{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/x639z90w7x/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews André Richard, August 5, 1946, Paris, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-08-05"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" French (Primary)"," German (Secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" richardA_9-28 (Local)"," richardA_9-28_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Paris (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Lieutenant André Richard conducted by David P. Boder on August 5, 1946 at the Jewish Committee home for adult Jewish refugees in Paris, France. (Abstract)"," André Richard was a talented singer in the renowned Paris Opera as well as an intrepid member of the French resistance during the German occupation. Mr. Richard shows himself to be a sincere and dedicated French patriot as he recounts his exploits as a lieutenant in the resistance movement during those dangerous times. He took part in a number of daring exploits at great personal risk—the risk of arrest, torture and death in a country where the Gestapo, Vichy French collaborators and the threat of denunciation by ordinary citizens put resisters in great peril. As he recounts, \"I have never known any assignment that was not a dangerous one during the occupation . . . very often I came back alone when twenty of us had gone.\" Mr. Richard has great admiration for the proud, autocratic General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French forces during the war. Like de Gaulle, Mr. Richard was above all a French nationalist. His nationalism is of the liberal variety, rejecting xenophobia, intolerance and racism. He does not reveal sympathy for any particular resistance political organization, whether it be communist, socialist or Catholic. Indeed, he appears to be apolitical and anti-clerical. Mr. Richard's admiration for resistance leaders extends to those under whom he served, Colonel Goise, Major Borde, and Captain Allard, whose bravery and leadership qualities he is at pains to applaud. Mr. Richard clearly shows sympathy for the plight of the Jews under German occupation, though there is no indication he was involved in Jewish rescue efforts. As might be expected, he scorns those who collaborated with the Germans but does not call for revenge or retribution. Rather he remains dedicated to the ideals of the French Revolution: liberty, equality and fraternity. The interview illustrates the fact that, although they were a small minority, there was a core of active resisters in France who fought against the German occupiers for their own liberation. Though they could not defeat the enemy on their own, they did set a timeless example of courage and selflessness during a dark and hazardous time. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, French (Topical)"," Paris (France) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Richard, André (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Peters, S. (Transcriber)"," Gaensicke, P. (Transcriber)"," Leclerc, A. (Transcriber)"," Peters, S. (Translator)"," Gaensicke, P. (Translator)"," Leclerc, A. (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["France"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Lieutenant André Richard conducted by David P. Boder on August 5, 1946 at the Jewish Committee home for adult Jewish refugees in Paris, France."," André Richard was a talented singer in the renowned Paris Opera as well as an intrepid member of the French resistance during the German occupation. Mr. Richard shows himself to be a sincere and dedicated French patriot as he recounts his exploits as a lieutenant in the resistance movement during those dangerous times. He took part in a number of daring exploits at great personal risk—the risk of arrest, torture and death in a country where the Gestapo, Vichy French collaborators and the threat of denunciation by ordinary citizens put resisters in great peril. As he recounts, \"I have never known any assignment that was not a dangerous one during the occupation . . . very often I came back alone when twenty of us had gone.\" Mr. Richard has great admiration for the proud, autocratic General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French forces during the war. Like de Gaulle, Mr. Richard was above all a French nationalist. His nationalism is of the liberal variety, rejecting xenophobia, intolerance and racism. He does not reveal sympathy for any particular resistance political organization, whether it be communist, socialist or Catholic. Indeed, he appears to be apolitical and anti-clerical. Mr. Richard's admiration for resistance leaders extends to those under whom he served, Colonel Goise, Major Borde, and Captain Allard, whose bravery and leadership qualities he is at pains to applaud. Mr. Richard clearly shows sympathy for the plight of the Jews under German occupation, though there is no indication he was involved in Jewish rescue efforts. As might be expected, he scorns those who collaborated with the Germans but does not call for revenge or retribution. Rather he remains dedicated to the ideals of the French Revolution: liberty, equality and fraternity. The interview illustrates the fact that, although they were a small minority, there was a core of active resisters in France who fought against the German occupiers for their own liberation. Though they could not defeat the enemy on their own, they did set a timeless example of courage and selflessness during a dark and hazardous time. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/124/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169877","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - richardA_9-28_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":1882.91406,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/124/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169877","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/124/original/richardA_9-28_SLP.mp3?1583169877","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1882.91406,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This is spool number 28. An interview with Lieutenant André Richard from Paris, by means of an interpreter, Miss Bertha Goldwasser...Miss Bertha Goldwasser...now...a...eh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=2.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Now, I would like to ask him to tell us his name, how old he is and what he does now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=26.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Mr. Richard, could you please say your name, address, occupation and age?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=37.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e André Richard, 2 Cité Condorcet, Paris 9th arrondissement. I am an artist at the Théâtre National de l’Opéra in Paris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=46.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Please ask him what he was doing and where he was when the Germans came to Paris?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=61.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Could you please be so kind as to tell us what you did during the Occupation here in Paris?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=70.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Here is what I did during the Occupation: I joined the Resistance movement under Major Bordé and Colonel Goisé’s command. Major Bordé created La Marseillaise group. La Marseillaise group was comprised of three sections, that is three groups. And each La Marseillaise group was under the command of a First Lieutenant, and Major Bordé was our leader. A number of Francs-tireurs came to join us in these La Marseillaise groups, right, volunteer partisans who wanted to be free and not to belong, not to obey any leader. They would readily accept the assignments they were entrusted with and, at their own risk, would report to us and complete these...the said assignments which, for that matter, were sometimes very dangerous...for I have never known any assignment that was not a dangerous one during the Occupation. Besides, in my opinion, this is what makes the true Resistance fighters so valuable, as they remained in direct contact with the enemy throughout the Occupation. These are what I call true Resistance fighters. Now, I take the liberty of pointing something out here: one day, as I went to visit one of my companions, who was to provide us with time schedules for a number of trains loaded with German soldiers going on leave, I had the idea...I had the idea to put, before the said train’s departure, I had the idea to put, with the help of people from my group, men and women, to put leaflets and tracts on the trains so as to dishearten the Germans. I talked to Major Bordé and to Colonel Goisé about...my idea, my little invention, so to speak, and they both agreed with it. Then, I began to do this by myself, with a haversack, I walked around the station, right, and in the said haversack there was a bottle of wine, a piece of bread and the tracts were underneath. I walked around the station and on the trains, I covered every corner of the trains, in the toilets, every place the Germans could go. And, of course, the results came fast since, on the following day, the Gestapo began to search the stations. Then we had to wait for about two weeks, and we did it again in various stations, in various stations we started disseminating tracts everywhere again. This is when I gave tracts to various companions, right, who, as a result, successfully accomplished the mission I had assigned to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Now, er, what were the beginnings of the French Resistance movement? Who formed the Resistance movement? Were there certain groups who got together to resist even before the Germans came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=271.