{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j678s4k352/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Ephraim Gutman, September 12, 1946, Hénonville, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-09-12"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" German (Primary)"," Yiddish (Secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" gutmanE_9-124_9-125A (Local)"," gutmanE_9-124_9-125A_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Hénonville (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Ephraim Gutman, conducted by David P. Boder on September 12, 1946 in Hénonville, France. (Abstract)"," Lithuanian Jewry, like its counterpart in eastern Poland, encountered the Germans for the first time in June 1941. The principal difference was that Lithuanian nationalists, embittered by Soviet rule in 1940 and 1941, viewed the Germans as a lesser evil and the Jews as supportive of Communism. Ephraim Gutman had been born in 1917 in Ukraine, but he lived most of his life up to 1944 in the Lithuanian capital of Kaunas (which he calls by its Russian name, Kovno). He experienced the birth, life, and death of the Kovno ghetto. On the day of his interview at Hénonville Displaced Persons Home near Paris in September 1946 he was one of only about 2,000 survivors of a Jewish community that had numbered 40,000 before the war. This interview documents poor relations between Lithuanians and Jews in 1941. Although Lithuanian contempt for the Jews is well known, Gutman’s sentiments suggest that it was heartily reciprocated by at least some Jews, who sneered at their neighbors as primitive \"Lithuanian Klurnpes,\" named for the peasants' wooden shoes. Far more graphic, however, are his descriptions of Lithuanian nationalists lashing out at the Jews at the moment of German conquest. These extremists were exacting revenge for what they regarded as Jewish sympathy with the USSR during its brief occupation of their country. The Soviets had restricted Jewish religious and economic life but opened the doors to Jewish participation in higher education and politics, thereby attracting a following among young Jews. This association by Lithuanian nationalists of Jews with Communism had catastrophic consequences in the form of pogroms during the interval between the flight of the Red Army and the arrival of the Germans. Gutman and his family were spared only by the intervention of a sympathetic Lithuanian acquaintance. His recollections also show how the Germans subsequently were able to draw ordinary Lithuanians into measures against the Jews by permitting them to share booty taken from the victims. Lithuanian volunteers would continue to assist the Germans in actions against the Jews throughout the war, both in Kovno and elsewhere. Gutman is most intent upon describing the initial acts of Nazi violence against the Jews in the first months of the Kovno ghetto, as well as the last, heartbreaking deportation of children and old people in March 1944. But he also shows how the Germans gradually whittled down the population of the ghetto to around 18,000 with executions and deportations. A close reading of his interview reveals that he and most others who survived in Kovno had, or were related to someone who had, a \"Jordan card\" attesting to the status of a skilled laborer working for the Germans in the ghetto. These were issued by SA captain Fritz Jordan, the superintendent of Jewish affairs in Kovno and from all accounts a thoroughly sinister figure. In September 1941 he delivered 5,000 of these \"Certificates for Jewish Artisans\" to the Jewish Council, led by Dr. Elchanan Elkes. Elkes and his fellow Jewish elders were divided over the wisdom of distributing the certificates, but they finally bowed to demands from the Jewish workers themselves, who hoped that possession of a \"Jordan card\" might enhance their chances of survival. Gutman, an electrician, had one of them. Among the most interesting passages of his account are those regarding the involvement of at least a part of the Kovno ghetto's Jewish police force in preparations for resistance and establishing bunkers in which Jews planned to hide from future deportations. Sadly, the Nazis succeeded in turning the lower ranks of the Jewish police against their officers, resulting in reprisals and the discovery of many bunkers. Nor did such hiding places save many Jews when the ghetto was liquidated in July 1944. Using dogs and grenades, the Germans flushed out and killed or deported virtually all the survivors. Fewer than one hundred Jews were still in Kovno when the Red Army returned at the beginning of August, following which Gutman recovered the hidden ghetto archives that he had helped to organize. Gutman abruptly terminated the interview before describing the ghetto's liquidation. Boder was perplexed. Was he called away by a legitimate emergency, or was he unable or unwilling to go on for some personal reason? (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Kaunas (Lithuania) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Gutman, Ephraim (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Platt, Dagmar (Transcriber)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["Ukraine"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Ephraim Gutman, conducted by David P. Boder on September 12, 1946 in Hénonville, France."," Lithuanian Jewry, like its counterpart in eastern Poland, encountered the Germans for the first time in June 1941. The principal difference was that Lithuanian nationalists, embittered by Soviet rule in 1940 and 1941, viewed the Germans as a lesser evil and the Jews as supportive of Communism. Ephraim Gutman had been born in 1917 in Ukraine, but he lived most of his life up to 1944 in the Lithuanian capital of Kaunas (which he calls by its Russian name, Kovno). He experienced the birth, life, and death of the Kovno ghetto. On the day of his interview at Hénonville Displaced Persons Home near Paris in September 1946 he was one of only about 2,000 survivors of a Jewish community that had numbered 40,000 before the war. This interview documents poor relations between Lithuanians and Jews in 1941. Although Lithuanian contempt for the Jews is well known, Gutman’s sentiments suggest that it was heartily reciprocated by at least some Jews, who sneered at their neighbors as primitive \"Lithuanian Klurnpes,\" named for the peasants' wooden shoes. Far more graphic, however, are his descriptions of Lithuanian nationalists lashing out at the Jews at the moment of German conquest. These extremists were exacting revenge for what they regarded as Jewish sympathy with the USSR during its brief occupation of their country. The Soviets had restricted Jewish religious and economic life but opened the doors to Jewish participation in higher education and politics, thereby attracting a following among young Jews. This association by Lithuanian nationalists of Jews with Communism had catastrophic consequences in the form of pogroms during the interval between the flight of the Red Army and the arrival of the Germans. Gutman and his family were spared only by the intervention of a sympathetic Lithuanian acquaintance. His recollections also show how the Germans subsequently were able to draw ordinary Lithuanians into measures against the Jews by permitting them to share booty taken from the victims. Lithuanian volunteers would continue to assist the Germans in actions against the Jews throughout the war, both in Kovno and elsewhere. Gutman is most intent upon describing the initial acts of Nazi violence against the Jews in the first months of the Kovno ghetto, as well as the last, heartbreaking deportation of children and old people in March 1944. But he also shows how the Germans gradually whittled down the population of the ghetto to around 18,000 with executions and deportations. A close reading of his interview reveals that he and most others who survived in Kovno had, or were related to someone who had, a \"Jordan card\" attesting to the status of a skilled laborer working for the Germans in the ghetto. These were issued by SA captain Fritz Jordan, the superintendent of Jewish affairs in Kovno and from all accounts a thoroughly sinister figure. In September 1941 he delivered 5,000 of these \"Certificates for Jewish Artisans\" to the Jewish Council, led by Dr. Elchanan Elkes. Elkes and his fellow Jewish elders were divided over the wisdom of distributing the certificates, but they finally bowed to demands from the Jewish workers themselves, who hoped that possession of a \"Jordan card\" might enhance their chances of survival. Gutman, an electrician, had one of them. Among the most interesting passages of his account are those regarding the involvement of at least a part of the Kovno ghetto's Jewish police force in preparations for resistance and establishing bunkers in which Jews planned to hide from future deportations. Sadly, the Nazis succeeded in turning the lower ranks of the Jewish police against their officers, resulting in reprisals and the discovery of many bunkers. Nor did such hiding places save many Jews when the ghetto was liquidated in July 1944. Using dogs and grenades, the Germans flushed out and killed or deported virtually all the survivors. Fewer than one hundred Jews were still in Kovno when the Red Army returned at the beginning of August, following which Gutman recovered the hidden ghetto archives that he had helped to organize. Gutman abruptly terminated the interview before describing the ghetto's liquidation. Boder was perplexed. Was he called away by a legitimate emergency, or was he unable or unwilling to go on for some personal reason? (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/073/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169623","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - gutmanE_9-124_9-125A_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":3287.83163,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/073/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169623","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/073/original/gutmanE_9-124_9-125A_SLP.mp3?1583169623","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3287.83163,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e France, September the 12th, 1946, at Hénonville, about 50 kilometers from Paris, a home which is maintained jointly by the Agudah, with the educational supervision of the ORT. The interviewee is Mr. Ephraim Gutman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so, Mr. Gutman, will you please tell me again, what is your name, where were you born, and how old are you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=22.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e [He speaks German-Yiddish.] Gutman, Ephraim, born 1917 in the Ukraine, have lived all the time in Lithuania, Kovno, the capital, Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=29.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, so you lived in Kovno?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=45.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I lived in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=48.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now then, tell me, Mr. Gutman, where were you and what happened to you when the war started. [Interviewer switches from German to Yiddish apparently noticing the difficulty which the subject has in his attempt to talk German.] You can speak Yiddish, can you not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=51.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The 22nd of June, when the war broke out, I was in Kovno. The 23rd of June, the Russians started to retreat from Kovno, from Lithuania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=61.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You refer to the war that broke out between Russia and Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=73.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Russia and Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=76.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e There was war before?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=78.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=78.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were in Kovno. Under whom was Kovno at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=80.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Kovno was then officially under the Lithuanians but it had already joined the Union of the Soviets and it has become a Lithuanian SSR, and the 22nd of June, 1941, when war broke out, when Germany attacked Russia, and the next morning on a Monday we saw how the Russians were already running away from Lithuania. Then all the Jews from Kovno, most of then about 90 per cent of the Jews, wanted to run away with the Red Army into Russia. Unfortunately only a small part managed to run with the Russians, to reach Russia. The rest had to turn around back towards Kovno. And on the roads... on the roads along which the Jews had to return to Kovno stood already Lithuanian partisans, that means Lithuanian hirelings who were in the service of the Gestapo, well ready, and they were catching the Jews and leading them to the seventh fortress, not far from Kovno [see below] and there they were shot en masse. And so it started ... the war had started on Sunday and Wednesday night the Lithuanians... Wednesday night the Lithuanians made a pogrom in Slabodka, that is a suburb of Kovno. There they murdered Wednesday night and Thursday night, it was the first of the month Tammuz, they massacred about 3,000 Jews. For instance, the rabbi of Slabodka, the first murdered while he was sitting over a book of the Talmud. They then cut off his head and exhibited it in the window.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, and where were you? And what happened to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=194.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e I, too, was among the Jews who attempted to run away together with the Russians. And we had run about 30 kilometers from Kovno. That is, to the hamlet Ynovo and proceeding ahead we observed that at the town Vilkomir, or how it was called in Lithuanian Uknage, there were already the Russians, I mean to say, the Germans. [The next sentence is somewhat obscure although I think I got the meaning correctly; he uses a word that I cannot distinguish, probably a colloquilalism.] The Germans there got a hold of the Soviet authorities because the Lithuanians gave them the possibility already before to overthrow the Soviet authorities. And seeing that we were unable to get to Russia we waited a few days until there appeared a semblance of order in Kovno and then on a Saturday, the first Saturday, we returned to Kovno. And we were stopped immediately by the partisans, the so-called partisans, the Lithuanian hirelings, and they wanted to lead us also immediately to the seventh fort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Whom do you mean by you or us?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=253.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e You means myself, my mother and nine brothers and sisters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=255.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Nine brothers...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=260.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e (interrupting) I am the tenth and I am, unfortunately, the only one who remained of our whole clan. From a mother and nine... ten brothers and sisters, I am the only one who remained and...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=261.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where was the father?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=272.0,273.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The father was a dayin in Kovno and he died... he was fortunate to die in 1940 in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=273.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is a dayin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=281.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e A dayin is a rabbi, in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=281.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=284.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And the Lithuanians also wanted to drag us to the seventh fortress but fortunately there was among them a Lithuanian, an acquaintance of ours, he also wore the band on his arm with the swastika, that is, he was also a partisan and for that reason...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=285.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A fascist partisan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=300.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and he, recognizing us, felt embarrassed and requested his comrades they should let us go because this was the family of the Kovno rabbi. And so we returned to Kovno, the mood was terrible; they were grabbing people on the streets and led them to the forts to be shot. To the forts, I want to say in passing, those are the old fortifications which the Czar in his time has erected around Kovno before the other war. That is, before 1914, a kind of fortifications, and there they led all the Jews to be shot. And so we lived about for a week, a Jew in general couldn’t show himself on the street. That is officially, he could come out on the streets but as soon as he would show up they would grab him and lead him to the fort to be shot. And then came the order, there arrived General Paul, not to be confused with General Paulus. That is the general who took Kovno and he started to negotiate with the Kovno rabbi, Rabbi Schapiro, he should take steps to form a Jewish Community Council, and through them establish a ghetto near Kovno, that is in Slabodka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was General Paul. And who was Paulus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=368.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Paulus is the general who was defeated at Stalingrad. The German general who was defeated at Stalingrad and Paul is the general who occupied Kovno, the victorious general. And this victorious general undertook to negotiate with the rabbi of Kovno that there be formed a Jewish community Council consisting of several Jews who enjoyed the confidence of the Kovno rabbi, who should take the steps toward the creation of a ghetto in Kovno. You see, he gave as his reasons, that since the Jews have been suffering mostly from the Lithuanians, and that was correct, so it was this advice, he was advising us that we Jews should be better separated from the Lithuanians, and should better go into the ghetto. And on the second Saturday there was issued an order that Jews have to wear yellow patches, that is, signs of the star of David only on their chests, and so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does it mean, just on the chest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=420.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Because later on when we were in the ghetto, the orders were that we have to wear [it] on the chest as well as on the back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=421.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=426.0,427.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e While at the start [we had to wear it] only on the chest. Later there was issued an order that the Jews may not walk on the sidewalk , the Jews who... that is, when there was not yet a ghetto, the Jews were permitted to go only...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=427.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the middle...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=440.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e ... in the middle of the street, that is, just like dogs. And many Jews, forgetting that they were already disqualified as humans, would forget themselves and get on the sidewalk, such a thing happened also to myself, and then we would be beaten up, not by the Germans, but, alas, by the Lithuanians with whom we have lived together for hundreds of years, and thanks to whom [us] they have to come to learn what a pair of shoes are. Because before they were called the Lithuanian Klumpes, that means wooden shoes. More than that, they were [once] unable to achieve in their lives, and beyond this they enjoyed [once] no comfort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=440.