zu mir ein Mann, der streichelte mir den Kopf und ich erkannte nur noch eine Uniform in der gleichen Farbe wie sie die amerikanischen Soldaten tragen. Und er streichelte mir über den Kopf und er sprach zum mir, aber ich verstand ihn nicht. Dann rief er eine Krankenschwester, die war in weiß. Ich habe ja nicht gewusst, dass er eine Krankenschwester ruft. Ich hab nur gewusst, dass er eine Krankenschwester gerufen hat, nachdem diese da war. Sie hatte ein weißes Tuch über dem Kopf und sie sprach russisch. Und er sprach mit ihr irgend etwas und kam nach einer Zeit zurück mit zwei (2) Flaschen. Und diese beiden Flaschen hat er über mich ausgegossen und hat mich damit gewaschen. Es war Cognac. Heute weiß ich, dass es Whiskey war oder Cognac. Damals wusste ich es nicht, es hat mich nur wunderbar erfrischt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3508.625,3634.379"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Er hat sie gewaschen damit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3634.379,3635.432"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Er hat mich damit gewaschen. Er hat die Bettdecke zurück geschlagen und hat mich damit gewaschen. Die Schwester hat so ein Gummituch unter mich gelegt und er hat mich mit dem Whisky oder mit dem Cognac von oben bis unten gewaschen, es hat mich wunderbar erfrischt. Neben mir—in dem Bett nebenan—lag ein griechischer Rechtsanwalt. Er hieß—ich weiß nicht..., ich glaube er hieß Nissin, ich habe ihn nur Nissin gerufen. Er sagte zu...er hat dauernd gerufen: „Adonai, adonai, adonai, Matzner, das ist gut, das ist gut. Ça, c’est bien.“ Er hat französisch gesprochen. „Ça, c’est bien. Ça, c’est bien pour vous. Ça, c’est bien a votre vie. Ça, c’est bien.” Und ich kam dann auch tatsächlich zu mir und ich kam dann auch in Behandlung eines russischen Arztes, sein Name ist mir entfallen. Jedenfalls ich machte damals noch einen sehr starken Typhus mit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3635.432,3685.726"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Flecktyphus oder...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3685.726,3686.84"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Einen Bauchtyphus. Ich wurde in Behandlung dieses russischen Arztes—ich wurde wirklich wunderbar behandelt—ich bin gesundet. Aus diesem russischen Spital kam ich nachher in das internationale Lager, wo wir von (Name unverständlich)...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3686.84,3702.807"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: . . . ein amerikanischer Pilot hat Hemden und Wäschestücke, Schokolade und Grapefruit und Essen und Trinken geschenkt bekamen und wir haben immer nur gesprochen...unsere Leute haben immer nur gesprochen, das eine Wort: OK, OK, OK. Es waren ja alles Ungarn und Griechen und so weiter, die kein Englisch kannten und die haben nur gewusst OK, OK. Heute weiß ich, dass es damals amerikanische Soldaten gewesen sind. Und ich kam dann nachher in das französische Hospital, dort gab ich mich als Franzose aus, damit ich nach Frankreich transportiert werde. Ich wollte nicht...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3702.807,3736.255"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sprechen Sie französisch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3736.255,3737.663"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Ich spreche gut französisch, denn ich habe ja eine Zeitlang in Frankreich gelebt. Ich habe mich als Franzose aus gegeben, dieser kleine Trick ist mir gelungen und ich kam mit dem letzten französischen Transport nach Bad Schwartau, dort wurde ich aufgenommen in ein Lager der englischen Armee, wo ich den ersten uniformierten Juden traf. Das war ein gewisser Henry...Harry Dumbrand aus London, also jedenfalls aus England. Er hat mich beschenkt mit Zigaretten, er hat sich gefreut, dass er einen Juden gesehen hat und erst mal wieder trifft. Und von Bad Schwartau aus, kam ich in ein UNRRA Lager in Geldern, das ist in der Nähe von Kevelaer an der holländischen Grenze. Und von dort aus kam ich in meine Heimatstadt Wiesbaden. Es zog mich nach Wiesbaden, erstens mal, weil es mein Geburtsort ist und weil ich glaubte, dass von hier ich aus die ersten Recherchen nach meiner Familie beginnen kann und dann, weil es die amerikanische Zone war. Ich kam nach Wiesbaden zurück und ich war noch sehr krank und sehr schwach und ich verbrachte hier durch die Hilfe amerikanischer Freunde, die ich hier kennenlernte, insbesondere Captain Dave LeMelman aus Miami, der sich meiner ganz besonders angenommen hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.663,3812.936"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie heißt er?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3812.936,3813.448"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Captain Dave LeMelman, er ist ein Jude und stammt aus Miami.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3813.448,3819.442"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Miami?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3819.442,3820.237"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaques Matzner: Miami, der sich meiner ganz besonders angenommen hat. Dann ausserdem noch ein Second Lieutenant Lori Hundell aus New York und noch verschiedene Andere, nicht zu vergessen: Einer—ein amerikanischer Offizier, der nachher zu meinen besten Freunden zählte, Mr. Harald Wilk, aus New York, ein Jude, alles nur Juden. Und “last not least“ die Krone meiner Bekanntschaften, das war dieser wunderbare Mensch Chaplain William Ted Darling, ein Mensch, der sich nicht nur mir persönlich, sondern der ganzen jüdischen Gemeinde Wiesbaden derart angenommen hat, dass ich als Wiesbadener die Inspiration erhalten habe, das Gotteshaus, das meinen Eltern und dem ältesten Rabbiner Deutschlands, Rabbiner Dr. Leo Kahn [unverständlich; hebräisch], als heilige Stätte gedient hat, wieder aufzubauen. Ich betrachte es fast als meine Lebensaufgabe dieses Haus in dem mein Vater und meine Mutter [unverständlich; hebräisch], dieses Haus, in dem ich Bar Mitzvah’d geworden bin, dieses Haus in dem meine Schwestern und meine Brüder Jahrzehnte lang ihren Gottesdienst verrichtet haben, wieder so aufzubauen, wie es gewesen ist. Ich betrachte es als meine Lebensaufgabe den Toten und denen, die nicht mehr wiederkehren und denen, die rechtzeitig dieses Land verlassen konnten, eine Stätte zu errichten von der aus das Wort Gottes in die ganze Welt gehen soll. Als eine Stätte zum Gedenken an alle die Menschen, die einstmals Wiesbaden kannten und die einstmals in Wiesbaden waren. Ich betrachte dies weiter als eine meiner größten Aufgaben so lange noch Juden in Deutschland—in der amerikanischen Zone und in Wiesbaden sein werden, ein jüdisches Leben zu errichten, kulturell, religiös, caritativ und in jeder Hinsicht zur Förderung für die Immigration nach Israel und nach allen Juden-Staaten in die die einzelnen Personen hin wollen. Der Grossteil unserer Gemeinde setzt sich zusammen aus [unverständlich] Personen, die aus den Konzentrationslagern entlassen wurden und die hier in Wiesbaden jetzt wieder eine Heimstätte gefunden haben. Ich selbst gehöre zum Vorstand