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Mr. Professor asks, Mr. Richard, if the resistance groups existed before the Occupation here in Paris, where and how did the Resistance movement develop itself and what was its general nature?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=291.0,307.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Well, in my opinion, the resistance groups were not formed before the Occupation because...we...to me, in my personal opinion, we have been betrayed in all respects, from top to bottom. Now the resistance developed because we were a group of companions, all of us with a heavy heart, and I saw, and just as I did, many companions saw the Germans come into Paris with tears in our eyes. I mean that we had tears in our eyes when we saw the Germans come into Paris. Well, we remembered...the war of 1870 when the Germans, right, walked into Paris and, of course, we remembered this very day, thinking that our grandfathers had known the same suffering as we did, and this is when many of us had the idea, right, to say: but why don’t we organize groups to meet and pull down everything the Germans might do, to make ourselves useful. This is when they began...the resistance groups began to form, but nothing existed before then, well, as far as I know, because I worked in the Turenne group led by Colonel Goisé, a valuable man, I would say a highly valuable man because Colonel Goisé took risks...and to my knowledge and eyes, as I was there several times, he was one of the greatest leaders I have ever had, and for that matter, I am surprised Colonel Goisé has not been awarded the Legion of Honor yet. All my fellow officers and even myself think this is outragous because Colonel Goisé has set his life aside on many occasions; well, he managed to pull through and I am very glad about that, as are my companions...but, however, as quite often is the case in very perilous circumstances, Colonel Goisé would go before us and by the time we arrived, the work was almost done already. I here, pay public tribute to Colonel Goisé, since he never was rewarded, as many others like him. But, to go back to the Resistance groups, well, I stand by my opinion, in my opinion, nothing was organized. And the fervor, the fervor so to speak, of all the Resistance groups was born the day we heard our supreme leader, General De Gaulle, calling. This is when it came...came the idea to spread the Resistance through groups, through partisan Francs-tireurs, through volunteer Irregular forces, people...people, right, who were...whom we called in secret...well whom we called, whom the Germans called in secret, right, well in...during the Occupation who were sometimes called terrorists, these people were called terrorists, right, but actually they were no terrorists, to us they were only heroes. And quite often, quite often, these people...indeed, to my knowledge, those I have worked with, few of them returned alive. I can even say that when the Maintenon tunnel...blew up in Rouen with the trains...blew up, and also in Rouen with the ammunition loaded trains, well none of them returned, not anyone, not anyone ...and I had to come home by myself and report to my leaders, right, report to Colonel Goisé and to Roger Bordé, right, Major Bordé, I had to come back by myself and tell him, right, what...what I had learned and how it had happened, well the information I had been given, and very often did I come back alone, while twenty of us had gone, and I came back alone from these assignments, which were really perilous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] I’ll move on to another question: Much has been said in America about the war being lost from the beginning, because the workers were against it and sabotaged the war effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=555.0,575.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Mr. Professor tells me to ask you...he asks me to tell you the American opinion, because in America, people don’t [inaudible] such an opinion...that the war here in France was dreadful [inaudible] because the workmen did not want, er...did not want to join forces and go to war and then, they sabotaged the factory [inaudible], is that true?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=575.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would tell him that workmen, right...as far as I know, the workmen did their duty...workmen always do their duty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=602.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] [He said something in the background - unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=613.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e Mr. Richard says that the workers in France did not sabotage the war effort. He stayed in his job, he stayed where he was, he was involved. But France and the entire war...[unintelligible] about the Government, and because the war had already started in 1938. Thus the worker in France was only reserved as a soldier he didn’t...[unintelligible]. But because he saw, that he...[unintelligible]...spiritedly as a prisoner in the hands of the enemy. Then he withdrew. In my opinion, any one of us would have done exactly the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=615.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Now, does he want to say any more about, er, how and when the Resistance movement developed. Which groups mainly wanted the Resistance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=659.0,674.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] The Professor would like to know now, when the Resistance formed into groups, if you can name the groups that...began to help the Resistance movement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=674.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e The groups, right, the groups in themselves formed the Resistance movement, the Resistance movement was not only made of groups, which were called, right, either for example the Turenne network, right, the Turenne group, La Marseillaise network, La Marseillaise group, there was Libération Nord, there were...the Haute-Savoie maquis, there were the Brittany maquis, there was the Normandy maquis, right. The Normandy maquis was created by a Russian First Lieutenant who had managed to escape and with whom I got in contact, as I am myself from Normandy, right, well this Russian First Lieutenant, right, is now back in Russia. I have met with him many times in Paris, we became friends, he is First Lieutenant...er...Dadachov. Well, First Lieutenant Dadachov, right, is the one who had the idea, he had the very idea to create the...the first maquis in Normandy. I got in touch with him because Dadachov, right, was...had fled to Normandy, was hiding in Normandy and had created the Normandy maquis. I got in contact with him because, I am from Normandy and because...I introduced myself to him and he felt he could trust me, and from then on, we met again in Paris and...we remained in touch with Major Bordé, and often got in contact again to...do...do things, right, to...to perform assignments, mutual assignments, that is to fully sabotage the enemy, either by blowing up trains or, right, by...by stealing, by...by stealing supplies from the enemy, or by burning down...by burning down the...the trucks parked on the roads, or by unbolting rail tracks, well by doing a thousand things, a thousand actions of sabotage, that even, right...I wonder whether I would do this again, right, since the enemy is gone now, and if I were requested to do that kind of thing, I wonder if really...in the Resistance, the things we did were unbelievable, we really had to be carried along by patriotic fervor to save, by any means, our beautiful France and to obey the...the...the, how can I put it, the solemn command from our supreme leader General De Gaulle, right, and then, led by him, by his voice, by his...how can I say, by his statements, right, which we would listen to, in secret, as we had to be careful when hearing the...the English radio, right, we had to be careful, well...at that time we were capable, because we were so electrified by our supreme leader Charles de Gaulle, to do anything, anything. And we had leaders, one must say, whether it be Colonel Goisé, Major Bordé or Captain Allard, well we were led by people who would motivate us and who...would tell us that the future of France was at stake. Yet, you were talking about workmen just before, well the workmen, right, the French workmen, in my opinion, have done their duty, right, because...they did everything for France, and I am...I am certain that tomorrow, they will still be willing to do anything for France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] What was the, er, what was the relationship of the university lecturers to the Resistance mainly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=882.0,893.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Teachers...How did teachers from universities, intellectual people in general, behave with regard to the Resistance movement? Did intellectuals also take part in the Resistance movement?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=893.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, some...some teachers were part of the Resistance movement...but not all of them, not all because...of course, there were the collaborationists. Indeed, you can’t, even among intellectuals there were...I had in my group, and I saw in other groups, well, intellectuals, even among the partisan Francs-tireurs, I have known great intellectual people, right, even professors who did their duty and who were not collaborators like others were, now of course everyone had an opinion, ideas of one’s own...I have known people, I...as I said before, people, teachers and intellectuals who were part of the Resistance movement and who did their complete duty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=907.0,954.