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And why was it “thanks to us”?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=474.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e [interrupting] It was thanks to the Jewish progress, the Jewish industry, the Jewish culture, they became... they began also to develop into humans, like other human beings, and they started wearing shoes. In Lithuania it is known that the Lithuanian is called, not only in Lithuania but generally abroad, it is known that the Lithuanian is called the Lithuanian klumpe, that is, klumpe means a wooden shoe because more than that they never had. So let us continue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=477.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And now they started establishing a Jewish Ghetto and the order was that by the fifteenth of August, 1941, that is about two months after the Germans marched in, the Germans marched in on the third day after the war started between Russia and Germany. The war started on Sunday and the Germans marched into Kovno on Tuesday by four o’clock in the afternoon. And so the order was that by the fifteenth of August, all the Jews have to move into the ghetto of Kovno. And within that time there occurred as I mentioned before... mentioned before the pogroms in Slobodoca which have caused 3,000 sacrifices, as well as mass arrests of Jews which were led to the fort to be shot. The number of these is beyond count, possibly many thousands. Among them was also arrested during the first few days... also was arrested the famous rabbi, one of the greatest Jewish scholars in the world [the first name is not clear] Wassermann, that is, he was Polish, one of the outstanding rabbis of Poland. He too was grabbed away from home and he too was shot, on the second day he was shot on the seventh fort. Now let us continue. By the fifteenth of August the ghetto was to be closed, that is, the moving was to be completed. The Jews themselves were compelled to build the fence around the ghetto, and the Thursday before that was about the thirteenth, the fifteenth was on Saturday. The thirteenth, the Lithuanians were standing on the bridge, because from Kovno to Slabodka there leads a bridge across the Vilia [river]. There stood the Lithuanians on the bridge, and the Jews were endeavoring to drag across their remaining caboodle to Slabodka, and there stood the Lithuanians, the so-called partisans, that is, the Fascist gang; and they arrested 1500 Jews and again dragged them away to the fort, that is, for an encore [for good measure; he uses the term “for a benefit performance], that is, from the Kovno Jews they arrested another 1500 Jews, led them to the fort, and shot all of them. And so the fifteenth of August, 1941, on a Saturday morning they stopped the march to the ghetto. That is, the Jews were not permitted to leave the ghetto nor were they permitted to enter the ghetto. Neither were the Lithuanians permitted to enter the ghetto. And soon...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does it mean, “Jews were not permitted to enter the ghetto”?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=632.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e It [the transfer] was just stopped. One who had remained in the city had no recourse; he could not get in, nor could he get out. And the sixteenth of August, that was on a Sunday, there came Kaminskoff, a Lithuanian, who was the intermediary between the Jews and the Germans, and he was appointed by the German powers to be; and he came and talked with Dr. Elkes. Dr. Elkes was the “top-Jew,” that is, the head of the council of elders, a very decent person, a physician, a known physician in Lithuania to such an extent that when the president, Anton Smetana, was sick, he was treated only by Dr. Elkes. And he told him that since the Bolsheviks, before their retreat, have upset the archives and that it must be again arranged in proper order, so he wanted that he be given five hundred and thirty Jewish intellectuals so that they could put the archives again in order. And he promised that Monday morning the Jews will be led to work, they will get their food there, and for the night they will be returned to the ghetto. At that time there was not yet organized a proper work authority, that is, the Jewish representatives which were to be in charge about work, that is, who should go to work; and so it came about that the Jews themselves had to help to grab, to gather together the five hundred and thirty Jews, and they grabbed together not five hundred and thirty but five hundred and thirty-four so that four went for good measure. And they were led away and so it came seven o’clock in the evening and the people were not back and none of them showed up the next morning and up to the last day that we were in the ghetto the fate of these people remained a mystery. Obviously, we understood that they were not alive, but exactly we didn’t know. But when the ghetto was evacuated in ‘44, when the ghetto was evacuated to Germany, Dr. Elkes, before he died—he died in the lager—Dr. Elkes revealed that he was told the next morning by Gerke, who was with the district commissar the deputy for Jewish affairs, a German about 21 years of age, a teacher of physical education, he confided in him that the Jews were shot. And when Dr. Elkes asked why, he said that because fifty-three Jews worked during the first days for the Germans on sugar, and since fifty-three bags of sugar were somewhat damaged five hundred and thirty Jews had to pay for it with the four additional ones thrown in. Also that happened on Monday the seventeenth of August, 1941 [about this massacre of the intellectuals of Kovno see a remark at the end of the interview]. On Tuesday the ghetto was heavily surrounded and the Germans en masse were admitted to the ghetto. And they started looting, that is, robbing the homes. They would enter a home and first demand the surrender of the gold and silver and diamonds and watches, and then order to open all the closets and valises; and they took out the better things and took them for themselves. They also took away the better pieces of furniture and carted them away to the city for themselves. And later mass shootings occurred in the ghetto. The law was that if a Jew sees a German from a distance he has to take off his hat and greet him with good morning irrespective whether the German found it necessary to respond; and if the Jew would not happen to notice him exactly at three, four meters ahead and take off his hat, he was immediately shot. This all was just a preparation, it was just a prelude to the subsequent occurences. Soon afterwards there was issued an order, an official order signed by the Gestapo, that all Jews within a week’s time are to surrender all gold, silver, diamonds, money, and may keep only 100 rubles. You see, at that time the ruble still was circulating, the mark and the ruble. The ruble was... ten rubles were worth one mark. And one could have only 100 rubles. That is, the ghetto was impoverished so that they should not have anything to live on further, and all better things, even underwear they also had... there was issued an order that they must be surrendered and all electrical appliances had to be surrendered, and those... and then it was announced that those who will not surrender [their things] at the designated time will be shot. And for the purpose that people should believe them they previously arranged the mass shootings just for trifles or for nothing; they would shoot so that people should believe them that executions are their established practice. And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they execute them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=909.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Right there in the ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=910.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You have seen it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=912.0,913.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, right there in the ghetto, with machine guns, they would shoot then, twenty people. And then when this was over, then it was announced that afterwards when the week will have passed there will be... in German they would call it... they will make a recheck for control to see whether everything was properly surrendered or not; and then it was announced in an order thus after the week will have passed there will be made, what they called in German, sampling checkups [Stichprobem] and in case things listed in the order will be found in the possession of one person, not only he will be shot but the whole block, that is, on it could depend the life of hundreds of Jews. Obviously no Jew wanted to risk the life of his fellow men and everybody surrendered literally everything from alef to tof [the Hebrew equivalent from a to z]. Maybe one per cent of the Jews have concealed the better things. And we Jews thought that by these means we will ransom our lives but alas, it was our doom. Soon after, within a week, there came Koslowski, he was a German, he was the commandant of the ghetto and he lived across the street from the ghetto and he said that, since last night shots were fired at his residence, he demands that Dr. Elkes as Aber-Jew [see below] should surrender to him five hundred Jews to be shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=913.0,1001.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e As what kind of a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1001.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Dr. Elkes was the Aber-Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1002.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Aber-...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1005.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Aber-Jew, Aber-Jew. That is the top elder of the Jews, from the committee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1005.0,1009.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In what language is it, Aber...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1009.0,1011.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Aber-Jude, that is in German. Aber-Jude. And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1011.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know how they spelled that word?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1015.0,1017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And Dr. Elkos told him in reply that among the Jews there is no such thing as delivering [people] to be shot. It was clearly stated in the Jewish religion—and that in spite that Dr. Elkes wasn’t a specially pious Jew—but still he was a nation conscious Jew and also a Zionist, he told him that it is stated in the Jewish religion to deliver Jews for execution is prohibited. Even in the case if they are being threatened that they all will be shot, they all should submit to being shot rather than deliver one Jew to the shooting. And then Koslowski told Dr. Elkes: “If you will not deliver 500, I shall take more than 500.” And Dr. Elkes replied, “It may cost [the lives of] all 45,000 Jews in the ghetto but I shall not deliver to you any Jews to be shot. This happened on Thursday... the conversation took place Friday early in the morning, that is, he claimed that they shot at him in the night from Thursday to Friday, and on Friday already, an half an hour after the conversation took place, many Lithuanians and Germans, that is, the same Lithuanians who were in the service of the Gestapo, marched in into the ghetto; one block of the ghetto was cut off and all the Jews [from this block] were led out to a square and there whoever had a card, that was called a Jordan card, that is, a card of an artisan which was issued a month earlier [there seems to have occured some interruption, possibly a break in the wire during reproduction. However it seems that nothing is missing].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1017.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1100.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Those remained alive and all those who did not have an artisan’s card, they were led away to the ninth fort, that was already not the seventh fort but the ninth fort which was across from the ghetto, a kind of a hill, and there all of them were shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1103.0,1118.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e One could see that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1118.0,1120.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The fort was visible only on the way to the ghetto, because the ghetto was in a valley and the fort was on a hill. And standing in the ghetto one could see how the people were led on the hill. And afterwards, I was that day in the city working for the Lithuanians, doing compulsory labor, and by about four o’clock, I didn’t know a thing about it, by about four o’clock I saw the Lithuanians coming drunk carrying Jewish things. I recognized that these were Jewish things because there was a whole truckload of things and on the things [clothing] were the patches, the yellow patches. And I asked the Lithuanians, “How did you get these Jewish clothes and overcoats?” so they replied that there was an action in the ghetto, that is, by action was meant an event when the Jews were taken to be shot. [The term action was a common term in ghettos and concentration camps and meant mass selections either for deportation or execution.] And so that was the first action; afterwards the fourth of September, 1941, it happened... there came the Germans... there were in the ghetto, I want to note that within the ghetto... there were two ghetto; a little ghetto and a large ghetto. And the little ghetto was seperated from the large ghetto by a bridge because a ditch [?] cut through between the two ghetto and the Germans, reserving the by-pass for themselves, made a bridge for the Jews to cross from one ghetto to the other. That day they came to the ghetto, and they put up a German guard on the bridge and the word was passed that no Jew could enter from the large ghetto into the little one, from the little ghetto into the large one, and they led away the whole little ghetto; first they proceeded... there was the hospital of the ghetto, there they first set fire to the hospital with the people and with the doctors all together. That is, with the sick, with the doctors together, and they set fire to it. Also, the same morning early, they set fire to the children’s home which they [the previous authorities] were unable to evacuate to Russia, the Jewish children’s home, the one-time home of the orphans named after the Kovno rabbi Arav Reb Itzkhok Khonon [I am not sure of the names.] And to this, too, they set fire to the children alive and to all the sick in the hospital. And then they led out the Jews from the small ghetto to a square and again sorted them according to the Jordan cards. The one who had a Jordan card remained alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1120.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Will you explain it again, what was a Jordan card?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1244.0,1247.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e You see, a month before the first action it was announced that all artisans, skilled workers, should register at the Committee, the Jewish Committee. The Jewish artisans, skilled workers, have registered, and afterwards, a week later, there came an order that all those who have registered should come to the Committee to fetch special cards, called Jordan cards. Jordan was the deputy for Jewish affairs with the state commissar, Herr Kramer. He was practically the boss over the ghetto but not the ghetto commandant. The ghetto commandant...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1247.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Is this the same Kramer who was afterwards in Bergen-Belsen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1281.0,1285.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Kramer was the civilian commandant, the civilian commandant...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1285.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1291.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e ...for Kovno. Not the military commandant but the civilian commandant. And the Jews, it was announced that the Jews who had registered as artisans should come, should come and fetch their cards [the word really should cover not only artisans but also professional people]. I, too, registered as a skilled worker, an electrician, and at the time when I was summoned to get my card I didn’t know whether that was good or not. For example, they asked me of how many people does my family consist. I replied that I am alone in spite of the fact that I had already a wife, and a mother with eight chil... [the word children has not been finished] brothers and sisters. And they tell me: “But you also have a mother?” so I said that my mother was dead. That was a lie because I was afraid that with such a card one will have trouble, one will get into trouble. But it later revealed itself that those who had a card remained alive after the first actions. So that is what we called a Jordon card. Is that clear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1291.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1339.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e As on this day we go again to the second action, on the fourth of September. First he set fire to the hospital and the children’s home and then he led again the Jews out on the square and sorted them out again and this time the Jews who remained alive he did not permit to return to the little ghetto but drove them across to the large ghetto. And all the property of the little ghetto was given away, the Germans took for themselves, but the locality they did not yet take for themselves, and they left the place fenced around from all sides and nobody was permitted to live there, neither a Lithuanian not a Jew. All that... from the beginning all that was incomprehensible, but later it became clear that that was a preparation for the great action. So now we go over to the third action. We don’t count what happened in between, lesser shooting [incidents] and so on. And so the 28th of October, 1941, I will repeat 1941, that is, in the same year in the first few months. The 27th of October, 1941, in the evening, it was announced on the streets that all Jews, men and women, children and the old ones and sick ones have tomorrow, the 28th of October, starting at six o’clock in the morning, to report, to assemble on the big square, that is, between the three great buildings, Block A, Block B, Block C, at the Square of Democracy. And there they all have to assemble, and this order I have still with me because with me remained the archives of the Kovno ghetto, [and the order] read that whoever... that the German police will go later searching the homes, and whoever will have remained at home will be shot. The order instructed that only sick people who are unable to get up from bed will remain in the house but there should be a sign on the door saying that upstairs in such and such a room there is a sick person. And in the order it was also said that everything has to remain open, the doors, the wardrobes, the valises, everything is to remain open. And so the Jews started the next morning, on October 28th, by six o’clock to assemble on the big square, and an hour later, that is, at seven o’clock in the morning, the square, regardless that the square was located within the ghetto, was again surrounded by German guards and with Lithuanians, and it was ordered that people should assemble each according to his place of work, in the way how they were designated to work [I am not sure that this last passage is exactly correct]. It was ordered that the Jewish Committee should stand up separately, the Jews who worked as low laborers in the Gestapo—far be it to assume that the Jews have worked in the Gestapo as Gestapo-men—Jewish artisans, carpenters, tailors who have worked for the Gestapo, they should stand up separately, the Jordan brigade should stand up separately [I am not sure that the adjective is correct], Gestapo “airfield” should stand up separately, and so on and so on, and each one should have with him his whole family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1340.