der jetzt gegründeten jüdischen Gemeinde in Wiesbaden. Ich sehe mein ganzes Können, mein ganzes Wollen, meinen ganzen Willen und auch meine ganze Aufgabe darin, das zu tun, was den Leuten zum Guten sein soll. Und wenn es mir erstattet ist an dieser Stelle zu sagen, dass ich insbesondere in A G T vertreten, durch die leider zu früh abgereisten Miss Patty Tender, meinen Dank aussprechen möchte. Ebenso dem ehemals hier stationierten Chaplin Vidar Goldstein, und so weiter. Dann möchte ich meinen besonderen Dank aussprechen dem Vertreter von Joint, Mr. Lakso—Mr. Kowalznik, der sich jetzt wahrscheinlich in Schanghai befinden wird. Und wenn es mir noch gestattet ist meine Freunde von hier aus zu grüßen- Mr. Darril und Else Steinlau in New York, Mrs. und Mr. Hedwig Meier in Chicago, Mr. And Mrs. Rainier Blum in Chicago und alle meine Freunde, die meinen Namen bestimmt gut kennen. Die Freunde, die früher hier in Wiesbaden gewesen sind, die mich bestimmt nicht vergessen haben., denn ich heiße noch so, wie ich früher geheißen habe, Jaques Matzner, und ich wünsche anlässlich dieser Feiertage allen meinen Freunden in der ganzen Welt, wo sie auch sein mögen, [unverständlich; Tonband rauschen] wunderbare...Professor Boder aus Chicago, durch den mir die Möglichkeit gegeben ist, alle meine Freunde der jüdischen Gemeinde in der ganzen Welt zu grüßen und ihnen ein „meschono [unverständlich; hebräisch] zuzurufen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3820.237,4101.194"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes a report—rather condensed—of Mr. Jack Matzner. There would be a number of questions I would like to ask him and he could probably give me some very intelligent answers, but since it could be done by mail, I think I will call in one and the other of the two ladies who are waiting for the interview. It’s a very difficult thing to have...to stagger the interviewees—you don’t want to interrupt, it takes always more times than you expect. We are now going over to the next interview [unintelligible] start Mr. Matzner at twenty-five minutes of Spool 164.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=4101.194,4140.552"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: This concludes Spool 9-164A—the interview with Jack Matzner. The second part—the interview with Anna Kovitzka—is put on separate spool, 164B. The 14th of November, 1950, Boder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=4140.552,4154.488"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/transcript/8026/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/026/original/jaques-matzner_de.vtt?1583169777","format":"text/vtt","language":"de"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/026/original/jaques-matzner_de.vtt?1583169777"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["matzner_annotations_en [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUNRRA: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Established in 1943, its principal executive post was held by a representative of the United States, which supplied forty percent of its budget. Among its chief duties was the repatriation of displaced persons—when the war ended, UNRRA had to cope with the task of caring for millions of displaced persons and refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=0.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=46.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=59.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=61.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=123.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bytom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bytom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=123.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bytom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bytom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=199.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=202.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=207.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=207.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=209.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=257.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=257.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Frankfurt-am-main\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Frankfurt-am-main\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Leipzig\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Leipzig\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Mainz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Mainz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Aschaffenburg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Aschaffenburg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=351.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=380.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=380.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=380.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=468.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=489.0,516.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=522.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=522.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=625.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Le-Vernet\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Le-Vernet\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strasbourg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strasbourg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strasbourg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strasbourg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=665.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=773.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=773.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=787.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=787.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=816.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Besancon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=890.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=893.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gogolin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gogolin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Drancy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=908.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDP: \u003c/b\u003eDisplaced Person, or refugee.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=990.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Hamburg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Hamburg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=990.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. 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It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1145.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1145.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. 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It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. 