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] And the same question, er, how did the thespians, the theatre and writers of literature behave towards the Germans and the Resistance movement?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=954.0,971.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] How did French artists as well as...the...members of literary circles, writers, dancers, several er...all the people from this body of crafts, behave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=971.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Well in such body of crafts, of course, there were numerous collaborationists but, some people did not collaborate. Of course...I can say that there was approximately about...about...from 60% to 80%...of people who collaborated among artists, as well as among literary people, journalists; besides, you must have noticed, right, that some artists, writers and even some, well, people from literary circles and even some teachers, as well, were blacklisted; and it was the same for dancers, in the dancing community there was about, right, from 50% to 60% collaborationism. That doesn’t take anything away from the talent of those...of those artists, dancers, writers, however it is still a pity, and...we deplore that kind of thing, it is...right, literature...the...artists, dance, all this, well oh, what was French should have remained French and should never have become imbued with German material. Now, I hope that...we will strive to forget all this and that all...all will make a fresh start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=987.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] I would now like to know whether a lot of military personnel collaborated actively with the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1074.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Mr. Professor asks you if many...servicemen, soldiers, even...even non-commissioned officers, were on the German side?...Were there many servicemen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1088.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] [The interviewer interrupts interpreter here] [unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1102.0,1102.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French]...servicemen, and...and non-commissioned officers, did they directly collaborate with the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1102.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh well, to my knowledge, right...well, yes there were many officers who, regrettably, did collaborate, for that matter, you just need to refer to the judgments adjudicated to date by French courts to get an idea of how the officers, some French officers, collaborated, regrettably...I would even be surprised to learn that they truly were...were...what we call truly French. Because true French people, in my opinion, do not collaborate with an enemy. This...to me, is, this is almost the essential form of psychiatry, they are simply insane...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1110.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Mr. Richard says that we should see through the critical legislation and even the in the war...[unintelligible] negotiations. Then we will see how many military personnel from France were pressed into service and collaborated with the Germans. And kept in touch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1148.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Now, what does he think, how will all this develop now in France, until things return to normal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1184.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] How do you think, Mr. Richard, things will organize from now on...here in France, life, how is it going to be, and in which...what kind of future are we heading to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1196.0,1212.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e To me, you know, our future is that, nowadays, politics, right, is something I do not understand, and that I am not trying to understand because, you know, people involved in politics are already almost insane people and are only interested in one thing, their own benefit, before seeking the benefit of the country as a whole. If there were men capable of developing politics with a view to actually rebuild France with dignity, then France would be a country which can not collapse, it is too beautiful, and this country has truly shown, by any means, in any area, this country has truly shown it could not collapse as it is too great and too powerful a country, it has too great a history. But France should be led by men fit for running it...up to the level it deserves. And such men, they should be people like Gambetta, like Jaurès, indeed, people who would set everything aside, some kind of saints but, in my opinion, such men no longer exist...they no longer exist because people today are too superficial. To want, right, to want is...to lead France to the level, as I said before, right, to the level it deserves, and well this is something that does not suit current men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1212.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Er, does he want to tell us what the most dangerous moment was in his activity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1312.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Could you please relate the moment you had...during your mission which was the most dangerous?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1323.0,1337.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e The most dangerous event in my assignments, well, was when I went...when I went, right, to wake up all the poor chaps who had to go and blow up, right, the...German constructions. Well, I carried in my haversack, and in a small suitcase, at least in a small bag, I carried explosives and, I rubbed shoulders, on the boulevards, on the streets, with loads of Germans. The most disturbing thing for me was the day I brought explosives to some of my companions and when I got caught in a raid. Well, I was saved thanks to a nice policeman I knew, right, whose name is Thomas, Sergeant Thomas, from...who is in...at the Paris 9th arrondissement hall police station, Sergeant Thomas was precisely my group’s second-in-command. And it was precisely this nice fellow Thomas who, with me, jabbed the French flag at the Kommandantur which we attacked at place de l’Opéra. Well...which we took by storm at the Liberation. Well, this nice fellow Thomas is precisely the one, thanks to whom I could...he helped me go through, he got me out of the raid, and therefore, I could get away from the hands and questions, right, of the...of the German Feldgendarmerie. And this was thanks to him, yes I can truly say so, he saved my life. Well...Thomas, precisely, who was one of the most active resistant fighters, well the most, in my opinion, from the police force, the most splendid, well...he also was kept in the background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1337.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Er, were there any comical moments, er, in this, er, in er, while, er, the Germans were in occupation here? Are there any stories you can tell us about them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1466.0,1488.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Er, Mr. Professor asks if there also are funny moments that you can relate, from the past, when Germans were here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1488.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Well, yes there are a few, because really...sometimes the Germans could be very funny. And one day, in fact, as I left my place on boulevard Barbès, I came across, right, a...a bunch of little Jewish kids who were led, right, poor kids who were wearing the yellow badge...who were wearing the yellow badge on their chest...and these poor little kids were led by two women who were also wearing the badge. One day, one of the kids fell down and started to cry. I could not help bending down and lifting him up on his feet. I wiped tears away from his face and kissed him. And I kissed him all the more eagerly and warmly as this boy was wearing the badge. And I realized that he himself was, despite his young age, how old was he, dear God? Seven, eight...not even that old, he was...five, six years old. And he was wearing the badge, and he...what could he have done to deserve to suffer the German martyrdom? Nothing. So I did kiss him, put him on his feet and he met up with all his little friends. At that very moment, two German soldiers passed by and looked at me as if they meant to, right, approve of my lifting up and kissing the kid. But when they saw the yellow badge on the boy’s chest, they glanced at me with contempt and looked at each other and, felt disappointed to have approved my lifting up the kid, they went away like two smart-asses. Now, there is another story. There is another story and, regrettably, right...these are true stories. A German officer was following a very beautiful girl, in mourning. And this woman was in mourning because one of her relatives had died, also killed by the Germans. But the woman was followed by a German officer, who was eyeing her greedily, right, flattering her and eventually asked her for information, and each time the woman would side-step to avoid answering to the German officer. Furious, the German officer bluntly walked and stood in front of the woman, who was, as I said before, very beautiful, and asked her: “Madam, could you please tell me the name of that street?”