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The “airfield”—what does it mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1522.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The “airfield” means that in Kovno they were constructing a big aerodrome and there they were driving daily some four to six thousand Jews to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1523.0,1531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so they had to stand apart...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1531.0,1533.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And these Jews also had to congregate on the big square and stand up separately, the airfield [workers]. People had an idea that the airfield workers would fare better than all the rest because the airfield was a necessity, but as we have seen later—I continue with the story—and that an half an hour later there arrived the higher German functionaries, Jordan—perish his name and memory—Kramer, Kozlowski, other similar rascals. And they drove in into the ghetto with their small machines and they started lining up the Jews in a manner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1533.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e With what kind of machines?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1570.0,1572.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e With small machines. Not armored machines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1572.0,1575.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Automobiles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1575.0,1576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And the Jews remained standing in formation and around and around there was a free intermediate space, and there stood German police and did not admit anybody there, and the Lithuanians with them. And then they yelled: “Council of the elders should pass.” And then they had not yet wire [fences]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1576.0,1594.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The elders...? [He speaks very fast and animatedly.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1594.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The council of elders, that is, the Jewish Committee should march through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1595.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1597.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And it was so arranged since there were no wire [wire fences] with a special gate to march through, but the German guards were so posted [all around] that there was just a little door, a “human door” [a little interval in the tight line of guards], for the people to pass through. And at this gate there stood Jordan with the whole gang and the elders... and the Committee, or how it was called, the “council of the elders” marched through without control, that is, all of them passed through. And here I want to remark: the world knows that left is worse then right. All those—at the former two actions—the people who were led to be shot would be led... would be separated at the left. But this time, in order to confuse the minds, that is, to confuse the Jews, the multitude, they yelled to the Council of the Elders, “Left,” and it was assumed that the council of elders, the Jewish Committee, is being led to be shot. Afterwards they passed through the Jewish police, also with their families without control, and the Gestapo brigade without control [by control he apparently means individual checkup], and the Jordan brigade [passed] without control and then... when all that was over they yelled: “And now, the airfield, step forward.” With the airfield they started already to classify, that is, they were sorting them out. He stood there with the rest of the gang. Half a day he stood there alone, Jordan, and looked into everybody’s face. And who looked younger, he went left, that is to live. And he who looked older was driven across the square to the right. First it was not known what it all meant, right or left. Afterwards when on the right side there were congregated on the right side several hundred or possibly a few thousand Jews, he gave an order to the German guards to lead them away. It revealed itself that they were led away to the former little ghetto, which as I remarked before had remained empty. There they held the people and so it was going on during the whole day without letdown. The one who looked younger, the one who was better dressed, without many children, or not an old man—he went to the left. And the one who was badly dressed, with more children, etc.—he went to the right and until the twilight when he noticed that he won’t be able to sort out the forty-four thousand Jews, he would let pass entire parties of about one hundred sending them to the right, and [then] one hundred to the left. Then it could happen, then it happened that younger ones happened to fall in among those to be shot and some older ones fell in [into the group] to remain alive, because he was unable to continue with the classification, he saw that darkness was already falling and so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1597.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1743.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Jordan, always Jordan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1744.0,1745.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Jordan...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1745.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Later on...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1746.0,1747.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was Jordan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1747.0,1748.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Jordan was a SS superior commander. That is, a party man, a brown one. He himself was a Scheigitz [a gentile boy], about 21 years old, a teacher of physical education, and as it appears, he possessed but a low sense of human values [I am not sure whether I have translated correctly the interposed Hebrew expression], and that is what they wanted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1748.0,1769.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was he, a Lithuanian?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1769.0,1770.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e A German.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1770.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A German... what happened to him afterwards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1771.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e This Jordan afterwards... since he had appropriated by loot large quantities of Jewish property when the order which I mentioned before was issued to surrender Jewish gold and diamonds, so he himself used to take away for himself the better diamond, to take for himself the better things. The other Germans could not fail to begrudge him [this loot] so they reported him, and in punishment he was sent to the front, and later we read in a paper, in the German paper, which we were not free to buy, that is, a Jew was not permitted to buy a newspaper in the city, but still we were buying them, we read an obituary in the newspaper that the extra superior commander, that is, he already was promoted to a still higher rank, has died in action for the Fuehrer and the Vaterland — cursed be his name and memory. [I am not sure of the exact translation of the last Hebrew expression]. And so let us continue. The Jews, the Jews which were led to the right were led away to the little ghetto. The Jews which were led to the left, and I too was among these fortunates, were led away back to the ghetto and all were ordered to disperse to their homes. It is understood that the weeping and the wailing was great in the ghetto. People returning to their homes would not find their father, wouldn’t find their children because at sundown things went, as I mentioned before, at sundown they were thrown in droves to the right and to the left. And in the “little ghetto” people in general didn’t know what will be the fate of those 12,000 Jews, 12,000 not to be confused with any other number, 12,000 Jews, and nothing was known. But the next morning...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1773.0,1857.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you know this number?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1857.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The next morning there was a census taken and there remained... the census has shown that 12,000 Jews were missing in the ghetto. And the people were kept until early next morning in the little ghetto and lo! even the Jews in the little ghetto could not imagine they will be shot the next morning. They were squabbling there over housing accommodations, over housing with firewood, over flats with some things that the Germans had not managed yet to cart away; and the next morning at seven o’clock, they were aroused, the Jews in the little ghetto, they were ordered to step forward four abreast, and they were all led again to the fort. We standing in the ghetto saw again how a queue for hours long moving again towards the fort and then we heard a short while later... we heard the German M-G fires working, that is...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1859.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Machine guns...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1915.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Machine guns, that what they called in Russia pulemeti.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1915.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1918.0,1920.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And that settled the events for that day. The next morning Dr. Elkes asked Jordan what has happened to the 12,000 Jews so he replied, [and here he quotes in correct German] “Do not speak any more about it. Those Jews are not alive anymore. But such things will not happen again in the ghetto, that was the last of the last actions. Now you all shall remain alive.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1920.0,1940.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who buried those 12,000?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1940.0,1942.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e There were prepared ditches. The Russian prisoners would first prepare the ditches, and there they would line up the people, undressed naked or in their underwear... and throw them... those were gigantic ditches, they would line them all up at these ditches and shoot them with M-G fire... and so fell twelve [?] ...throwing them, throwing them [one over the other] and afterwards they would cover them with lime, because they had to leave room for others; so they threw over them lime to prevent an epidemic, and the ditches were kept ready for those whose turn was to come later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1942.0,1975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They would not cover up the ditches?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1975.0,1977.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, just lime. And so that happened the 28th of October, 1941, and that was indeed the last action in the ghetto, or rather one of the last. And so the ghetto lived with little actions, with greater ones, little actions continued to happen in the ghetto, but not large ones. One of the greater actions occurred the day when Stalingrad fell — the Germans have lost at Stalingrad...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1977.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2004.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e So to give vent to their wrath, they had to pacify their blood in some way so they again went... there came an order to the Lithuanian police in Kovno, that those Jews who are being driven to work, if they should step out a bit from their places of work, should be arrested immediately and brought to the Gestapo. And they were led away to the Gestapo and at night the Gestapo would come to the ghetto and take away the families of those people, and lead them to the fort, again to the ninth fort and shoot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2005.0,2038.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They gathered together...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2038.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e (interrupting)... the families of those who were arrested that evening in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2041.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And they were taken for not working?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2044.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Only because they stepped out a bit from their place of work. For example, there was a famous mechanic in Kovno, Sadowski [I am not sure that the name is exactly correct] he stepped out of line to beg for a piece of bread...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2045.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2057.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jew. He stepped out of line to ask for a piece of bread from a Christian, from a Lithuanian women. It is self-evident that she didn’t give him any but the Lithuanian noticed it, a Lithuanian guard, and he arrested him. And at night they came and took away his wife and daughter and they sent them away the next morning and shot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2057.0,2074.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You say... he was shot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2074.0,2076.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Again on the ninth fort. Later on in 1943, before the high holy days there arrived one nice early morning a German and said that from today on it should not be called anymore the ghetto but it will be called from today on the Kon-lager. That means concentration camp Kovno, Kaunas [that’s the Lithuanian name for the city of Kovno], and that he will be the ghetto com... the lager commandant [concentration camp commandant]. His name was Geke, Geke [Gerke?]. He was a top Obersturm-[?]-Fuehrer, that is, of the highest ranks of the German party. From the beginning he revealed himself as an intelligent person. He inquired about the state of nutrition on the ghetto so Dr. Elkes reported [that it consists] of fifty grams of bread, so he said that of course on this the ghetto couldn’t live, the people must get more, they must get butter, and they must get other things. And they started giving butter but unfortunately it has cost... [there was a price for it]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2129.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in 1943, at the time of the high holidays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2130.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2133.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2133.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean by butter — margarine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2134.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Butter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2136.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, real butter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2137.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Real butter, real butter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2138.0,2140.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where could that be obtained?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2140.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e That the Germans... oh, for themselves they had, and what they “required” they managed to get for the Jews. They started giving some marmalade [jam]. And in the ghetto there already appeared a saying, “If you get butter today there will be an action tomorrow.” And so the 28th of October, again in October, the 28th of October, 1943, the ghetto was surrounded again and they transported three and a half thousand Jews to Estonia and that is where they were sent away[Footnote 1: It is obvious that the improvement in rations was intended to permit them to gether some strength for the journey and for the impending hard labor.].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2141.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e To Estonia, to Reval?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2168.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, to various places of labor. First he...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2170.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And Estonia was called [then] Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2174.0,2177.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Estonia was also [among the territories of] former Russia...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2177.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2180.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e ... occupied Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2180.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2181.0,2182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e First he announced, a few days before the events, that is, before the 28th of October, he announced that he needs 2,000 Jews for work 20 kilometers away from Kovno. And it came out afterwards that he has told a lie and that he has sent them away to Estonia. The women, all of them, were driven to the airfield and here they seperated the women and childr... the children were taken from the parents and the smaller children were shot by themselves right in Kovno. The women and the men together... less the small children, were driven away to Estonia and it is understood that unfortunately, unfortunately [only] a small part of them has remained [alive]. Also two of my brothers were dragged away to Estonia and one was shot and the second managed even to be [later] in Germany; and afterwards he perished in Germany, in Auschwitz while organizing a revolt in Auschwitz. That is, his revolt was to consist in... he was assigned to burn the dead in Auschwitz and he with other thirty-five Jews have decided that they will take vengeance before they themselves should be burned; it was clear to them that they too will be burned, so every German who would enter there the chamber, what do they call it...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the gas chamber.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2258.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, where they burned, in the crematory. So when he [the German] would come in they would strangle him and throw him into the furnace.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2259.0,2266.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there no search [for these missing Germans]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2266.0,2267.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And so disappeared many Germans until the suspicion was aroused that they disappeared all in the “chamber”. And then they all were discovered and for that they all were thrown into the “chamber”. This I have learned now from a person who just now has arrived from Munich, from a former brother-in-law of mine [ in European connotation former would mean that the speaker’s sister was married once to that person, but was not alive any more] who told me that a comrade who has managed to escape from the chamber has told him...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2267.0,2289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From the crematory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2289.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, from the crematory, [has told him] that my brother was the organizer of this act of vengeance against the Germans. And now we continue. Events in the ghetto proceeded, not in the ghetto but the Kon-lager, events proceeded since the action against the three and half thousands, no more mass actions took place. Only the 28... the 27th and the 28th of March, 1944, forty-four, occurred the children’s action and the old age action, that is an action against children and old people. I want to state that this man Geke [Gerke?] was very cunning. He seemingly had experience from other ghettos and other camps, because always before all the actions people in the ghetto had a presentiment that something was going to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes, this concludes Spool 124 of Mr. Ephraim Gutman and we are going over, we are going over to Spool 125. We are taking now about the so-called Aktion gegen Alte und Kinder. Paris, September the 12th, 1946, in Hénonville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2342.