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It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1219.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1219.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1219.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. 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These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1392.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1392.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strzegom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strzegom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1531.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1546.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1546.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1546.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Furstengrube\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Furstengrube/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Furstengrube\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Furstengrube/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gogolin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gogolin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1671.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Berlin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Berlin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Jerusalem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1746.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1817.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1817.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1817.0,1885.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gliwice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gliwice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gleiwitz/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=1957.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oberlangen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oberlangen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2270.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Hirschberg/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2396.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sudeten\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sudeten\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2447.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2447.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2447.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2466.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2525.0,2559.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2559.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2559.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wolfsberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wolfsberg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wolfsberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wolfsberg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wustegiersdorf\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wustegiersdorf\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wustegiersdorf\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Wustegiersdorf\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen/a\u0026gt;\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sudeten\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sudeten\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strzegom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Strzegom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2606.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2794.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Schimberg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Schimberg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=2953.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wismar\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wismar\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Barth\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"p\u0026gt;For more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Eisenhuettenstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Eisenhuettenstadt\u003c/a\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Szczecin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Szczecin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/FrankfurtOder\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/FrankfurtOder\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Bergen-Belsen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3119.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3309.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3309.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBVer (b-vauer): \u003c/b\u003eA professional criminal in the Nazi camps (Berufsverbrecher).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3365.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBVer (b-vauer): \u003c/b\u003eA professional criminal in the Nazi camps (Berufsverbrecher).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3365.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3422.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Toulouse\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Toulouse\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3422.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3686.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Miami\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Miami\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kevelaer\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kevelaer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geldern\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geldern\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUNRRA: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Established in 1943, its principal executive post was held by a representative of the United States, which supplied forty percent of its budget. Among its chief duties was the repatriation of displaced persons—when the war ended, UNRRA had to cope with the task of caring for millions of displaced persons and refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bad-Schwartau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bad-Schwartau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/London\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/London\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bad-Schwartau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bad-Schwartau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3737.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3817.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3817.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wiesbaden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=3817.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103/annotation_set/1704/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSee \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/interview/kaletskaA\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17648/file/73103#t=4140.0,4154.49613"}]}]}]}