. Then, the woman bravely looked at him in the eye, opened her mourning veil and showed her badge to the German officer, saying “judische [inaudible]”. Immediately the German turned on his heel and  walked away very pretentiously, although he said goodbye to her, but I don’t need to tell you, of course, the deception the German suffered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1500.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] A question. Does he think that the anti-Semitism which the Nazis promoted here is still very much alive, that even after the war this is still around?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1695.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Do you think the Germans will be liked here in France? Will there still be...will there still be anti-Semitism...will the French let themselves be brainwashed, as we say, by the Germans who say that only the Jews are guilty in the war and that the Jews caused it, which is their motto to conquer the world. What do you think about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1709.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in my opinion, unfortunately yes. Regrettably, yes, germs will remain in France. And...you know, I think we should use our best efforts to get rid of those germs because, still, right, such germs will manage to grow in secret and...to do great harm. Then, in my opinion, we need to show these people that they were wrong. And that a man, whether he is Jewish, Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox or anything else, well, all men are entitled to a sunny spot and to the right to lead a life. And all men must join hands and help each other...and love each other. And set all religions aside since, in my opinion, they divide people. Get rid of religions and you will...make a giant leap for the protection of freedom.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1743.0,1811.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Monsieur Richard, thank you very much, it was a...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1811.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English]...I think that the Frenchmen in Chicago and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1821.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German]...our students will listen to this work with great interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1827.0,1834.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBertha Goldwasser:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Mr. Professor is very grateful. He hopes the students and French people living in Chicago will listen to the tapes with great pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1834.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Many thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1845.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes spool 28 taken from André [inaudible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1852.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, at the Opera, I sing Rigoletto, I sing Faust, I sing Romeo and Juliet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1856.0,1867.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What part do you play in Faust?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1867.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Er, Mephisto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1868.0,1870.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, Mephisto! Don’t you sing Boris Godunov?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1870.0,1875.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAndré Richard:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, later, I hope I will be able to sing it, it’s under consideration.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1875.0,1882.91406"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8062/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/062/original/export_transcript_richard.txt?1669668308","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/062/original/export_transcript_richard.txt?1669668308"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French and German transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This is spool number 28. An interview with Lieutenant André Richard from Paris, by means of an interpreter, Miss Bertha Goldwasser...Miss Bertha Goldwasser...now...a...eh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=2.291,26.472"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Now, wollen Sie ihn bitten, dass er seinen Namen sagt und wie alt er ist und was er jetzt tut?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=26.472,37.208"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Si vous voulez Monsieur Richard, dire votre nom, votre adresse, votre profession et quel âge vous avez ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=37.208,46.344"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: André Richard, 2 Cité Condorcet, Paris IXème. Je suis artiste au Théâtre National de l’Opéra à Paris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=46.344,61.374"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Wollen Sie ihn fragen, was er getan hat und wo er war, wenn die Deutschen nach Paris gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=61.374,70.088"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Si vous voulez bien gentiment nous dire qu’est ce que vous avez fait pendant l’Occupation ici à Paris ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=70.088,78.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Ce que j’ai fait pendant l’Occupation, je suis entré dans la Résistance, sous les ordres du commandant Bordé et du colonel Goisé. Le commandant Bordé a formé le groupe la Marseillaise. Le groupe la Marseillaise comprenait trois sections, c’est-à-dire trois groupes. Et chaque groupe de la Marseillaise était commandé par un lieutenant, et nous avions pour chef le commandant Bordé. Dans ces groupes la Marseillaise sont venus se joindre à nous des Francs Tireurs n’est-ce pas, des partisans volontaires qui voulaient être libres et n’appartenir et n’avoir aucun chef. Ils acceptaient volontiers les missions qu’on pouvait leur confier et, à leurs risques et périls, nous rapportaient et accomplissaient ces...les dites missions qui étaient d’ailleurs parfois très dangereuses...car je n’ai pas connu de mission qui ne soit pas dangereuse pendant l’Occupation. C’est d’ailleurs à mon avis ce qui fait la valeur, la grande valeur des vrais résistants qui eux sont restés pendant toute l’Occupation au contact de l’ennemi. Voilà ce que j’appelle les vrais résistants. Maintenant, il y a une chose que je me permets de signaler en passant, c’est qu’un jour, en allant voir un de mes camarades qui devait nous donner l’heure du passage de certains trains de permissionnaires allemands, j’ai eu l’idée...j’ai eu l’idée de mettre, avant le départ de ces dits trains, j’ai eu l’idée de mettre, en collaboration avec des gens de mon groupe, hommes et femmes, de mettre des prospectus, des tracts pour démoraliser les Allemands. J’ai parlé au commandant Bordé ainsi qu’au colonel Goisé de...mon idée, ma petite invention si je puis dire, et tous deux l’ont acceptée. C’est alors que j’ai commencé seul, avec une musette, je suis passé dans la gare n’est-ce pas, dans la dite musette il y avait un litre de vin, un morceau de pain et les tracts étaient en dessous. Je suis passé dans la gare et dans les trains, j’ai inondé les trains partout, dans les waters, partout où les Allemands pouvaient aller. Et naturellement l’effet ne s’est pas fait attendre car le lendemain, la Gestapo commençait déjà ses recherches dans les gares. Alors nous avons dû attendre une quinzaine de jours et après nous avons recommencé dans les différentes gares, dans les différentes gares nous avons recommencé à redistribuer des tracts partout. C’était alors que j’ai donné des tracts à différents camarades n’est-ce pas, qui d’ailleurs se sont fort bien accomplis de la mission dont je les avais chargés.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.998,271.911"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Now, äh, was waren die Anfänge von der Résistance? Wer hat die Résistance formiert? Waren da gewisse Gruppen, die schon bevor die Deutschen kamen, sich zusammengelegt haben, um zu resistieren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=271.911,291.087"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Monsieur le professeur vous demande, Monsieur Richard, est-ce que les groupes de résistance étaient préparés avant l’Occupation ici à Paris, où la résistance était formée et comment, et quel caractère elle a pris en général ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=291.087,307.896"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien les groupes à mon avis de résistance, n’étaient pas formés avant l’Occupation car...nous...pour moi, à mon avis personnel c’est que nous avons été trahis sur toute la ligne, du plus haut jusqu’au plus petit. Maintenant, les groupes se sont formés parce que nous nous sommes retrouvés plusieurs camarades, tous, la mort dans l’âme et j’ai vu, ainsi que moi-même, beaucoup de camarades qui ont vu rentrer les Allemands dans Paris, les larmes aux yeux. C’est-à-dire nous, nous avions les larmes aux yeux de voir rentrer les Allemands dans Paris. Et bien, nous nous sommes reportés...