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This spool, which is called 125 should really be called 125A because there is another section of an interviewee. January 29, 1950. Boder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2371.0,2411.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Spool 125, Mr. Ephraim Gutman reporting, a continuation of Spool 124. France, Hénonville, fifty Kilometers (50 km) from Paris at a home maintained by for displaced Jews, maintained by the Agudah in combination with the ORT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so you said that they started in Kovno against old men and children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2431.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2436.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When did that happen and what was it all about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2436.0,2438.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e That happened the 28th of October [Footnote 2: The date—the 28th of October—is apparently very deeply fixated in his memory.], [he corrects himself] the 28th, the 27th of March, 1944. I want to remark that before an action there was always in the ghetto a kind of premonition, that something irregular was in the air. This time there was no premonition whatsoever that something... that something was in the offing against the ghetto. And in the evening of the 26th, there came Geke, the commandant of the lager [camp]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you spell his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2467.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Geke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2468.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e G-e-c-k-e?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2470.0,2472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e That I don’t know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2472.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2473.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And so Geke came to the police, to the chief of the Jewish police. And he ordered that tomorrow morning, that is, the 27th of March, 1941, [he speaks very fast] the Jewish police should assemble at the office of the German commandant to the ghetto... in the former ghetto that is, in the present lager. [this statement would indicate that the events reported occured not in 1941 but as he stated before in 1944], that is...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2474.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me something in a few words about the Jewish police.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2496.0,2499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e About the Jewish police we will talk in connection with the child action and we will see pretty soon what kind of people they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2499.0,2504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2504.0,2505.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e ...and they should all assemble for instructions, to listen to some kind of a speech. And they came rather cleanly dressed...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2505.0,2514.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The police...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2514.0,2514.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the police arrived in the morning, it was eight o’clock, and as soon as they arrived at the German commandant’s office, there appeared from the hallways of the offices of the German commandant the white Russians, that is, the Ukrainians, in Russia they were called Vlasovzi[Footnote 3: Russian regiments which were organized by General Vlasov, a former Soviet hero who went over to Hitler and was fighting subsequently on the German side against the Soviet Armies.], that is, the “sold out” Ukrainians who fought on the side of Germany; and they appeared with riffles in their hands and ordered the Jewish police to lie down on the ground, with their faces towards the ground. And then trucks arrived, large vehicles, and they were all loaded into these freight trucks and they were driven away to the ninth fort. This all was an overture to the play to come. At that moment...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2514.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the police were...executed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2552.0,2554.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, unfortunately, many of the police remained alive, I want to repeat unfornately a few of the police remained alive. Afterwards...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2554.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does it mean—a few? What have they done to the rest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2562.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e That I will tell you about soon. Also, at the same time, when they led out of the ghetto, a little vehicle, a taxi arrived in the ghetto with a megaphone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2564.0,2574.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2574.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e With a megaphone, a loudspeaker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2575.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2576.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And in it sat a man, whether it was a German or a Jew, we wouldn’t know. And this little vehicle ran through the whole ghetto, through all the little streets and called out: “Attention, attention! All Jews should retire to their homes, otherwise they will be shot.” That meant that all Jews had to abandon their places of work, since there were also many shops in the ghetto itself, there were right in the ghetto what they called the big shops where several thousand of Jews were working. There were little shops which worked specifically for the Jews in the ghetto, or for the Jews in the—how they called it later—lager. At any rate there were many installations and all these had to come within a moment to a dead stop and everybody was compelled to return to his home. People understood that something is coming about to happen. People who had prepared hideouts or in the ghetto they were called malines...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2576.0,2623.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What, malines?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2623.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e M-a-l-i-n-e-s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2624.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Not bunkers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2625.0,2626.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Bunkers is in German. And malines originates from the Hebrew word malon which means a hideout. In the ghetto they were called malines, possibly the word originated with the thieves, because the thieves used to say that things had to be “malinated,” when they would steal something they would say that the thing had to be “malinated.” That means to hide it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2626.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Jewish thieves?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2643.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, [We have here a peculiar phenomenon of language mixture. Malina means in Russian a raspberry or a raspberry shrub. Malinate is a makeshift word which could mean covering up with something sweet hiding it under a sweet, deceptive cover] and this word remained in the ghetto “to malinate,” and in all the ghettos the same [the hideouts] word was used, called malines. The Jews who had prepared malines beforehand were running to hide and a short while later when the vehicles had run through the whole ghetto they rolled in large cargo trucks into the ghetto with “whiteRussians,” that means again the Vlasovzi, and Germans and also Lithuanians with their rifles, and they went from house to house, and where they saw a little child the child was taken away; or they forced the mother herself to lead him out on the street where there stood a truck on the corner and throw him in there or they would throw him there. And so they worked all day. The Jewish police, meanwhile, was at the moment still on the ninth fort and was not yet shot. All at once... the action dragged itself out until seven o’clock in the evening... then...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2643.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many people were there in the Jewish police?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2694.0,2696.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e There were more than three hundred men in the Jewish police.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2696.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that so? Did they wear a uniform?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2699.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e They were wearing only a cap, a special cap with the star of David, J.G.P. – that means Jewish Ghetto Police, or how it was called later lager police and on their arm, on the left hand they were carrying a band with a blue star of David and inside was inscribed J.G.P., Jewish Ghetto Police with a number. Each policeman had his number, first of all a serial number and second a number of the sector to which he belonged, of the sector to whose militia he belonged. And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2701.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they carrying revolvers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2732.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they had no arms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2733.0,2735.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2735.0,2736.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Only cold weapons, that is, only a little club or a nagaika [the horsewhips which became famous by their use by the Russian Cossacks of the time of the Czar] and... the action was ended at seven o’clock in the evening and people came – I wish to remark that on that day in order that the ghetto should not suspect what was going to happen, everybody, the work battalions, that is, the people who were going every day, who were driven every day to work, were driven out to work. And in the evening at seven o’clock when the people came back from work, then started the boundless wail of woe [he gives the last expression in Hebrew and then translates it], that is, weeping. People came back from work and did not find either the father or the mother or their children. And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2736.0,2773.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You said that that morning they were searching only for children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2773.0,2775.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, the same thing happened to father and mother. The old ones and the little ones went together the first day. The action was designated “the old ones and small children,” but their zeal was directed against small children. The wailing was boundless and people thought that that was the end of the action, because it was customary that actions, in the ghetto lasted only one day. Unfortunately it was observed that the same guard... I want to remark that on a day of the action the ghetto was especially guarded...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2775.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2810.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e ... the ghetto was especially guarded so that the Jews should be unable to escape during an action but then when the action was over at seven o’clock in the evening, the German police were not removed from around the fence. And it was understood that something is agin in the offing. It was assumed that tomorrow they will stage a general action. That means adult as well. But the next morning early at five o’clock the drama was to repeat itself, only in a special manner, in a different form. First they went searching... the second day they went searching for hideouts in [wood] shacks, wherever they could discover the malines by themselves and now they started with the Jewish police. And so Kittel, he was the chief for Jewish affairs with the Gestapo, he was the liquidator of the Vilna ghetto, and his work [there] was already completed in the year ‘43, that is, the Vilna ghetto was liquidated already in ‘43.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2813.0,2872.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In what way was it liquidated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2872.0,2874.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Also everybody was led away to Estonia. They were liquidated – the greater part were shot on Panar, which is not far from Vilna. [Here apparently the door to the interview room was opened and somebody called Mr. Gutman. He replies, “Yes, I am coming soon.”]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2874.0,2887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were talking about the action on the following day...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2887.0,2890.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and the police was on the ninth fort and the next morning early Kittel, he was the one who liquidated the ghettoof Vilna, came up to the ninth fort where the Jewish police was held under arrest and informed them: Since they are all doomed to be shot but if they want to ransom their lives, they can ransom it only by pointing out the malines in the ghetto, that is, the places where the Jews have hidden, little children and old people. Unfortunately, many Jewish policemen could not resist the temptation to remain alive and they mounted an automobile together with Kittel and they arrived at the ghetto and pointed out where the malines were, that is...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2890.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What number do you imply by many? You said there were three hundred.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2930.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e There were three hundred Jewish policemen. So among them were sixty Jewish policemen of whom it is known who drove into the ghetto with the automobiles and have pointed out whereabouts of the malines. I want to point out that the trick was not only to show that in such and such building there is a maline but they had to show how one could get in into the maline so that it could not be found. And they [the Jewish policemen] showed them how to get in, and they took out from there the old ones and the little children and all were led away to the fort and were shot. The police...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2932.0,2964.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How could the Jewish police know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2964.0,2966.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The Jewish police... in the construction of the malines [hideouts] people would not take precautions against the Jewish police; it was assumed that they were our friends. However, it revealed itself that they were our enemies. In the moment when their own lives were in peril they preferred to sacrifice [Here he uses the term beat Kapores; this is a ritual performed on the morning before the day of atonement and consists in offering – now symbolically the life of a hen or a rooster – instead of one’s own life which one presumably deserves to be taken in expiation of his sins.] the lives of other Jews so that they could remain alive. And then they discovered and ransacked all malines, literally all malines of the ghetto, and all hidden children were dragged out. I want to state that forty per cent of the children remained hidden in the ghetto after all, that is, the children hidden in the malines did not remain alive in spite of it, while children who were hidden in lesser [less safe] places, under a bed or tucked in in a bed remained alive against expectations. And in the evening the action was over and the results of the second day were much worse than the first, that means they were much worse than the first, that means they were better for the Germans, but for us Jews the results were still worse, that is, there were many more victims the second day than the first day. I want to state that when the children were found, many mothers wanted to go with the children together, because it was announced that the children will be shot, but the Germans would not grant it to the Jewish mothers [the expression sounds as if the Germans could not see them having this pleasure], and they said, for instance – they took away a child from one of my sisters – and she pleaded to be allowed to go together with the child, so he [the German] said: “Well, you still have to work, you still can live, your turn will also come,” [the words of the German were given in correct German] that is: “Your turn will come but for the time being you still must work.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2966.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3053.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e And that day, in the evening, again at seven o’clock in the evening the action against the children was over. This I want to emphasize that the action against the children has made the strongest impression in the ghetto, much more than the great action against the 12,000 Jews on the 28th of October, 1941.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3054.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [the interviewer apparently did not get one of the words clearly.] The strongest what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3069.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e The strongest impression, the most horrible impression.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3070.0,3072.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3072.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e Because the children... seeing that the children are being taken away and the old people, it was interpreted as a preparation for the total destruction of the ghetto, or how they called it later lager. And so this was over, the action against the children was over, the children, that is, the hidden children were from the start taboo [he uses the word treif, the Hebrew antonym kosher], one could not take them out on the street, but again a few weeks passed and the children again, the hidden children, began to show themselves on the street. Now what has become of the police? The police which betrayed the hideouts were returned to the ghetto. They shot all the higher officials of the Jewish police. Since it was a normal police force how it ought to be, like in other countries, there were higher officials and lower officials, like they called them in Lithuanian, superior ones and inferior ones, and the superior ones were shot, because during their stay on the fort all the secrets of the ghetto were revealed. That means that the Jewish policemen, the ones of lower rank betrayed [the fact] that in the ghetto... that from the ghetto people would escape to the partisans, that is, people were joining the Red partisans, and that in the ghetto were [concealed] arms and so on and so forth, so that the blame fell upon the higher [ranks] of the Jewish police because they...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean higher and lower in the sense of character, or in rank?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3155.0,3161.