à la pensée de la guerre de soixante dix, où les Allemands ont foulé, n’est-ce pas le sol de Paris, et naturellement nous nous sommes reportés à cette date-là en pensant que nos grands-pères avaient eu la même souffrance que nous et c’est alors que plusieurs eurent l’idée, n’est-ce pas, de dire mais au fait, si on organisait des groupes pour se voir et démolir ce que les Allemands pourraient faire, nous rendre utiles à quelque chose. Et c’est alors que sont commencés...ont commencé à se former les groupes de résistance mais rien n’était formé avant, enfin à ma connaissance, car j’ai travaillé dans le groupe Turenne, qui était commandé par le colonel Goisé, un homme de toute valeur, de grande valeur je puis dire, car le colonel Goisé a risqué, et à ma connaissance et à ma vue puisque j’ai été présent plusieurs fois, ça a été un de mes plus grands chefs, d’ailleurs je suis étonné que le colonel Goisé ne soit pas encore décoré de la Légion d’Honneur. Tous mes camarades officiers et moi-même, nous en sommes même indignés car le colonel Goisé a fait plusieurs fois abstraction de sa vie, et bien, il a réussi à s’en sortir, j’en suis très heureux, mes camarades aussi...mais néanmoins, bien souvent, quand il y avait des situations qui étaient très périlleuses, le colonel Goisé partait avant nous, et nous n’avions qu’à arriver, le travail était déjà à moitié fait. Je rends ici un hommage public au colonel Goisé car on a oublié de le récompenser, ainsi que plusieurs autres. Mais, à en revenir pour les groupes de la Résistance, et bien je maintiens mon avis, à mon avis rien n’était organisé. Et l’élan, l’élan si je puis dire, de tous les groupes de la Résistance a été donné le jour où nous avons entendu notre chef suprême, le général Charles de Gaulle. Et c’est là qu’est venue...qu’est venue l’idée de généraliser la Résistance par des groupes, par des Francs Tireurs partisans, par des Corps Francs Volontaires, des...des gens n’est-ce pas, qui étaient...que l’on appelait dans la clandestinité...enfin que l’on appelait, que les Allemands appelaient dans la clandestinité n’est-ce pas, enfin dans...sous l’Occupation, que des gens appelaient terroristes, ces gens-là n’est-ce pas étaient appelés terroristes, en réalité ce n’était pas des terroristes, pour nous c’était simplement des héros. Et bien souvent, bien souvent, ces gens-là...d’ailleurs oui, à ma connaissance, ceux avec qui j’ai travaillé, il n’en est pas revenu beaucoup. Je peux même dire que quand le tunnel de Maintenon...a sauté à Rouen avec les trains...a sauté, et ainsi qu’à Rouen avec les trains de munitions, et bien aucun n’est revenu, aucun, aucun...et j’ai dû rentrer seul porter à mes chefs, n’est-ce pas, porter au colonel Goisé ainsi qu’à Roger Bordé, n’est-ce pas, le commandant Bordé, j’ai dû rentrer tout seul et lui dire, n’est-ce pas ce que...ce que j’avais appris et comment ça s’était passé, enfin les renseignements qu’on m’avait apportés, et bien souvent je suis rentré seul alors que nous étions partis à une vingtaine, et je suis rentré seul de ces missions, qui étaient vraiment périlleuses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.896,555.729"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Ich stell jetzt eine andere Frage: Man hat in Amerika soviel gesprochen darüber, dass man am Anfang den Krieg verloren hat, weil die Arbeiter gegen den Krieg waren und den Krieg sabotiert haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=555.729,575.474"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Monsieur le professeur me dit de vous demander...il me dit de vous dire l’opinion de l’Amérique, car en Amérique, on ne [inaudible] cette opinion...que la guerre ici en France était terrible [inaudible] parce que les ouvriers n’ont pas voulu, euh...n’ont pas voulu se mobiliser et aller à la guerre et puis, ils ont saboté dans l’usine [inaudible], est-ce que c’est vrai ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=575.474,602.744"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien je lui dirais que...les ouvriers, n’est-ce pas...à ma connaissance, les ouvriers ont fait leur devoir...les ouvriers font toujours leur devoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=602.744,613.538"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] [He said something in the background - unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=613.538,615.468"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In German] Herr Richard sagt, dass der Arbeiter in Frankreich hat nicht sabotiert. Er hat sich gestellt im Beruf, er hat sich gestellt für auf den Platz, man hat ihn geführt. Aber Frankreich und die ganze Kriegs...[unverständlich] um den Regierung, und an weil die Krieg war schon gekauft im Jahre 38. Also der Arbeiter in Frankreich war nur reserviert, als Soldat hat er nicht...[unverständlich]. Aber weil er hat gesehen, dass er mit...[unverständlich] lebendig in die Hände als Gefangener von den Feind als Gefangener. Dann hat er sich zurückgezogen. Meine Meinung ist, dass jeder von uns hätte das auch gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=615.468,659.035"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun will er weiter sagen, wie kam denn die, äh, wie wenn sich die Résistance entwickelt hat. Welche Gruppen haben hauptsächlich die Résistance gewollt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=659.035,674.005"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Le professeur vous demande, quand la Résistance s’est groupée, que vous citiez ici les noms des groupes lesquels sont...ont commencé à aider la Résistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=674.005,685.598"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Les groupes, n’est-ce pas, les groupes, à eux seuls formaient la Résistance, la Résistance n’étaient formée que de groupes, que l’on appelait n’est-ce pas, soit par exemple réseau Turenne n’est-ce pas, le groupe Turenne, réseau la Marseillaise, le groupe la Marseillaise, vous aviez Libération Nord, vous aviez...les maquis de Haute-Savoie, vous aviez les maquis de Bretagne, vous aviez le maquis de Normandie n’est-ce pas, le maquis de Normandie a été fondé par un lieutenant russe qui avait réussi à s’évader, avec lequel je suis rentré en contact étant moi-même normand n’est-ce pas, et bien ce lieutenant russe, n’est-ce pas, est d’ailleurs reparti en Russie, j’ai l’ai vu souvent à Paris, nous sommes devenus des amis, c’est le lieutenant...euh...Dadachov. Et bien le lieutenant Dadachov n’est-ce pas, c’est lui-même qui avait eu l’idée, il a eu l’idée elle-même qui a fondé le...le premier maquis en Normandie. Je suis entré en contact avec lui parce que Dadachov, n’est-ce pas, était...s’était réfugié en Normandie, se cachait en Normandie et avait fondé le maquis de Normandie. Je suis rentré en contact avec lui parce que je suis Normand et que...je me suis fait connaître à lui et qu’il a eu confiance en moi, et alors de là, nous nous sommes revus à Paris et...nous avons resté en contact avec le commandant Bordé et nous nous sommes mis souvent en contact pour...des...des choses n’est-ce pas, des...des missions à remplir, des missions mutuelles, c’est-à-dire le sabotage complet de l’ennemi, soit de faire sauter les trains, soit n’est-ce pas de...de voler, de...de voler le ravitaillement de l’ennemi, soit d’incendier...d’incendier les...les camions qui stationnaient sur les routes, soit de déboulonner les rails, enfin de faire mille choses, mille choses de sabotage, que même, n’est-ce pas...je me demande si je referais n’est-ce pas cette chose-là étant donné que l’ennemi n’est plus là, et qu’on me commanderait de faire ces choses-là, je me demande si vraiment...nous avons fait des choses à la Résistance qui sont invraisemblables, il fallait vraiment que nous soyons emportés par l’élan patriotique de sauver, par tous les moyens, notre belle France et d’obéir à l’...au...à comment dirais-je, à l’ordre solennel de notre chef suprême le général Charles de Gaulle, n’est-ce pas, et alors, entraînés par lui, par sa voix, par ses...comment dirais-je, par ses communiqués, n’est-ce pas que nous écoutions clandestinement car il fallait nous méfier quand nous entendions les...la radio anglaise, n’est-ce pas il fallait nous méfier, et bien...nous étions capables à ce moment-là, tellement nous étions galvanisés par Charles de Gaulle notre chef suprême, de faire n’importe quoi, n’importe quoi. Et nous avions des chefs, il faut bien le dire, que ce soit le colonel Goisé, que ce soit le commandant Bordé ou le capitaine Allard, et bien nous avions des gens vraiment qui nous galvanisaient et qui...nous disaient mais il y va, il y va, il y va de l’avenir de la France. Or, vous me parliez de l’ouvrier tout à l’heure, et bien l’ouvrier n’est-ce pas, l’ouvrier français pour moi a fait son devoir n’est-ce pas, parce que...il a tout fait pour la France, et je suis...je suis sûr que demain, il est encore prêt à faire tout pour la France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.598,882.08"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] What was the, äh, was war die das Verhältnis meisten der Universitätsprofessoren zu der Résistance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=882.08,893.974"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Les professeurs...Comment se sont comportés les professeurs de l’Université, en général les intellectuels pour la Résistance ? Est-ce que les intellectuels ont fait aussi la Résistance ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=893.974,907.859"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Oui, certains...certains professeurs ont fait la Résistance...mais pas tous, pas tous parce que...il y avait évidemment les collaborateurs. N’est-ce pas, on ne peut pas, même parmi les intellectuels il y a eu...j’ai eu dans mon groupe, et j’ai vu dans les autres groupes, et bien des intellectuels, même dans les Francs Tireurs Partisans, j’ai connu de grands intellectuels, n’est-ce pas, même des professeurs qui ont fait leur devoir, et qui n’étaient pas des collaborateurs comme certains, maintenant évidemment chacun avait son opinion, ses idées mais...j’ai connu des gens, je le...je le répète, des gens, des professeurs et des intellectuels qui étaient dans la Résistance et qui ont fait tout leur devoir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=907.859,954.161"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] And dieselbe Frage, äh, wie haben sich die Schauspieler, das Theater und die Literatur zu der, zu den Deutschen und der Résistance verhalten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=954.161,971.241"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Comment se sont comportés les artistes français et aussi...le...les littéraires, les écrivains, les danseurs, plusieurs euh...tous ceux qui sont dans cette corporation ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=971.241,987.055"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien dans cette corporation, évidemment il y eu malheureusement beaucoup de collaborateurs, mais enfin, il y a eu des gens qui n’ont pas collaboré. Evidemment...je puis dire qu’il y a eu à peu près dans la proportion...dans la proportion de...60 à 80 %...de gens qui ont collaboré parmi les artistes, comme parmi les gens de la littérature, comme parmi les journalistes, d’ailleurs vous n’avez pas été sans voir, n’est-ce pas que l’on a mis à l’index certains artistes, certains écrivains et même certains, enfin, dans la littérature et même certains professeurs également, dans la danse c’est pareil, dans la danse il y eu un pourcentage n’est-ce pas, de 50 à 60 % de collaboration. Ca ne retire pas le talent de ces...de ces artistes, de ces danseurs, de ces écrivains mais néanmoins, il est tout de même regrettable, et...nous avons à déplorer cette chose-là, c’est une...n’est-ce pas, la littérature...le...les artistes, la danse, tout ça, et bien oh, ce qui était français aurait dû rester français et n’aurait pas dû s’imprégner des choses allemandes. Maintenant, j’espère que...un effort va être fait pour oublier tout ça et que tous...et toutes repartiront du bon pied.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=987.055,1074.705"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Ich möchte jetzt wissen, sind viele und, sind viele vom Militär aktiv mit den Deutschen mitgegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1074.705,1088.71"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Monsieur le professeur vous demande, est-ce que beaucoup...des militaires, des soldats, des...des gradés même, étaient avec les Allemands ?...Est-ce que beaucoup de militaires...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1088.71,1102.27"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] The interviewer interrupts interpreter here I can’t tell what language it is [unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1102.27,1102.406"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French]...de militaires, des...des gradés, est-ce qu’ils collaboraient avec des Allemands directement ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1102.406,1110.411"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Oh ben à ma connaissance n’est-ce pas...heu oui il y a eu beaucoup d’officiers qui malheureusement ont collaboré, d’ailleurs il n’y a qu’à reprendre les jugements faits jusqu’à présent par les tribunaux français, ça vous donnera une idée de ce que les officiers, de certains officiers français, ont collaboré malheureusement...je suis même étonné s’ils étaient vraiment des...des...ce que l’on appelle des vrais Français. Car un vrai Français, à mon avis, ne collabore pas avec un ennemi. Ca...pour moi c’est, c’est la forme même presque de la psychiatrie, c’est un fou...tout simplement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1110.411,1148.772"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In German] Herr Richard sagt, dass man soll durchschauen die kritischen Gesetzen und auch die im Krieg...[unverständlich] Verhandlungen. Dann wird man sehen, wie viele im Dienst verurteilte gewordene Militärleute von Frankreich, die welche haben mit den Deutschen kollaboriert. So, und in Kontakt gestanden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1148.772,1184.664"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: . . . Nun, was denkt er, wie wird sich jetzt in Frankreich das alles entwickeln, bis es normal wird?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1184.664,1196.604"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Comment pensez-vous, Monsieur Richard, voir maintenant arranger...ici dans la France, la vie, comment elle va revenir, et dans quel...quel avenir nous attend ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1196.604,1212.106"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Moi vous savez, l’avenir nous attend, c’est que, à l’heure actuelle, la politique, n’est-ce pas est une chose que je ne comprends pas, et que je ne cherche pas à comprendre, car vous savez, les gens qui font de la politique, sont des gens qui sont déjà à moitié fous, et qui ne cherchent qu’une chose, leur profit avant de chercher le profit du pays. Si il y avait des hommes capables de pouvoir faire une politique pour relever vraiment et dignement la France, car la France est un pays qui ne peut pas sombrer, il est trop beau, et c’est un pays qui vraiment a montré, par tous les moyens, que ce soit dans n’importe quelle branche, il a montré ce pays qu’il pouvait pas sombrer parce que il est trop grand et trop puissant, il a un passé vraiment trop grand. Mais, il faudrait à la tête de la France des hommes dignes de pouvoir la conduire...à la hauteur qu’elle mérite. Et ces hommes, il faudrait que ce soit des gens comme Gambetta, comme Jaurès, n’est-ce pas, des gens qui feraient abstraction de tout, des saints mais à mon avis, il n’y en a plus...il n’y en a plus car les gens, à l’heure actuelle sont trop matériels. Vouloir, n’est-ce pas, vouloir, c’est...mener la France, à la hauteur, je le répète n’est-ce pas, à la hauteur qu’elle mérite, et bien c’est un imposteur qui n’appartient pas aux hommes actuels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1212.106,1312.41"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Äh, will er uns sagen, welcher in seiner Aktivität der gefährlichste Moment gewesen ist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1312.41,1323.865"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Est-ce que vous pouvez nous citer le cas dans le moment, que vous avez...dans le moment de votre mission qui était le plus dangereux ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1323.865,1337.418"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Le cas dans les missions qui a été le plus dangereux, et bien, c’est quand je suis allé...quand je suis allé, n’est-ce pas, pour réveiller tous les pauvres types qui devaient aller faire sauter, n’est-ce pas les...les ouvrages allemands. Et bien j’avais dans une musette, et dans une petite valise, tout du moins dans un petit sac, j’avais des explosifs, et, je côtoyais, sur les boulevards, dans les rues, des tas d’Allemands. Le plus pénible pour moi, c’est le jour que je suis allé porter, à des camarades, des explosifs et que je me suis trouvé pris dans une rafle. Et bien, j’ai dû mon salut qu’à un brave gardien de la paix, que je connaissais, n’est-ce pas, qui s’appelle Thomas, le brigadier Thomas, de la...qui est à la...au poste de la mairie du IXème arrondissement à Paris, le brigadier Thomas justement était mon sous-chef de groupe. Et ce brave Thomas, justement c’est lui, avec moi, qui avons planté le drapeau français à la Kommandantur, que nous avons prise d’assaut place de l’Opéra. Et bien...que nous avons prise à la Libération. Et bien ce brave Thomas, justement c’est grâce à lui, que j’ai pu...c’est lui qui m’a fait passer, qui m’a fait sortir de la rafle, et j’ai pu ainsi échapper, aux mains et aux questions n’est-ce pas des...de la Feldgendarmerie allemande. Et c’est grâce à lui, car vraiment je puis le dire, c’est lui qui m’a sauvé la vie. Et bien...Thomas justement, qui a été un des résistants, enfin le plus, à mon avis parmi la police, le plus épatant, et bien...est aussi lui à l’heure actuelle resté dans l’ombre.