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eEphraim Gutman:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we mean higher in rank. If we talk about higher we mean in rank. Form the just a bit higher policeman up to the chief of police, all were shot. There was one Moshe Levin, he was the chief of the Jewish police in the lager, by that time they called it already lager. In the ghetto he did not distinguish himself intensely by his kindness or nobility [of character] towards the Jews but one has to give him credit that from the moment he was brought to the fort he was among those who preached to the Jewish police that they should not betray anything about the ghetto to the Germans because they will be shot anyway and they should not bestain the Jewish names.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3161.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A remark of the translator David P. Boder. Chicago, January the 29th, 1950. This is a duplicate spool prepared under the Public Health Grant... and the will be listed or cataloged as Spool 125A, because we discovered that on the same spool there is a start of another interview, which we will then call Spool 125B. The interview was discontinued abruptly, and it’s hard to tell for what reason — at times the interviewee, who by this time has been talking for about an hour or so, hm, was called away on some special duty in the A-j-u-d-a. This is the end of Spool 125A, the end of Spool 125A, the end of Spool 125A. Taken in Hénonville, France, September the 12th, 1946.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3210.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Footnote to page 9: the Germans had a fixed policy of extermination of intellectuals. In the rationale for this act they were even ready to admit a remote possibility of German defeat. The intellectuals of occupied territories had to be exterminated in order to deprive the conquered people of any effective leadership during the war, as well as to slow down for a generation their chances for recovery and reconstruction should Germany be defeated. This compares well with General Paul's arguments at his war crimes trial. The Jewish children, according to him, had to be exterminated, otherwise there remained the threat that they may attempt in the future to avenge on the Germans the murder of their parents.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,3287.83163"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7977/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/977/original/ephraim-gutman_en.txt?1739315487","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/977/original/ephraim-gutman_en.txt?1739315487"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German and Yiddish transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] France, September the 12th, 1946, at Hénonville, about fifty (50) kilometers from Paris, a home which is maintained jointly by the Ajuda, with the educational supervision of the ORT. The interviewee is Mr. Ephraim Gutman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.56,22.794"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [auf deutsch] Also, Herr Gutman, wollen Sie mir sagen noch wie heißen Sie, wo sind Sie geboren und wie alt sind Sie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=22.794,29.642"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Gutman, Ephraim, geboren neunzehn hundert siebzehn in der Ukraine. Ich hab gelebt die ganze Zeit in Litauen, Kovno, Hauptstadt Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=29.642,45.93"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, also Sie haben in Kovno gelebt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=45.93,48.86"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Jawohl, ich habe gelebt in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=48.86,51.431"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mir, Herr Gutman, ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=51.431,54.099"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Bitte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=54.099,54.431"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: ..... ....... wo sind Sie gewesen und was hat Ihnen passiert, wenn der Krieg hat angefangen. (unverständlich)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=54.431,61.244"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja. Am 22. Juni wenn hat ausgebrochen, da hab ich gelebt in Kovno.. Am drei, am drei und zwanzigsten (23.) Juni haben die Russen abgezogen von Litauen, von Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=61.244,73.986"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Da ist der Krieg ausgebrochen zwischen Russland ....... (beide reden zur gleichen Zeit)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=73.986,76.392"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Russland und Deutschland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=76.392,78.008"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, aber da war Krieg bevor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=78.008,78.732"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=78.732,80.266"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben gelebt in Kovno – unter wem war Kovno dann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=80.266,83.512"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Kovno war dann offiziell unter den Litauern, aber ist schon gewesen angeschlossen an den Sowjet Verband und es ist gewesen Litauische SSR und dann am zwei und zwanzigsten (22.) Juni 1941, wenn der Krieg ist ausgebrochen – wenn Deutschland rückt vor nach Russland und am nächsten Montag Morgen haben wir gesehen, wie Russland läuft weg von Litauen. Dann haben alle Juden von Kovno die Russen laufen sehen und es sind ja neunzig Prozent (90%) Juden, gesagt, sie gehen mit der Roten Armee nach Russland. Leider ist nur ein kleiner Teil gewesen, der mit den Russen zu erreichen nach Russland. Der Rest musste kehren zurück nach Kovno. Und – auf den Wegen – bei den Wegen mit den Juden, die gerade nach Kovno zurück kehren, waren schon die Litauischen Partisanen, die sind schon vorher angeheuert von der Gestapo. Und die haben gefangen die Juden und gebracht in das neunte Fort, das ist nicht weit von Kovno, und dort wurden die armen Leut erschießen. Und also das hat angefangen .... der Krieg hat angefangen am Sonntag und Mittwoch bei Nacht haben die Litauer .... am Mittwoch in der Nacht ein Programm in Slobodka, das ist ein Vorort von Kovno. Dort haben sie ermordet Mittwoch in der Nacht und Donnerstag Nacht, es war der Erste des Monats Tammuz – da haben sie ermordet ungefähr bei drei tausend (3000) Juden. Den Rabbiner von Slobodka, zum Beispiel, haben sie ermordet – er sitzt mit dem Talmud lernen. Und dann haben sie den Kopf da abgeschnitten und gezeigt durch das Fenster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.512,194.897"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun, also und wo sind Sie gewesen? Was ist Ihnen passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=194.897,199.819"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ich war auch unter die Juden,die mit den ..... die mit den Russen zusammen und sind weggelaufen. Und wir waren ungefähr dreißig Kilometer (30 km) von Kovno. Wir waren schon in Ynovo und dann wir ziehen und da haben wir schon gesehen, dass in der Stadt weiter Vilkomir – oder wie es litauisch heißt Ukmerge oder Uknage, da haben wir schon gesehen die Russen, nein ich meine die Deutschen. Die Deutschen waren dort mit den Litauern zusammen, weil es hat sich ergeben die Möglichkeit zuvor die Russen (unverständlich). Und wir haben gesehen, dass es unmöglich war nach Russland zu gehen. Und wir haben gewartet einige Tag bis es scheint zu war eine Ordnung in Kovno, und dann Sabbat, den ersten Sabbat, sind wir zurück nach Kovno. Und dort wurden wir gleich aufgehalten bei den Partisanen, den sogenannten Partisanen, was wirklich war Horde von Litauern, und sie wollten fuhren nach dem neunten Fort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.819,253.772"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was meinen Sie mit „Euch“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=253.772,255.616"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Euch ist mir, mit meiner Mutter und neun (9) Brüder und Schwestern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=255.616,260.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Neun Brüder .....?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=260.787,261.956"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: (unterbricht – beide reden) Ich bin der Zehnte und leider sind geblieben nur ich von der gesamten Mischpoke. Von der Mutter und von neun (9) Brüdern und Schwestern bin ich nur alleine da und ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=261.956,272.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo ist der Vater gewesen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=272.493,273.714"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Der Vater ist gewesen ein‚Deiin’ in Kovno und gestorben ..... zwei Brüder hat er mit gehabt und er ist gestorben neunzehn hundert vierzig (1940) in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=273.714,281.124"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt „Deiin“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=281.124,281.67"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ein Deiin ist ein Rabbiner in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=281.67,284.617"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=284.617,285.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja, und die Litauer wollten uns auch mit jagen zum Fort und zum Glück war da ein Litauer, ein Bekannter Litauer von uns, und er hat gehabt eine Armbinde mit einem Hakenkreuz, das ist, er war Partisan und da kommen die ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=285.493,300.413"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Faschist – ein Partisan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=300.413,301.157"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ein Faschist, ja. Und er hat uns erkannt und hat gebeten seine Kameraden also sie sollen uns los lassen, weil wir doch die Kovno Rabbiner Familie. Und dann sind wir nach Kovno und die Stimmung in dem war schrecklich. Die Menschen wurden geschnappt und geführt zum Fort zu erschießen. Da will ich dazu sagen, diese alten Befestigungen von dem Zar in seiner Zeit vor dem Krieg, das ist um neunzehn hundert vierzehn (1914) gemacht wurden rund um Kovno. Das ist eine richtige Befestigung geworden und dorthin hat man geführt alle Juden zum erschießen. Und so haben wir gelebt ungefähr ein Woch; Juden im allgemeinen gingen nicht auf die Gasse, weil sowie sie auf der Gasse waren, hat man sie genommen und zum Fort erschießen. Und dann ist gekommen der Appell, dann ist gekommen General Paul, der soll nicht gehalten werden für General Paulus. Das ist der General, der gekommen ist nach Kovno und hat dort verhandelt mit dem Rabbiner von Kovno, (unverständlich) um zu schaffen ein Ghetto bei Kovno, das ist Slobodka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.157,368.737"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wer war Paulus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=368.737,372.526"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Paulus, das ist der General, welcher (unverständlich) hatte bei Stalingrad, der deutsche General, der (unverständlich) bei Stalingrad. Und Paul ist der General, der belagert hat Kovno, der siegreiche General.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.526,383.034"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=383.034,383.471"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und dieser siegreiche General hat verhandelt mit dem Rabbi von Kovno das geformt wird ein jiddischer Rat von mehrere Juden, die das Vertrauen des Rabbi von Kovno hatten und die verhandeln über ein Ghetto in Kovno. Sehen Sie, er hat reagiert, dass die Juden meistens von den Litauern schlecht behandelt werden und das war so und er hat geraten wir sollen die Juden von den Litauern separieren und gehen in ein Ghetto. Und am dritten (3.) Sabbat wurde ein Befehl gegeben, dass die Juden gelbe Armbänder tragen sollen und ein Davidstern nur auf der Brust und so ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=383.471,420.226"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was soll heißen ‚nur auf der Brust’?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=420.226,421.316"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Weil etwas später im Ghetto war der Befehl nicht nur auf der Brust, sondern auch auf dem Rücken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=421.316,426.668"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=426.668,427.261"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und am Anfang haben wir nur getragen den Stern auf der Brust. Später kam der Befehl, dass die Juden nicht auf dem Gehsteig gehen dürfen, die Juden .... das heißt, da hat’s noch nicht ein Ghetto gegeben, die Juden dürfen gehen nur ............... nur ........","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=427.261,440.365"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In der Mitte .....?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=440.365,440.846"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: ..........in der Mitte, mitten auf der Strasse, das heißt, genau wie ein Hund. Und viele Juden vergessen, dass sie nicht als Menschen gesehen, und sie haben vergessen und laufen auf dem Gehsteig, ah, das ist mir selber passiert da. Und dann wir kriegen geschlagen – nicht von die Deutschen, aber von die Litauer mit denen wir gelebt hundert (100) Jahre zusammen und dank ihnen, wissen wir was ein paar Schuh. Weil vorher waren sie Litauische Klumpen, das ist Holzschuh. Und (unverständlich) haben nicht verstanden zu leben und sie haben auch gar keine Bequemlichkeit gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=440.846,474.692"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und warum sagen sie „dank uns“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=474.692,477.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Sie verdanken der jüdischen Entwicklung, verdanken der jüdischen Industrie, verdanken der jüdischen Kultur haben sie geworden Menschen, wie andere Menschen auch und dann auch getragen haben ein paar Schuh. In Litauen ist bekannt, auch in Russland und überall, dass der Litauer bekannt ist litauische Klumpe. Klumpe heißt a hölzerner Schuh, weil das mehr ist als er je gehabt. Also wir gehen weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=477.787,501.431"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.431,501.665"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und jetzt also ist entstanden das jüdische Ghetto und als Zeit ist gewesen der fünfzehnte (15.) August neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941), das heißt, das ist zwei (2) Monate später wie die Deutschen sind einmarschiert. Die Deutschen waren einmarschiert am dritten (3.) Tag, wo der Krieg zwischen Russland und Deutschland hat angefangen. Das war am Sonnentag und die Deutschen sind gekommen in Kovno am Dienstag um vier (4) Uhr nachmittag. Also der Appell ist gewesen, dass bis zum fünfzehnten (15.) August alle Juden kommen rein ins Ghetto. Und zwischen der Zeit ist gewesen, wie ich schon vorher erzählt hab, die Programme von Slobodka, wo über drei tausend (3000) erschossen haben und auch Massen Arreste von Juden, die zum Fort gebracht sind zum Erschießen. Das waren einfach Unzählige, vielleicht mehr viele Tausende. (unverständlich – spricht viel zu schnell) Rabbi Wassermann, das ist, das ist ein Polnischer, von (unverständlich) Polen. Und er war verschleppt von zu Hause und er wurde erschossen am dritten Tag in dem neunte Fort. Also jetzt gehen wir weiter. Bis zum fünfzehnten (15.) August soll geschlossen werden das Ghetto, das heißt alle werden herein geladen bis dann. Und die Juden mussten selber einen Zaun bauen um das Ghetto und ungefähr bis Donnerstag dann, das ist ungefähr gewesen am dreizehnten (13.), der fünfzehnte (15.) war Sabbat und am dreizehnten (13.) waren die Litauer gestanden auf der Brücke, weil da war eine Brücke von Kovno nach Slobodka über den Vilia. Da sind gestanden die Litauer auf der Brücke und die Juden haben rüber gebracht die letzten Bündeln nach Slobodka; und da standen die Litauer, die sogenannten Partisanen, das ist die Faschistenbande, und sie haben arretiert fünfzehn hundert (1500) Juden und wieder verschleppt auf den Fort, das ist als Benefize, das ist von den Kovno Juden haben sie noch fünfzehn hundert (1500) verschleppt nach dem Fort und erschossen. Also am fünfzehnten (15.) August neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) an dem Sabbat würde der Einmarsch in das Ghetto angehalten. Keine Juden durften heraus von dem Ghetto und keine Juden durften herein ins Ghetto. Auch die Litauer durften nicht rein in das Ghetto. Und schon ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.665,632.627"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was soll das heissten „die Juden durften nicht herein ins Ghetto“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=632.627,635.05"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also, es ist abgeschlossen, die die blieben in der Stadt – erledigt, man konnte nicht herein und nicht heraus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.05,639.286"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=639.286,639.919"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und am sechzehnten (16.) August, das war wieder ein Sonntag, ist gekommen der Kiminskoff, ein Litauer, der ist geworden der Vermittler zwischen die Juden und die Deutschen und er ist gewesen von der deutschen Macht bestellt. Und er ist gekommen und hat geredet mit Dr. Elkos, Dr. Elkos ist gewesen der „Alter Jude“, das ist der Haupt von dem Ältesten Rat, ein sehr anständiger Mensch, ein Doktor, bei uns war Doktor in Litauen von den Bolschewiken so bekannt, dass der Präsident Atalas (unverständlich, klingt wie Metorassan) als er krank war, nur von Dr. Elkos behandelt wurde. Und er hat geredet also, dass das Archiv in Kovno auf den Kopf gestellt wurde und zum, zum Reorganisieren, dass man das wieder in Ordnung bringen werden, will er fünf hundert dreißig (530) intelligente Juden haben zum wieder in Ordnung bringen das Archiv. Und er hat zugesagt, dass am Montag in der Früh diese Juden werden geführt zu der Arbeit, sie kriegen dort gleich Essen und bei der Nacht werden sie gebracht zurück ins Ghetto. Also zu der Zeit ist noch nicht gewesen eine richtig organisierte Arbeitsautorität, das heißt die jüdische Vertretung, die machen Ordnung in der Arbeit, das heißt wer arbeitet. Und so ist es gekommen, dass die Juden selber hatten helfen müssen, die ersten fünf hundert dreißig (530) Juden zusammen zu kriegen und man hat nicht fünf hundert dreißig (530) sondern fünf hundert vier und dreißig (534), also vier (4) (unverständlich). Und man hat sie weggeführt und dann war es sieben (7) in der Nacht und die Menschen waren nicht da und auch morgens waren sie nicht da; also die Menschen – bis zum letzten Tag, wo wir im Ghetto waren – sind geblieben fort. Natürlich haben wir verstanden, dass sie nicht mehr leben, aber ganz genau haben wir das nie gewusst. Aber als das Ghetto in vierundvierzig (44) evakuiert wurde nach Deutschland, hat Dr. Elkos, er ist gestorben im Lager, hat er uns gesagt bevor er ist gestorben, dass ihm gesagt hat Gerke (unverständlich) – er ist gewesen also der Gebietskommissar, der Referent für jüdische Angelegenheiten, ein Deutscher, vielleicht von ein und zwanzig (21) Jahr, ein Sportlehrer, der hat ihm alles gesagt. Also die Juden seien erschossen worden. Und der Dr. Elkos hat dann gefragt warum, da hat er gesagt, dass 53 Juden gearbeit haben bei die Deutschen am ersten Tag beim Zucker und dass drei und fünfzig (53), drei und fünfzig (53) Säcke Zucker seien etwas verletzt und das kostete fünf hundert dreißig (530) Juden das Leben und vier (4) noch extra. Also das ist gewesen Montag, den siebzehnten (17.) August neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=639.919,796.