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1337.418,1466.193"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Äh, waren äh welche komischen Momente, äh, in diesem äh, in äh, während der äh des Daseins der Deutschen hier? Sind da welche Anekdoten, die man von denen erzählt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1466.193,1488.845"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Euh, Monsieur le professeur vous demande est-ce qu’il y a aussi, des moments comiques, qu’on peut raconter, du passé, quand il y avait des Allemands ici ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1488.845,1500.416"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien il y en a, oui il y en a, parce que vraiment...les Allemands étaient par moment très comiques. Et un jour justement, en sortant de chez moi boulevard Barbès, j’ai rencontré, n’est-ce pas, une...une colonie de petits enfants juifs qui étaient conduits, n’est-ce pas, des pauvres gosses qui avaient l’étoile jaune...qui avaient l’étoile jaune sur la poitrine...et ces pauvres petits enfants, et bien étaient conduits par deux femmes qui également portaient l’étoile. Un jour un de ces enfants est tombé, et s’est mis à pleurer. Je n’ai pas pu m’empêcher, que de me baisser et de le ramasser. Je lui ai essuyé la figure et je l’ai embrassé. Et je l’ai embrassé avec d’autant plus de ferveur et beaucoup plus de chaleur, que ce petit garçon portait l’étoile. Et que je me rendais compte qu’il était lui-même malgré son jeune âge, il avait quel âge mon dieu ? Sept, huit ans...même pas il avait...cinq, six ans. Et il avait l’étoile, et il...lui qu’avait-il fait pour mériter le martyre des Allemands ? Rien. Alors je l’ai donc embrassé, je l’ai remis debout, il a rejoint tous ses petits camarades. A ce moment-là passaient deux Allemands, qui m’ont regardé et qui avaient l’air de dire, n’est-ce pas de m’approuver de l’avoir relevé et de l’avoir embrassé. Mais quand ils ont vu que ce gosse, avait l’étoile sur la poitrine, ils m’ont jeté un regard de mépris, et se sont regardés tous les deux, et déçus d’avoir approuvé que j’avais relevé ce gosse sont partis comme deux péteux. Maintenant, il y a une autre histoire. Il y a une autre histoire et malheureusement, n’est-ce pas...ce sont des histoires mais qui sont vraies. C’est un officier allemand qui suit une très belle fille, en deuil. Et cette femme est en deuil, parce qu’elle a perdu un des siens, également tué par les Allemands. Mais cette femme est suivie par un officier allemand, qui monocle dans l’œil n’est-ce pas, la complimente et lui demande un renseignement, et à chaque fois, cette femme se dérobe pour ne pas répondre à l’officier allemand. Excédé, l’officier allemand vient carrément devant ladite femme, qui était je le répète très belle, et lui demande et lui dit : « madame, voulez-vous me dire le nom de cette rue? ». Alors courageusement la femme le regarde dans les yeux, écarte son crêpe de deuil, et montre son étoile à l’officier allemand en lui disant « judische [inaudible] ». Aussitôt, l’Allemand pivote sur les talons, et naturellement part tout péteux en la saluant tout de même, mais je n’ai pas besoin de vous dire, évidemment, la duperie dont l’Allemand a été coupable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1500.416,1695.089"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Eine Frage, denkt er, dass der Antisemitismus, den die Nazis hier entwickelt haben, dass viel davon noch ist, dass viel noch nach dem Krieg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1695.089,1709.727"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Pensez-vous que les allemands vont s’aimer ici en France ? Est-ce qu’il restera encore de...est-ce qu’il restera encore l’antisémitisme...est-ce que les Français, ils vont vraiment se laisser bourrer le crâne, comme on dit, par les Allemands qui, rien que les juifs sont fautifs dans la guerre et c’est les juifs qui l’ont pris quoi, et ça c’est leur mot d’ordre, n’est-ce pas, pour gagner le monde. Que pensez-vous de cela ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1709.727,1743.396"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien, à mon avis, malheureusement oui. Malheureusement oui, il y a des germes qui restent en France. Et...vous savez, je crois qu’il faut tout faire pour effacer ces germes, car tout de même, n’est-ce pas ces germes arriveront dans la clandestinité à grandir et...à causer beaucoup de mal. Alors à mon avis, il faut arriver à montrer à ces gens-là qu’ils ont eu tort. Et qu’un homme, qu’il soit juif, qu’il soit catholique, qu’il soit protestant, qu’il soit orthodoxe, tout ce qu’on voudra, et bien tous les hommes ont droit à leur part de soleil et à leur part de vie. Et les hommes doivent tous se donner la main et s’entraider...et s’entraimer les uns, les autres. Et faire abstraction de toute religion, qui à mon avis, les divise. Si vous supprimez les religions, vous aurez...fait un grand pas pour la défense de la liberté.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1743.396,1811.726"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Monsieur Richard, ich danke Ihnen sehr, es war ein...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1811.726,1821.691"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English]...I think that the Frenchmen in Chicago and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1821.691,1827.374"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German]...unsere Studenten werden mit großer Interesse diesen Werk anhören.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1827.374,1834.852"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bertha Goldwasser: [In French] Monsieur le professeur vous remercie beaucoup. Il espère que les étudiants et aussi les Français qui se trouvent à Chicago vont écouter les tables avec un très grand plaisir.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1834.852,1845.088"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Danke sehr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1845.088,1852.083"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes spool 28 taken from André [inaudible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1852.083,1856.274"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: [In French] Et bien, à l’Opéra, je chante Rigoletto, je chante Faust, je chante Roméo et Juliette.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1856.274,1867.283"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Quel rôle dans Faust ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1867.283,1868.7"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Euh, Méphisto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1868.7,1870.479"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, Méphisto ! Vous ne chantez pas Boris Godounov ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1870.479,1875.001"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"André Richard: Et bien plus tard, j’espère le chanter, je l’ai à l’étude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1875.001,1882.906"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/transcript/8061/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/061/original/lt-andre-richard_de.vtt?1583169879","format":"text/vtt","language":"de"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/061/original/lt-andre-richard_de.vtt?1583169879"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["richardA_annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/person/goldwasserB\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/person/goldwasserB\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=2.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=46.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Theatre Nationale de l'Opera in Paris was at the time the premier location for outstanding opera and dance in the city. The world's great operatic singers, ballets and symphonies performed there. As Mr. Richard later indicates, he sang in such operatic master works as Rigoletto, Faust and Romeo and Juliet. He was truly an accomplished artist, and yet he was willing to risk his career and, indeed, his life for the cause in which he believed. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=46.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=61.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=70.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Marseillaise is the French national anthem, and during the occupation was sung as a sign of resistance; hence the naming of a resistance group for the anthem. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Richard is using the term franc tireur (lit. free rifleman), generically for volunteer partisans. The term designated a republican, anti-Fascist independent fighter and harked back to the irregular army of volunteer soldiers that had formed spontaneously during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 when all hope for victory seemed gone. During the occupation, the nationwide Communist-led Fran-Tireurs et Partisans Francais (FTPF) became one of the major French resistance organizations. The Franc-Tireurs was also the name of the democratic resistance movement operating mainly in the southern zone of the country. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuch non-violent acts of resistance as those described here by Mr. Richard occurred in the early months of the movement when outside aid was negligible and resistance took the form of distributing leaflets, tracts, and especially underground newspapers. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=78.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=291.0,307.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe battle for France lasted barely four weeks. On the morning of June 14, 1940, the swastika was raised over the Arc de Triomphe and the Tour Eiffel. German troops led by mounted officers paraded down the Champs-Élysées as Parisians stood in shocked and humiliated silence, many with tears in their eyes. The vast majority remained passive in the early months of the occupation, but a strong-willed, determined patriotic minority, among them Mr. Richard, defiantly decided to fight back. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 ended in a crushing defeat for France, a veritable debacle, resulting in the end of the Second Empire under Napoleon III. It brought about the unification of the German states spearheaded by Prussia and the creation of the Second German Reich that made Germany the strongest continental European power. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarc Turenne was one of the earliest organizers of a resistance group in Paris. In late June 1940, he and others collected civilian clothing to smuggle to French prisoners of war to be used to cover their prison uniforms when escaping. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eOn June 18, 1940 at 6:00 pm General Charles de Gaulle broadcast a call to resistance to his fellow Frenchmen and women on the French service of the BBC. He ended his appeal not to accept the armistice or defeat with the words, \"Whatever happens, the flame of French resistance must not die and will not die.\" This marked the first use of the term \"resistance\" and remains a memorable date in French history. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Maintenon\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Maintenon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eRouen, where the French national heroine Joan of Arc was burned at the stake in 1431, is the capital of Normandy and an important port (on the Seine) and commercial center. In 1942, it became a deportation center for Jews to Nazi extermination camps. The costly act of sabotage described by Mr. Richard was one of many carried out by the resistance, resulting in loss of war matériel and disrupting rail communication. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Rouen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Rouen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=307.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eWhat Boder is alluding to here is the insinuation that the influence the Communist party had on French workers helped to undermine their support for the war effort. This stemmed from the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact of August 1939 that was still in effect at the time of the German invasion of France. The official policy of the French Communist party, as mandated from Moscow, was that communists had to honor that pact. Only after Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, did French communists call for resistance to the Germans. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=555.0,575.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDue to the unintelligible portions of Mr. Richard's response here, it is difficult to decipher exactly what he wishes to communicate. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=615.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e1943 was the decisive year for the growth of the maquis throughout France, though they were especially active in the mountainous areas of the country. Prior to the D-Day invasion there were some 100,000 in the active resistance. After the invasion the number grew. Immediately after the liberation the new French government estimated that there were several hundred thousand active resisters. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French resistance in Normandy provided valuable information to the Allies regarding the German \"Atlantic wall\" prior to D-Day. Following the landings, the resistance harassed the Germans in various ways and attempted to disrupt their communications network. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeneral de Gaulle continued to broadcast from London on the BBC, inspiring Mr. Richard and others to resistance against the occupier and its collaborators. For many, he came to be the incarnation of the struggle for French freedom, and eventually he was able to forge some degree of unity among the various factions of resisters—communists, socialists and Catholics—when Jean Moulin, de Gaulle's personal envoy, succeeded in establishing the National Resistance Council in 1943. After the war, the communists claimed that they had led the resistance, and ironically enough there were those who had supported the Vichy government who claimed that Marshal Pétain, the head of the government and those around him were the true resisters because they had not fled from France but stayed to try and defend their countrymen. Even de Gaulle himself downplayed the role of the internal resistance in favor of that of the Free French forces outside of France. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe acts of sabotage described here by Mr. Richard picked up markedly in 1943 with the rapid growth of the resistance due in part to the adoption by the Vichy regime in February 1943 of the detested policy of conscription for labor service that sent thousands of French workers to Germany. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=685.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=907.0,954.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Richard is correct in noting that it is not possible to generalize about any one group, whether it be intellectuals or artists, insofar as resistance was concerned. There was a minority in each group that supported the collaborationist government, while the majority attempted to manage their daily lives \"in peace and quiet\" as best they could under what was, as time went on, a more repressive and fearsome occupation. Another minority in each group actively engaged in resistance.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=907.0,954.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, it was not that easy \"to make a fresh start\" in the immediate post-war years when so many were homeless, when there were great shortages of all sorts of goods, when the prisoners of war and the workers conscripted for the German war effort had to be re-integrated into society, when political infighting resumed and the weak Fourth Republic was proclaimed, and when France attempted at great cost (but in vain) to re-establish its colonial empire. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=987.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Richard errs in attributing support by some French officers for the Vichy regime to mental illness. At least at the outset of the occupation, these military supporters believed in the conservative ideals advanced by Vichy, were receptive to its anti-Semitic measures, and thought that collaboration was necessary to save France in the face of overwhelming German military dominance.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1110.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eLeon Gambetta was a renowned anti-clerical republican progressive political figure who helped found the Third Republic that was definitively constituted in 1875. Jean Jaures was the great leader and orator of the French socialist party assassinated on July 31, 1914, on the eve of World War I. Jaures preached a non-doctrinaire humanist socialism with a strong emphasis on social justice.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1212.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGiven Mr. Richard's political sentiments and loyalty to General de Gaulle, it is quite likely that he applauded de Gaulle's rise to power in 1958 and the creation of the Fifth Republic. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1212.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1337.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe French resistance rose against the Germans in Paris on August 19, 1944, a battle in which Mr. Richard participated. Given his profession, it was quite fitting that he took part in attacking a German installation on the Place de l'Opera.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1337.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough the active involvement of Sergeant Thomas, the French policeman, in the resistance was exceptional, as time went on the Germans found that they could rely less and less on the cooperation of the French police. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1337.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is possible that these children might have been among the some 3,500 Jewish children under the age of fourteen arrested in the infamous July 16-17 roundup of Jews in Paris, who two weeks later were later forcibly separated from their mothers and eventually sent to the Drancy transit camp located in a Paris suburb. From Drancy they were forced into sealed boxcars which carried them to Auschwitz where they died in the gas chambers immediately upon arrival. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1500.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eShe most probably said in German, \"Jewish woman\" or \"Jewish widow.\"[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1500.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe interpreter here is embellishing the question posed by Boder, but indeed the Germans did propagandize a lethal anti-Semitsm that blamed the supposedly all-powerful, rapacious, nefarious Jewish world conspiracy for all of humanity's ills, including, absurdly enough, starting World War II. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1709.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eHere Mr. Richard articulates the anti-clerical viewpoint held by a number of supporters of French Revolutionary ideals. Insofar as French anti-Semitism is concerned, his hope for its disappearance, while well taken, did not entirely come to pass. There was a deeply rooted anti-Semitic tradition in France stemming from Christian anti-Jewish teachings and images. Though secularism did something to mitigate this religious-based anti-Semitism, racist, pseudo scientific anti-Semitism gained some ground in France in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During the 1930s, French anti-Semitism was exacerbated by the effects of the Great Depression and by Nazi propaganda that scapegoated the Jews for all the world's woes. The Vichy regime capitalized on these feelings to pass anti-Jewish legislation and enlist cooperation in deportations. Despite the Holocaust and the deaths of some 77,000 French Jews, anti-Semitism was not fully extinguished after the war. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1743.0,1811.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chicago\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chicago\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1821.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124/annotation_set/923/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chicago\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chicago\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17669/file/73124#t=1834.0,1845.0"}]}]}]}