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Am Dienstag war das Ghetto umringt und die Deutschen kamen ins Ghetto herein massenweise und sie sind dann gegangen rauben die Häuser. Sie sind in das Haus und haben verlangt abgeben von Gold und Silber und Brillanten und (unverständlich); und dann machen sie auf alle Schrank und alles und die besseren Sachen haben sie rausgenommen und zu genommen für sich; und die besseren Möbel haben sie genommen und gestopft bei sich. Und später waren Massen-Erschießungen im Ghetto. Das Gesetz ist gewesen, wenn ein Jud sieht einen Deutschen von weitem, muss er abnehmen die Hütl und muss ihn grüßen mit ‚Guten Morgen’, egal ob der Deutsche überhaupt hin schaut oder antwortet. Und wenn die Juden ihn nicht bemerken bevor die drei (3) oder vier (4) Meter von vorderen und abnimmt die Hütl, dann hat er ihn sofort erschossen. Das alles war nur zugegriffen für das folgende Schauspiel. Später da war ein Appell, ein offizieller Appell unterschrieben von der Gestapo, dass alle Juden müssen innerhalb von einer Woche abgeben alles Gold, Silber, Brillanten, Geld und dürfen nur hundert (100) Rubel behalten. Also sehen Sie, zu dieser Zeit ist noch gegangen ein echter Rubel; der Mark und der Rubel. Der Rubel ist gewesen .... zehn (10) Rubel ist gewesen eine (1) Mark. Und man konnte nur bei sich hundert haben. Das ist – es war verarmt im Ghetto und es sollte auch weiter besser werden und alle besseren Sachen, sogar Wäsche und solche Sachen hat man müssen abgeben und alle elektrischen Sachen und solche .... und dann hat es geheißen, wer es will nicht abgeben zu der Zeit, der wird erschossen. Und dass es die Leute auch glauben, haben sie früher gemacht die Massen-Erschießungen, damals schon haben sie die Leute erschossen, dass sie ihnen glauben, dass Leben im Ghetto nur da ist zum Erschießen. Und ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=796.832,909.416"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo haben sie die erschossen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=909.416,910.736"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja, hier im Ghetto","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=910.736,912.358"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie die gesehen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=912.358,913.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja, ja. Hier im Ghetto haben sie die ganzen Menschen erschossen mit Maschinengewehr, zwanzig Leute. Und später, wenn das hat man erledigt, dann hat es geheißen, dass wenn vorüber geht die Woch, dann wird sein, dass die Deutschen, hm, hm, .... eine Kontrolle machen, das heißt, wenn die Woche vorüber geht, da werden gemacht „Stichproben“ in deutsch und wenn man dann findet die Sachen, die da aufgezählt sind, dann wird nicht nur die Person allein erschossen, sondern der ganze Block auch, das könnte heißen, da könnte stecken daran das Leben von Hunderten von Juden. Und so, weil kein Jud will riskieren das Leben von den Anderen, haben wir buchstäblich alles abgegeben, buchstäblich von alef bis tof. Vielleicht ein Prozent (1 %) der Juden haben versteckt die besseren Sachen. Und wir Juden haben gedenkt, wir werden dafür kriegen unser Leben, aber leider ist es gewesen unser Tod. Schon in der Woche nachdem ist gekommen Koslowski, das ist ein Deutscher und er war der Ghetto Kommandant und er hat gelebt gegenüber vom Ghetto. Und er hat gesagt man hat die Nacht geschossen auf sein Kommandantur - will er doch von Dr. Elkos als Ober-Jude, er soll ihm geben fünf hundert (500) Juden zum Erschießen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=913.389,1001.399"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1001.399,1002.746"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Dr. Elkos ist der Ober-Jude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1002.746,1005.152"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber-....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1005.152,1005.85"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ober-Jude, Ober-Jude. Das ist der Älteste von die Juden, vom Kommittee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1005.85,1009.967"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für eine Sprache ist es, Aber ...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1009.967,1011.58"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ober-Jude, das ist im Deutschen. Ober-Jude. Und ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1011.58,1015.491"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie wird das geschrieben – das Wort?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1015.491,1017.496"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und Dr. Elkos hat ihm geantwortet, also bei Juden gibt es nicht so eine Sache wie Herausgeben zu Erschießen. Und es war deutlich angegeben in der jüdischen Religion – und trotzdem, dass Dr. Elkos nicht ein besonders religiöser Jude war – aber er war ein nationalbewusster Jud und ein Zionist und der Doktor hat angegeben, dass in der jüdischen Religion das Herausgeben zum Erschießen darf man nicht. Und in dem Fall - die Strafe ist alle erschießen, dann werden eben alle erschießen, aber kein Jud wird ausgeliefert. Und da hat der Koslowski gesagt Dr. Elkos: ‚Wenn Du wirst mir nicht geben die fünfhundert (500), dann ich nehme mehr wie fünfhundert (500)’. Und Dr. Elkos hat ihm geantwortet: ‚Es kann kosten die fünf und vierzig tausend (45000) Leben von Juden im Ghetto, aber ich werde dir nicht geben Juden zum Erschießen“. Also das ist gewesen Donnerstag .... und dann .... das Gespräch ist gewesen am Freitag Früh, wo er gesagt hat, sie haben geschossen in der Nacht von Donnerstag bis Freitag. Und schon Freitag, eine halbe ( ½ ) Stunde nach dem Gespräch, ist vorgekommen, sind viele Litauer und Deutsche, das heißt die selben Litauer, die in Dienst der Gestapo waren, reinmarschiert ins Ghetto. Und sie haben abgeschnitten ein Quartal vom Ghetto und haben all die Juden geführt auf den Platz und dort – wer hat gehabt eine Karte, das ist gewesen die Jordan Karte, an sich gehabt hat die Karte, die einen Monat vorher ausgestellt wurde (Lärm vom Tape, kurze Unterbrechung), .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1017.496,1100.737"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bitte, weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1100.737,1103.037"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: ..... der ist geblieben am Leben. Und alle die keine Karte gehabt haben, die wurden weg geführt auf den neunten Fort, das war nicht mehr das siebente Fort, aber das neunte Fort, das war gegenüber dem Ghetto, da war ein Berg und da hat man erschossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1103.037,1118.978"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie können sehen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1118.978,1120.188"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das Fort hat man gesehen nur am Weg in das Ghetto rein, das Ghetto ist in einem Tal, das Fort war auf dem Berg. Und vom Ghetto hat man gesehen, wie man die Menschen geführt hat auf den Berg, nicht. Und später – ich bin gewesen in der Stadt und hab gearbeitet für die Litauer, als Zwangsarbeit, und um zirka 4 Uhr, ich habe nichts gekennt oder gewusst davon, und um zirka 4 Uhr habe ich gesehen die Litauer kommen beschickert und mit jüdische Sachen. Diese Sachen habe ich erkannt, es waren alle jüdische Sachen und in die Sachen waren gewesen lauter gelbe (unverständlich – jiddisches Wort). Und ich habe die Litauer gefragt; ‚ Wir kommt ihr zu die jüdische Kleider und Mantel?’ Und sie haben gesagt, da war im Ghetto eine Aktion, das heißt eine Aktion war gewesen und man hat alle Juden erschießen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1120.188,1164.252"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also das ist gewesen die erste (1.) Aktion. Und danach am vierten (4) September neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig ist gewesen ..... da sind gekommen die Deutschen ..... im Ghetto ist es gewesen, also ich will bemerken, im Ghetto ist gewesen zwei (2) Ghettos, ein kleines Ghetto und ein großes Ghetto, ja. Und getrennt war das kleine Ghetto vom großen Ghetto mit einer Brück, weil die haben vorher abgeschnitten zwischen die beiden Ghettos haben die Deutschen gemacht einen Weg und die machen eine Brück für die Juden zum Rüberkommen von einem Ghetto zu anderen Ghetto. An dem Tag sind sie gekommen zu dem Ghetto und haben gestellt eine deutsche Wache an der Brück und sie haben gesagt, dass kein Jud kann herein vom großen Ghetto ins kleine Ghetto oder vom kleinen Ghetto in das Grössere und dann haben sie weggeführt das ganze kleine Ghetto. Zuerst haben sie .... sind sie zum Spital und dort haben sie angezündet das Ghetto Spital mit die Menschen und mit die Doktoren zusammen und mit die Kranken zusammen. Und mit die Kinder – da haben sie am gleichen Tag, zeitig in der Früh mit dem Kinderheim, wo ist gewesen Kinder von Russland in diesem jüdischen Kinderheim, das Heim, das nach dem Kovno Rabbi (Name unverständlich) genannt war, und das haben sie angezündet dazu noch mit alle Kinder und die Kranken im Spital. Und dann haben sie geführt die Juden von dem kleinen Ghetto auf den Platz und wieder sortiert nach die Jordan Karten. Wer hat eine Jordan Karte gehabt, der ist geblieben am Leben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1164.252,1244.617"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bitte erklären Sie noch einmal, was ist eine Jordan Karte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1244.617,1247.133"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also ein Monat bevor der ersten Aktion ist gemeldet worden, dass alle Arbeiter, Handwerker sollen registrieren beim Kommittee, beim jüdischen Kommittee. Die jüdischen Arbeiter und Handwerker haben registriert und später eine Woche ist gekommen ein Befehl, dass alle die registriert haben, sollen kommen zum Kommittee und spezielle Karten kriegen, das ist Jordan Karten. Jordan war gewesen der Referent für jüdische Angelegenheiten beim Staatskommissar Herr Kramer. Der ist also gewesen praktisch der Chef von dem Ghetto, aber nicht der Ghetto Kommandant, der Ghetto Kommandant ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1247.133,1281.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das der gleiche Kramer, der ist nachher gewesen in Bergen-Belsen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1281.998,1285.398"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, Kramer ist gewesen der Zivil ....., der Zivil-Kommandant, der Zivil-Kommandant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1285.398,1291.263"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1291.263,1291.795"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Für Kovno – nicht der Militär-Kommandant, sondern der Zivil-Kommandant. Und in dieser Sache haben sie bekannt gegeben, dass die Juden, die registriert haben als Arbeitern sollen kommen, sollen kommen und abholen Karten. Ich hab auch registriert als Facharbeiter, als Elektriker und in dem Moment, wo man geschickt wurde zum Abholen der Karte, ist das gut oder auch nicht. Zum Beispiel haben sie mich gefragt, wieviel Leute sind in meiner Mischpoke und ich habe gesagt, ich allein, obwohl ich schon gehabt hab eine Frau und eine Mutter mit acht Kin ... Brüder und Schwestern. Und wie sie mich gefragt haben: „Hast Du denn ka Mutter?“, hab ich gesagt meine Mutter ist gestorben. Das waren Lügen, aber ich befürchtet, dass mit der Karte man kann kriegen Problem. Aber später hat sich gezeigt, dass die mit der Karte nach den zwei Aktionen am Leben geblieben sind. Also das ist Jordan Karte. Klar, ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1291.795,1339.691"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1339.691,1340.488"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also an dem Tag gehen wir wieder zu der zweiten (2.) Aktion – am vierten (4.) September. Zuerst haben sie angezündet das Spital mit dem Kinderheim und danach darauf haben sie auf dem Platz die Juden sortiert. Und diesmal, die Juden, die blieben am Leben, durften nicht ins kleine Ghetto rein gehen, sondern man sie hat rüber geführt in das großer Ghetto. Und die ganze Habe vom kleinen Ghetto haben die Deutschen verteilt unter sich, aber der Platz an sich wurde eingezäunt, der ganze Platz rundherum und es war nicht erlaubt dort zu leben oder ins kleine Ghetto rein zu gehen, weder Litauer noch ein Jude durfte in das kleine Ghetto.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1340.488,1375.012"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das alles war am Anfang unverständlich, aber später war es geworden klar, es war Vorbereitung für die große Aktion. Also jetzt gehen wir zu der dritten (3.) Aktion. Wir rechnen nicht was inzwischen passiert ist, schießen und so weiter. Und so am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) – ich will noch einmal sagen neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) – das ist im gleichen Jahr (unverständlich – spricht zu schnell) wird gemeldet auf der Promenaden, auf den Gassen am sieben und zwanzigsten (27.) Oktober neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941), dass alle Juden, Männer, Frauen und Kinder und die Alten und Kranke müssen morgen am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober am Morgen um sechs Uhr in der Früh sich melden und zugleich kommen auf den großen Platz, das heißt zwischen den drei (3) größten Gebäuden, Block A, Block B, Block C - am Demokraten Platz. Und dorthin müssen sie alle kommen und diesen Befehl habe ich bisher bei mir, weil es von den Archiven vom Kovno Ghetto ist angeschrieben, dass wer nicht kommt, die deutsche Polizei wird gehen durch jedes Haus. Und wer ist zu Hause geblieben, der wird erschossen. Als Ausnahme sind nur Kranke, die können nicht aufstehen vom Bett und die können liegen bleiben, nur muss unten an der Tür angeschrieben werden, dass oben in dem und dem Zimmer liegt ein Kranker. Und in dem Befehl würde auch gemeldet, dass alles Dinge bleiben offen, die Türen, die Schränke, alles bleibt offen. Also am Morgen vom acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober um sechs (6) Uhr in der Früh kommen die ganzen Juden auf diesen Platz und eine Stunde später, das ist um sieben (7) Uhr in der Früh hat man den Platz, egal dass der Platz war mitten im Ghetto, war umringt mit deutsche Soldaten und mit Litauern und dann würde gesagt, dass sich die Leute versammeln sollten gemäß ihrem Arbeitsplatz, im Ghetto waren schon die Menschen in der Arbeit und der Älteste Rat, das ist das jüdische Kommittee sollen stehen dahinter. Und die Juden, die gearbeitet haben für Gestapo als Gestapo Gehilfen - jüdische Handwerker, Tischler, Schneider, die für die Gestapo arbeiten, die sollen dahinter. Und die Jordan Brigade dahinter und die Luftplatz dahinter - also und so weiter und so weiter und jeder soll mit ihm haben die ganze Familie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1375.012,1522.42"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt der Flugplatz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1522.42,1523.738"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Der Flugplatz wird in Kovno also gebaut ein riesiger Aerodrom am Flugplatz und dorthin wurden gefahren vier (4) bis sechs (6) Tausend sieben (7) Tage zur Arbeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1523.738,1531.963"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah. Und wer hat stehen müssen zur Seite?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1531.963,1533.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Die, die haben gearbeitet haben müssen sich versammeln am großen Platz, die Flugplatz Arbeiter. Gemeint hat man, dass die Leute, die Flugplatz Arbeiter wichtiger sind und werden abschneiden besser, weil Arbeiter am Flugplatz muss man haben. Aber wie wir gesehen haben – also wir gehen weiter – eine halbe Stunde später um halb acht kommen die höheren deutschen Beamten, Jordan – wir machen mal schnell dieses Kreuz, Kramer, Koslowski und noch solche bösen Menschen. Und sie kommen in das Ghetto mit den kleinen Maschinen und haben gemacht, aufgestellt die Juden als wären sie, also, hm, ............","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1533.389,1570.951"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Mit was für Maschinen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1570.951,1572.073"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Mit kleine Maschinen, nicht mit Gewehrmaschine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1572.073,1575.434"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Automobil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1575.434,1576.173"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ah hm. Und die Juden stehen herum und rundherum und da war ein gewisser Platz frei , das ist die Ältesten sind durch marschiert und gemacht (unverständlich) nicht erlaubt ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1576.173,1594.712"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Ältesten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1594.712,1595.743"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Der Ältesten Rat, das ist jüdische Kommittee sollte durch marschieren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1595.743,1597.483"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1597.483,1597.597"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und gemacht haben sie es so, dass sie durch marschieren, da haben sie die deutschen Posten so aufgestellt, dass sie ein kleines Türl gemacht, ein „Menschentürl“ um durch zu gehen. Und dort bei der Tür hat gestanden Jordan und die ganze Bande und die Ältesten Kommittee oder wie man gesagt hat der „Ältestenrat“ und die sind durch gegangen ohne Kontrolle, dass heißt, alle sind durch gegangen. Und nun wollte ich bemerken, die Welt weiß, dass links ist ärger wie rechts. Alle bei den früheren Aktionen, die Menschen, die was geführt wurden zum erschießen .... wurden nach links geschickt. Aber dieses Mal, um die Juden zu verwirren oder die Meisten, haben sie gesagt zum Ältestenrat „nach links“ und man hat angenommen man führt den Ältestenrat zum Erschießen. Später hat man dann die jüdische Polizei mit ihren Familien und die Gestapo Brigade ohne Kontrolle und die Jordan Brigade ohne Kontrolle und dann hat man plötzlich ausgerufen: „ Und jetzt geht der Flugplatz.“ Der Flugplatz wurde schon angefangen mit Sortieren. Er ist dort gestanden mit der übrigen Bande, einen halben Tag sind sie dort gestanden. Und Jordan guckt jedem ins Gesicht. Und wer ist gewesen jünger, der ist gegangen links, das ist zum Leben. Und wer älter war ist getrieben worden über den Platz – rechts. Zuerst hat man nicht gewusst, was das bedeutet rechts und links. Jordan konnte es nicht (unverständlich), auf der rechten Seite waren hunderte oder sogar Tausende von Juden und er gab den Befehl den deutschen Posten sie abzuführen. Man hat herausgefunden, nachdem man sie weggeführt in das ehemalige kleine Ghetto, das habe ich vorher bemerkt, dass es geblieben frei. Und dort haben sie gehalten die Menschen und so ist es gegangen den ganzen Tag ohne Aufhören. Wer war jünger, wer war besser gekleidet, ohne Kinder viel oder kein Alter, der ist gegangen links. Und der, wer war schlecht angezogen, ohne Kinder und so weiter, der ist gegangen rechts. Und bis in der Nacht, wo er gemerkt hat, dass er nicht kann zu überklauben die vier und vierzig tausend (44000) Juden und so schickt er ganze Partien von hundert Mann rechts, hundert links. Also da kann passieren und ist auch passiert, dass die Jüngeren gegangen sind zum Erschießen, weil Ältere zum Leben gekommen sind, weil es war ihm unmöglich zu sortieren, weil es war finster. Also die ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1597.597,1743.654"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1743.654,1744.41"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Der Jordan, auch der Jordan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1744.41,1745.896"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Jordan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1745.896,1746.441"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Später ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1746.441,1747.4"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer war der Jordan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1747.4,1748.489"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Jordan ist gewesen SS Obersturmführer. Das ist ein (unverständlich), ein Brauner. Er selber ist ein (unverständlich), ungefähr ein und zwanzig (21), ein Sportlehrer und es scheint so ein (unverstaendich) für Menschen und das wollen die gehabt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1748.489,1769.871"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: We war er – ein Litauer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1769.871,1770.813"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ein Deutscher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1770.813,1771.464"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was ist ihm nachher passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1771.464,1773.925"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Dieser Jordan ist nachher .... es war er hat jüdisches Eigentum sich angeeignet, wie der Befehl – über den ich vorher geredet habe – ist gekommen, dass jüdisches Gold und Brillanten abgeliefert werden muss, und da hat er sich die besseren Sachen, die besseren Brillanten behalten. Die übrigen Deutschen haben nicht können ihm das vergönnen und sie haben ihn angezeigt und als Bestrafung ist er gekommen an die Front. Und später wir lesen die Zeitung, in der Deutschen Zeitung, das war für uns nicht frei zu lesen, das heißt ein Jude war nicht erlaubt zu gehen in die Stadt für die Zeitung, aber wir haben sie trotzdem bekommen, und wir haben dann gelesen in der Morgenzeitung, dass der Obersturmbandführer geworden ist - im Rank noch höher - ist gefallen für den Führer und für sein Vaterland – ich mach schnell dieses Kreuz. Also gehen wir jetzt weiter. Die Juden, die Juden, wo man geführt hat rechts waren in dem kleinen Ghetto. Die Juden, die man links hin und ich war unter ihnen glücklicherweise, wurden zurück zum Ghetto gebracht und gesagt, sie sollen gehen in die Häuser. Es versteht sich, dass das Weinen und Geschrei im Ghetto war gross, Menschen sind in ihre Häuser gegangen und haben nicht gefunden den Vater, sie konnten nicht finden ihre Kinder, weil beim Sonnenuntergang, wie ich schon vorher erwähnt habe, hat man sie einfach geschickt rechts und nach links. Und im kleinen Ghetto hat man überhaupt noch nicht gewusst was passiert mit jene zwölf tausend (12000) Juden, zwölf tausend, nicht zu vergleichen mit andere Ziffern, zwölf tausend Juden und man hat nichts gewusst. Doch am Morgen ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1773.925,1857.845"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von wo wissen Sie die Nummer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1857.845,1859.908"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Am nächsten Morgen da mussten man Appell nehmen und da waren .... und da hat man gesehen, dass zwölf tausend Juden nicht waren in dem Ghetto. Und die Menschen haben sie gehalten im kleinen Ghetto, leider die Juden dort in dem kleinen Ghetto konnten sich nicht vorstellen, dass morgen man sie wird erschießen. Sie haben sich (unverständlich) über Wohnungen dorten, über Wohnungen mit Holz, über Wohnungen mit Sachen, die die Deutschen noch nicht genommen haben. Und am Morgen um sieben (7) Uhr in der Früh hat man sie aufgetrieben vom Plänkl da und gesagt zu gehen zu viert in einer Reih und dann hat man sie wieder geführt zum Fort. Und wir standen im Ghetto und haben gesehen wieder wie eine Menschenschlange stundenlang hinauf zum Fort geht und dann haben wir gehört nach einer kurzen Weil .... haben wir gehört das deutsche MG Feuer, das ist, hm, ........","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1859.908,1915.631"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Maschinengewehr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1915.631,1915.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Maschinengewehr (unverständlich)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1915.998,1918.824"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1918.824,1920.204"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und dann war die Sache erledigt. Am Morgen hat Dr. Elkos gefragt Jordan, was geschehen ist mit den zwölf tausend (12000) Juden und er hat gesagt: “Reden Sie net darüber. Diese Juden sind schon nicht mehr am Leben. Aber mehr wird in dem Ghetto nicht vorkommen, das ist die letzte von den Aktionen. Jetzt bleibt ihr alle am Leben.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1920.204,1940.9"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer hat sie begraben, die zwölf tausend (12000)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1940.9,1942.783"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Da waren vorbereitete Gräber auch. Die russischen Gefangenen machen zuerst die Gräber, und dort werden aufgereiht die Menschen, unbekleidet – nackert oder in der Unterwäsch ..... und rein werfen in diese riesigen Graben. Sie waren aufgereiht bei die Graben und erschießen mit dem MG .... und dann fallen zwölf, fallen übereinander and danach darauf schütten Kalk, weil man musste Platz lassen für noch. Und so haben sie diesen Kalk darauf, um zu verhüten eine Epidemie und die Graben mit Kalk drüber für die die später begraben werden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1942.783,1975.712"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie wurden nicht zugeschüttet die Gruben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1975.712,1977.231"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, nur Kalk. Also, das ist gewesen am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) und das war gewesen richtig, wirklich die letzte Aktion im Ghetto oder besser gesagt eine der Letzten. Kleine Aktionen passieren immer noch im Ghetto, aber keine Grösseren. Und eine von den grösseren Aktionen war an dem Tag, wo gefallen ist Stalingrad – wo Deutschland verloren hat Stalingrad ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=1977.231,2004.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2004.832,2005.361"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: ... da mussten sie doch etwas tun um ihren (unverständlich), da mussten sie stillen ihre Blut. Und da war dort die Litauische Polizei in Kovno – alle Juden, die da zur Arbeit waren, wenn sie heraus gehen von dem Arbeitsplatz da, soll man sie sofort arretieren und bringen zur Gestapo. Und bei Nacht ist gekommen Gestapo und hat, .... also bei Nacht ist gekommen die Gestapo in das Ghetto und hat die Familien von die Menschen weggeführt am Morgen, weggeführt auf den Fort, wieder zum neunten (9.) Fort und erschossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2005.361,2038.283"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Man hat zusammengenommen die ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2038.283,2041.085"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Die Mischpoke, die Mischpoke von denen, die arretiert wurden am Abend in Kovno.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2041.085,2044.049"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und warum hat man die genommen wegen der Arbeit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2044.049,2045.307"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nur weil sie weggetreten sind von ihrem Arbeitsplatz. Zum Beispiel: da war ein gewisser Mechaniker in Kovno, der Name war Sadowski. Er ist gegangen aus der Reihe und bettelt um ein Stück Brot ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2045.307,2057.177"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2057.177,2057.917"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ein Jude. Der wollte ein Stück Brot da kriegen von einem Christen, von einer Litauer Frau. Es ist selbstverständlich, dass er nichts gekriegt von ihr, aber der Posten hat es bemerkt und hat ihn arretiert und in der Nacht sind sie gekommen und haben genommen die Frau und Tochter und haben sie am nächsten Morgen in der Früh erschossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2057.917,2074.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sagen erschossen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2074.918,2076.201"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Wieder im neunten Fort. Später in neunzehn hundert drei und vierzig bevor (unverständlich) ist gekommen eines guten Morgens Einer von Deutschland und hat gesagt, dass von heut an weiter wird das Ghetto jetzt Konz-Lager, das Konzentrationslager Kaunas genannt und dass er der Ghetto Kommandant, der Lager Kommandant ist. Er hat geheißen Gerke, Gerke. Er war ein Obersturmbandführer – das war das Herz von der deutschen Partei. Er hat sich gezeigt von Anfang an als intelligenter Mensch. Er hat sich erkundigt über die Ernährung im Ghetto und Dr. Elkos hat ihm erklärt, dass es war fünfzig Gramm Brot und er hat gesagt „Ja, das geht doch nicht, man muss mehr kriegen – Butter und so weiter. Wichtig! Und wir haben bekommen Butter, aber leider hat es gekostet ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.201,2129.854"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wann war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2129.854,2130.594"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das war in neunzehn hundert drei und vierzig (1943) beim (unverständlich) Fest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2130.594,2133.136"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2133.136,2133.793"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2133.793,2134.89"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie meinen Butter ist Margarine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2134.89,2136.692"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Butter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2136.692,2137.593"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was meinen Sie mit Butter?....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2137.593,2138.139"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Richtige Butter, richtige Butter!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2138.139,2140.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo kann man die kaufen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2140.3,2141.365"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Von den Deutschen ... oh, für sich selber haben sie gehabt, was sie gebraucht haben, haben sie von den Juden genommen. Marmelade haben sie uns gegeben. Und in dem Ghetto war so ein Spruch: „Heute kriegen wir schon eine Butter, morgen kommt eine Aktion.“ Und so am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober – wieder Oktober – am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober neunzehn hundert drei und vierzig (1943) haben sie umringelt das Ghetto von innen und sie haben drei und ein halb tausend (3500) Juden nach Estland und dorthin weg geführt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2141.365,2168.886"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nach Estland, nach Reval?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2168.886,2170.511"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, nach verschiedene Arbeitsplätze. Die erste .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2170.511,2174.077"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und Estland hat man genannt Russland dann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2174.077,2177.195"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Estland war gewesen ein Gebiet von Russland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2177.195,2180.037"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2180.037,2180.137"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das okkupierte Russland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2180.137,2181.161"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2181.161,2182.395"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Zuerst hat er gesagt bevor gekommen ist der acht und zwanzigste (28.) Oktober, sie brauchen zwei tausend (2000) Juden zwanzig (20) Kilometer von Kovno für Arbeit. Dann ist heraus gekommen, das waren doch Lügen und er hat sie weg geschickt nach Estland. Die Frauen, alle von ihnen, sind geblieben im Aerodrom und sind hier von die Kinder .... die Kinder sind genommen worden von die Eltern und kleinere Kinder sind erschossen wurden alleine in Kovno. Und die Frauen mit die Männer – ohne die kleinen Kinder, die hat man gefahren nach Estland und es versteht sich, dass Wenige am Leben sind geblieben. Auch meine zwei (2) Brüder wurden verschleppt nach Estland und dorten Einer wurde erschossen und der Zweite ist später nach Deutschland. Und dort ist er auch umgekommen in Deutschland, in Auschwitz, wenn sie machen Aufstand in Auschwitz. Dieser Aufstand soll passieren in .... er war zugeteilt zu verbrennen die Toten in Auschwitz – und er mit noch fünf und dreißig (35) Juden haben beschlossen also Rache zu (unverständlich – spricht zu schnell) bevor sie selbst verbrennen. Es war ihnen klar, dass sie werden sie selbst verbrennen. So jeder deutsche Offizier, was da rein gekommen ist in ... hm, dort die Kammer .....hm, in den ... wie heißt es denn ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.395,2258.701"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Gaskammer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2258.701,2259.457"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, wo man verbrennt, im Krematorium. So wenn die Deutschen herein gekommen sind, stießen sie ihn von hinten und gehängt, und dann geworfen in den Ofen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2259.457,2266.394"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben sie die nicht gesucht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2266.394,2267.66"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und so sind viele Deutsche verschwunden bis es ist aufgefallen und der Verdacht war, dass sie alle sind weg in der Vorbereitung für die „Kammer“. Und so haben sie gewusst und sie sind alle in die Kammer geschmissen worden. Das habe ich gehört von einem Schwager, der mir es erzählt. Er hat es gehört von einem Kameraden, der geflüchtet ist. (unverstaendich)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2267.66,2289.406"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von dem Krematorium?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2289.406,2290.154"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja, vom Krematorium, ja und dass mein Bruder ist gewesen der Organisator von diesem Aggressionsakt gegen die Deutschen. Also jetzt gehen wir weiter. Das Ghetto, also nicht das Ghetto, sondern das Konz-Lager, die Aktionen gingen weiter, aber seit der Aktion gegen drei ein halb Tausend (3500) sind keine Massenaktionen mehr vorgekommen. Nur am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) .... am sieben und zwanzigsten (27.) und acht und zwanzigsten (28.) März neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944), neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944) ist vorgekommen die Kinder Aktion und die Alters Aktion, ein Aktion für Kinder und alte Menschen. Ich muss anmerken, dass der Gerke sehr raffiniert war. Er hat da scheinbar Praxis von andere Ghettos und anderen Lagern gehabt, weil alle Aktionen gegen die Leute im Ghetto haben einen Vorahnung gehabt, dass etwas sollte vorkommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.154,2342.529"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes, this concludes Spool 124 of Mr. Ephraim Gutman and we are going over, we are going over to Spool 125. We are taking now about the so-called Aktion gegen Alte und Kinder. Paris, September the 12th, 1946, in Hénonville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2342.529,2371.443"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: This spool, which is called 125 should really be called 125A because there is another section of an interviewee. January 29, 1950. Boder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2371.443,2411.17"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: This is Spool 125, Mr. Ephraim Gutman reporting, a continuation of Spool 124. France, Hénonville, fifty Kilometers (50 km) from Paris at a home maintained by for displaced Jews, maintained by the Agudah in combination with the ORT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.17,2431.447"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [auf deutsch] Also Sie haben gesagt, man hat angefangen eine Aktion gegen alte Menschen und Kinder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2431.447,2436.287"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2436.287,2436.785"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wenn und was ist gewesen und was war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2436.785,2438.629"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das ist gewesen am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober, am acht und zwanzigsten (28.) und sieben und zwanzigsten (27.) März neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944). Also ich will noch einmal bemerken, dass vor einer Aktion, dass etwas gespielt hat, also die Luft war nicht in Ordnung – es war etwas was wir im Ghetto gespürt haben, das etwas passiert gegen das Ghetto. Und am sechs und zwanzigsten (26.) abends ist gekommen Gerke, der Lager Kommandant ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.629,2467.589"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie schreibt man seinen Namen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2467.589,2468.961"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Gerke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2468.961,2470.318"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: G – e –c – k –e (buchstabiert)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2470.318,2472.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das weiß ich nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2472.493,2473.061"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2473.061,2474.183"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also da ist gekommen Gerke, Gerke ging zur Polizei, zum Chef der jüdischen Polizei und hat gesagt, dass morgen Früh, das heißt am sieben und zwanzigsten (27.) März neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) die jüdische Polizei soll versammeln alle (unverständlich) vor der deutschen Kommandantur für das Ghetto ... in dem früheren Ghetto, das ist in dem jetzigen Lager, das ist ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2474.183,2496.446"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir ein paar Wörter über die jüdische Polizei.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2496.446,2499.757"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Das ist ... dort diese Polizei werden wir sprechen während der Kinderaktion und da werden Sie sehen wie die sind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2499.757,2504.994"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2504.994,2505.815"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: .... und sie sollen alle kommen, damit sie hören was sie vorhaben und eine Rede hören. Und sie sind gekommen, ganz sauber angezogen ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2505.815,2514.04"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die jüdische Polizei?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2514.04,2514.585"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja, am morgen in der Früh ist gekommen die Polizei, es war acht (8) und sowie sie sind gekommen zur deutschen Kommandantur, sind vom Korridor herausgegangen von der deutsche Kommandantur – sind heraus gegangen die Belarussen, das sind die Ukrainer, in Russland hat man sie Vlasovzi genennt, dass heißt die Ukrainer, die da gekämpft haben für Deutschland. Und die sind da raus mit den Flinten in der Hand und haben gesagt die jüdische Polizei muss sich auf den Boden legen mit dem Gesicht auf der Erd. Und dann sind gekommen Lastautos mit Maschinengewehren und dann haben sie eingepackt und gebracht zum neunten (9.) Fort. Also das war alles nur ein Vorspiel für das weitere Spiel. In dem Moment ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2514.585,2552.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie umgebracht die Polizei?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2552.832,2554.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Leider nein, sind geblieben am Leben viele von der Polizei, ich sag das noch einmal, leider sind am Leben geblieben von der Polizei a bisserl. Später .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2554.832,2562.659"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt a bisserl? Was haben sie getan mit den Anderen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2562.659,2564.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Darüber werd ich Ihnen bald erzählen von die dann. Also später nach einer Weile, wenn sie alle heraus geführt vom Ghetto, kommt eine kleine Maschine ins Ghetto, ein Taxi mit (unverständlich)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2564.389,2574.683"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Einem was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2574.683,2575.438"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Mit einem Megafon, Lautsprecher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2575.438,2576.355"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2576.355,2576.762"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und darin ist gesessen ein Mann, ob es war ein Deutscher oder ein Jud, das können wir nicht wissen. Und die kleine Maschine ist dann durch das ganze Ghetto gefahren und hat gerufen: „Achtung, Achtung! Alle Juden sollen gehen in die Häuser, wenn nicht werden sie erschossen.“ Das heißt, dass alle Juden ihre Arbeitsplätze liegen lassen müssen und im Ghetto waren viel Arbeitsplätze. Das Ghetto selber war die Größe einer Stadt und es gab viele Geschäfte im Ghetto selber, und in die großen Laden haben viele tausend Juden gearbeitet. Auf jeden Fall gab es auch viel kleine Laden für die Juden im Ghetto – oder für die Juden in dem – wie sagen sie später – Lager. Auf jeden Fall hat jeder müssen laufen und alles muss in dem Moment zu einem Stop gebracht werden und alle gehen in ihre Häuser. Die Leute haben verstanden, dass etwas jetzt kommt vor. Die Menschen haben schon Versteckplätze hergerichtet oder im Ghetto hat man sie genannt „Malines“ ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2576.762,2623.517"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was „Malines“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2623.517,2624.329"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Malines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2624.329,2625.321"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nicht Bunker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2625.321,2626.426"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Bunker ist in deutsch. Und „Malines“ stammt von dem Wort „malon“, in hebräisch (unverständlich). Im Ghetto heißt es „Malines“, das stammt von den Galonen, es scheint, weil die Galonen stammen ab von die Malinen, von dem Wort Galgen und das sind Malinen, das ist der Galgen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2626.426,2643.109"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Jüdische Galonen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2643.109,2643.823"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja und da sind wir geblieben im Ghetto in den Malines, wer gehabt hat im Ghetto ist geflüchtet in die Malines. (unverständlich) und die Maschinen sind durchs ganze Ghetto und der Rest wurde in großen Lastwagen gebracht – das waren Belarussen, das heißt wieder die Vlasovzi und die Deutschen und Litauer mit ihren Flinten und damit sind sie gegangen von Tür zu Tür. Und wo sie gesehen haben ein kleines Kind, da haben sie genommen das Kind oder gezwungen die Mutter, dass sie das Kind raus führt und da ist ein Lastwagen an der Ecke gestanden und hat man es hinein gehaut. Und so haben die gearbeitet den ganzen Tag. Die jüdische Polizei ist noch gewesen in dem Moment auf den neunten (9.) Fort und sie waren noch nicht ganz erschossen. Also diese Aktion hat man hinaus gezögert bis sieben (7) Uhr bei der Nacht. Dann .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2643.823,2694.706"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie viel Menschen waren gewesen bei der jüdischen Polizei?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2694.706,2696.912"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Die jüdische Polizei hat gehabt mehr als drei hundert (300).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2696.912,2699.137"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh! Haben sie getragen eine Uniform?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2699.137,2701.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Sie haben ... sie haben getragen nur ein Hütl, so ein Hütl mit Magen David und J.G.P. – das heißt „jüdische Ghetto Polizei“ oder später ist gewesen Lager-Polizei und auf dem Arm, auf der rech .... auf der linken Hand haben sie getragen ein Band mit einem blauen Magen David und darin war gestanden: J.G.P. – jüdische Ghetto Polizei mit einer Nummer. Jede Ghetto Polizei hat eine Nummer, erstens die Werknummer und zweitens die Nummer in welchem Quartal er hat Dienst gehabt. Und ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2701.718,2732.465"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben sie gehabt einen Revolver?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2732.465,2733.806"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, keine Gewehre haben sie gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2733.806,2735.731"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben sie gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2735.731,2736.147"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nur kalte Gewehr, das ist nur a Stöckel oder eine Nagyka und die Aktion war fertig um sieben (7) Uhr in der Nacht und die Menschen sind dann gekommen – und ich will bemerken, an dem Tag in dem Ghetto sie spielen, dass sie nichts bemerken ..... (unverständlich) und die Menschen, die gehen jeden Tag zu der Arbeit’ hat man auch geschickt zu der Arbeit, und die Bataillons. Und die Menschen werden gefahren zu der Arbeit, die jeden Tag zur Arbeit fahren. Und wenn die Menschen sind gekommen von der Arbeit zurück da hat (unverständlich) ..... und da hat man die Gesichter gesehen; Menschen sind gekommen von der Arbeit und da haben sie nicht gefunden nicht den Vater, nicht die Mutter und nicht ihre Kinder und .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2736.147,2773.032"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben doch gesagt, am Morgen hat man nur gesucht nach die Kinder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2773.032,2775.996"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Oh ja, Vater und Mutter sind auch gewesen dasselbe. Die Alten und die Kleinen sind am ersten Tag gegangen zusammen. Die Aktion war für Alte und kleine Kinder, aber sie haben sich konzentriert auf kleine Kinder. Und das Geschrei was furchtbar und sie haben gemeint, das war das Ende der Aktion, weil es üblich, dass die Aktionen in dem Ghetto nur gedauert haben einen Tag. Leider hat man gesehen, dass die spezielle Wache ......ich will bemerken, dass man am Tag der Aktion das Ghetto speziell bewachte ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2775.996,2810.473"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2810.473,2813.103"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: ... dass man das Ghetto speziell bewachte, weil in der (unverständlich – spricht zu schnell) und wenn die Aktion vorüber war um sieben (7) Uhr am Abend, die Polizei ist noch immer da gestanden rund um den Zaun. Und es hat sich verstanden, dass was passieren würde wieder. Vor gestellt hat man sich, also sie machen eine allgemeine Aktion morgen, das heißt eine Grössere. Aber am nächsten Morgen zeitig früh um fünf (5) Uhr hat sich wiederholt das Spiel, nur etwas Besonderes, in einer anderen Form. Zuerst sind sie gegangen suchen ..... am zweiten Tag haben sie gesucht nach Versteckplätzen in Hütten, und wo sie selbst entdeckt haben Malines, aber jetzt haben sie gebracht die jüdische Polizei. Also der ‚Kittel’, das ist gewesen der Chef der Gestapo für jüdische Angelegenheiten, er ist gewesen der Liquidator vom Vilna Ghetto und seine Arbeit was schon im Jahre drei und vierzig (43) beendet, das heißt das Vilna Ghetto war schon liquidiert im Jahre drei und vierzig (43) auf diese Art und Weise ....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2813.103,2872.656"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie war es liquidiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2872.656,2874.094"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Also alle wurden geführt nach Estland. Dort hat man sie liquidiert – die meisten hat man erschossen in (unverständlich klingt wie Bernal), das ist nicht weit weg von Vilna. Ja, ich komm bald. (Murmeln)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2874.094,2887.266"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben gesprochen über die Aktien am nächsten Tag.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2887.266,2890.027"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Ja und die jüdische Polizei war im neunten (9.) Fort und dann ist gekommen ‚Kittel’, das ist der der liquidiert hat das Vilna Ghetto, ist gekommen nach dem neunten (9.) Fort, wo die jüdische Polizei gewesen ist ver , ver , hm, arretiert und hat gemeldet: da sie eh alle erschossen werden, will er ihnen ein Chance geben zum leben und sie sollen nur verweisen auf die Malines in dem Ghetto, das sind, wo die Juden sind verhalten, kleine Kinder und alte Menschen. Viele dieser leider haben nicht können der Versuchung widerstehen zu bleiben am Leben und sie sind rein in die Maschinen mit Kittel und sind dann gekommen ins Ghetto und haben gezeigt wo sind die Malinen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2890.027,2930.596"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben Sie gemeint mit Vielen? Sie haben gesagt es wären gewesen Dreihundert (300).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2930.596,2932.984"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Dreihundert (300) jüdische Polizei und unter denen sind gewesen sechzig (60) von denen man weiß, dass sie sind gekommen mit der Maschine ins Ghetto und haben gezeigt, wo diese sein können. Ich muss bemerken, dass Kunst ist nicht nur zu finden die Maline und diesem oder diesem Gebäude, aber man musste verweisen, wie man rein geht in die Maline. Und da muss man wissen, wie man rein kam und sie haben von da die Kinder und Alten genommen und geführt zum Fort zum Erschießen. Die Polizei .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2932.984,2964.716"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat das die jüdische Polizei gewusst?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2964.716,2966.973"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Die jüdische Polizei ..... die, die machen diese Malinen haben die jüdischen Polizei nicht (unverständlich), weil die waren ihr Freund. Es wurde angenommen, es war ein Freund, es hat sich aber gezeigt, sie waren unser Feind. In dem Moment wo sie Angst gehabt haben, um ihr Leben, haben sie es besser gefunden zu opfern die Juden Leben, so dass sie allein leben. Und da hat man heraus gefunden alle Malinen, buchstäblich alle Malinen im Ghetto und alle versteckt gehaltenen Kinder wurden verschleppt. Und vierzig Prozent (40%) aller Kinder sind jedoch im Ghetto versteckt geblieben, das ist, die Kinder, die in Malinen waren, sind doch nicht am Leben geblieben. Aber die Kinder, die in anderen Verhalten, die nicht so sicher waren, wie unter dem Bett oder unter einer Tuchent versteckt, sind doch geblieben am Leben. Und am Abend war die Aktion beendigt und am zweiten (2.)Tag das Resultat ist noch ärger gewesen als der Erste, das heißt für die Deutschen war es ein Besserer, für uns war es ein noch Ärgerer. Das ist es waren noch mehr Opfer am zweiten Tag, als am ersten Tag. Ich möchte noch sagen, wenn sie die Kinder gefunden haben, viele Mamas wollen mit ihren ... mit ihren Kindern zusammen, weil man gesagt hat, die Kinder erschießt man, doch die Deutschen haben aber das nicht so gesehen und haben keine jüdischen Mamas geopfert. Sie haben zum Beispiel gesagt zu meiner Schwester, als sie nehmen ihr Kind – sie hat sie gebeten, denn sie wollte mit dem Kind gehen zusammen, aber der Deutsche hat gesagt: „Ja, du musst noch arbeiten, du kannst noch jetzt leben, deine Reihe kommt auch.“ Das ist: „Deine Reihe kommt auch, (unverständlich) darfst Du noch haben.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2966.973,3053.08"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3053.08,3054.38"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Und am Tag ist gewesen, in der Nacht – wieder um sieben (7) Uhr in der Nacht ist gewesen vorbei die Aktion für die Kinder. Dazu möchte ich bemerken, dass die Aktion gegen die Kinder hat den stärksten Eindruck gemacht in dem Ghetto, noch mehr als die große Aktion vom acht und zwanzigsten (28.) Oktober neunzehn hundert ein und vierzig (1941) gegen zwölf tausend (12000) Juden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3054.38,3069.569"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Den Stärksten was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3069.569,3070.666"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Den stärksten Eindruck, den schrecklichsten Eindruck .....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3070.666,3072.712"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.712,3072.827"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: .... weil das war die Kinder .... zu sehen, wie sie nehmen die Kinder und die alten Leut, das ist eine Zubereitung zur Vernichtung des ganzen Ghettos, oder wie es später geheißen hat Lager. Also das war beendigt, die Aktion gegen die Kinder war beendigt. Die Kinder, das heißt in der ersten Zeit waren die verhaltenen Kinder waren gewesen (unverständlich), sie konnten nicht raus auf die Gasse, aber wieder nach ein paar Wochen haben die Kinder, die man versteckt gehabt hat, sich schon wieder auf der Strasse gezeigt. Und was ist passiert mit der Polizei? Die Polizei, die den Deutschen zu den Malines hingebracht hat, die hat die Polizei wieder in das Ghetto gelassen. Sie haben erschossen alle von der höheren Polizei. Also es war wie bei normaler Polizei, wie das ist in allen Ländern, das hat es gegeben höhere Beamte und niedere Beamte, wie die Litauer gesagt haben (unverständlich – litauische Worte), das ist ein Höherer und ein Niedrigerer. Und sie haben alle Höheren erschossen, weil während der Zeit auf dem Fort alle Geheimnisse von dem Ghetto wurden verraten. Das heißt, die jüdische Polizei, dass heißt die Niedrigeren haben gesagt, dass in dem Ghetto ..... das von dem Ghetto wir zu den Partisanen gehen, das ist zusammen mit den roten Partisanen gehen und dass es im Ghetto gibt Gewehr und so weiter und weiter. Und so haben verantwortlich gemacht die Höheren der jüdischen Polizei, weil ...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.827,3155.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Meinen Sie höher und niedriger in Charakter oder im, im Rang?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3155.044,3161.035"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ephraim Gutman: Nein, wir meinen im Rang. Wenn wir reden höher, meinen wir den Rang. Von etwas höheren Polizisten bis zum Chef der Polizei werden alle erschossen. Da war ein Moshe Levin, er war der Chef der jüdischen Polizei in dem Lager, damals haben sie es schon genannt Lager. In dem Ghetto war er nicht besonders stark in Nettigkeiten oder in der Rede mit die Juden, aber ich muss zugeben, als in dem Moment, wo er mit den Deutschen im Fort war, war er die, er hat gepredigt der jüdischen Polizei, dass sie nicht verraten sollen vom Ghetto den Deutschen, weil man sie so wie so wird erschießen und man darf nicht verflecken den jüdischen Namen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3161.035,3210.078"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: A remark of the translator David P. Boder. Chicago, January the 29th, 1950. This is a duplicate spool prepared under the Public Health Grant... and the will be listed or cataloged as Spool 125A, because we discovered that on the same spool there is a start of another interview, which we will then call Spool 125B. The interview was discontinued abruptly, and it’s hard to tell for what reason — at times the interviewee, who by this time has been talking for about an hour or so, hm, was called away on some special duty in the A-j-u-d-a. This is the end of Spool 125A, the end of Spool 125A, the end of Spool 125A. Taken in Hénonville, France, September the 12th, 1946.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3210.078,3287.823"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/transcript/7976/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/976/original/ephraim-gutman_de.vtt?1583169625","format":"text/vtt","language":"de"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/976/original/ephraim-gutman_de.vtt?1583169625"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["gutman_annotations_en [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=0.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=29.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=29.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=45.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=48.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=61.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=61.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=80.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=80.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=83.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ukmerge\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ukmerge\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ukmerge\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ukmerge\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=199.0,253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=273.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=273.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=281.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=285.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=300.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=301.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Volgograd\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Volgograd\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Volgograd\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Volgograd\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=372.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=421.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=427.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=501.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=632.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=635.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. 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In the death camps the commandant was required to witness every gassing carried out through a peephole, and supervise both the preparations and the aftermath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2076.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2141.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2141.0,2168.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Tallinn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Tallinn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2168.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2182.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2267.0,2289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2290.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2342.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2342.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2342.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2411.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecommandant: \u003c/b\u003eA commander of a Nazi camp. In the death camps the commandant was required to witness every gassing carried out through a peephole, and supervise both the preparations and the aftermath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2438.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecommandant: \u003c/b\u003eA commander of a Nazi camp. In the death camps the commandant was required to witness every gassing carried out through a peephole, and supervise both the preparations and the aftermath.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2474.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. 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The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2966.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=2966.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3054.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3054.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3072.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3161.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073#t=3161.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17618/file/73073/annotation_set/1822/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. 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