{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j38kd1qx4z/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Julius Klüver , September 19, 1946, Munich, Germany"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-09-19"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" German (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" kluverJ_9-132 (Local)"," kluverJ_9-132_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Munich (Germany) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Julius Klüver conducted by David P. Boder on September 19, 1946 at the Funkkaserne displaced-person's camp in Munich, Germany.    (Abstract)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Ukrainian (Topical)"," Dnipropetrovsʹka oblderz︠h︡administrat︠s︡ii︠a︡ (Ukraine) (Geographic)"," Zaporiz︠h︡z︠h︡i︠a︡ (Ukraine) (Geographic)"," Munich (Germany) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Klüver, Julius (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Platt, Dagmar (Transcriber)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["Ukraine"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Julius Klüver conducted by David P. Boder on September 19, 1946 at the Funkkaserne displaced-person's camp in Munich, Germany.   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The interviewee is Mr. Julius Klver, Munich, Germany, September 19, 1946. The interview is taking place in a large center for displaced people at the Funkenkasernen, and proceeds in German. Mr. Julius Klver is the leader of a Mennonite group which moved gradually from the Ukraine, as far as the American zone of Germany.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] September 19, 1946 in a large refugee center in the Funkkasernen we are interviewing Mr. Julius Klüver, a leader of the Mennonite Group, which moved gradually from [Name] Russia up to the American Zone in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German]Now tell me again, Mr. Klver, what is your name, how old are you and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=24.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Julius Klver. I am 43 years old. I was born in the province of Ekaterinoslav in the district of Dniprovs’ke, in the Ukraine on the farm of my father, Alexandrovka.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=31.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, Mr. Klver, where were you and what happened to you when the war started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=49.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e At the beginning of the war I was in the Ukraine in the city of Zaporoje. I worked in a factory as a bookkeeper.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=58.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So what happened when the war started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=77.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e When the war started I continued working at the plant until the arrival of the Germans. When the Germans arrived it became the goal of the Mennonites as well as my own to get away west as far as possible and from there to join the Mennonites of Canada, of U.S.A., or of Paraguay. That was our bold aim since 1920, and now we decided to endeavor to reach this goal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=92.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, how many Mennonites were there altogether [In Russia]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=130.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e By the year 1930, there were about 80,000 Mennonites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=136.0,147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they all live?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=147.0,149.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Most of them lived in southern Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=149.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, were most of the Mennonites German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=152.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e The Mennonites are Dutch. They are of Dutch origin. They migrated from the Low Countries to southern Russia upon an invitation from the Empress Catherine the Second and her successors. They came to Russia to colonize the southern Ukraine. They left the low countries, the shores of the northern sea, on account of their religion and their refusal to bear arms. We were promised in Russia that we should be able to obey by our faith which precludes the bearing of arms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=156.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And that means what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=200.0,201.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Not to be compelled to serve as soldiers, which is against our religious beliefs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=201.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the Russians keep their promise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=208.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e The Russians kept their promise up to the year of 1920.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=211.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the Tzars never draft the Mennonites?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=216.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e During the epoch of the Tzars we were not compelled to bear arms but we were drafted for labor service under the department of forestry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=219.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So when were the Mennonites drafted into the army for the first time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=228.0,234.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Since the formation of the Soviet Republic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=234.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So it was then when it started? What did the Mennonites do about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=237.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e The Mennonites refused, and were taken to the courts. I too was hailed before the courts in 1923 and it took a long time before I was released on the grounds of my religious beliefs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=246.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they happen to release you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=269.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e It was possible to be released by order of the Soviet Courts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=271.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was everybody taken separately before the courts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=280.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e A large number of our young men were tried at that time. Many were released; many were not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=285.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did they do to those who were not released?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=294.0,297.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e A few were drafted, but most of them were sentenced to labor service in Siberia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=297.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So. Well, what happened when the Germans came into Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=303.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e As soon as the Germans arrived in Russia part of the Mennonites moved immediately west.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=309.0,316.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean they went to meet the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=316.0,319.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but they moved westward. To us it was immaterial. If there would have come a French army, a Dutch army, a Turkish army, we had only one goal. To get away from the East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=319.0,336.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=336.0,337.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Because of our parents, our sisters and our brothers. Nearly all were exiled to Siberia. We were deprived of all our belongings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=337.0,348.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=348.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That happened between 1920 and 1935. Take for example, my case. My father was rich. He owned a farm. My father was shot in 1920 because he was a rich man. I, then a youngster of 17, had to go for years in hiding so that I should not be shot. I had one aim, to get away to our brothers in Canada. I have in Canada three sisters. I have neither brothers or sisters here. My wife has four sisters in Canada and all we were longing for was back to our Mennonites. For example, from my ten uncles that I had here, nine of them are gone. Five died in Siberia, four died in prison, and the sole reason for their arrest was that they were rich people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=350.0,413.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, so when did that movement westward start? Were you in Saratov when the war started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=413.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I lived in Zaporoje. The Germans arrived in the winter of ’41 and part of us went already in 1942 to Poland. I went to Poland at the beginning of 1943.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=420.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that with permission of the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=439.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that was with the permission of the Germans. We were permitted to go west. I went to Poland and stayed in Poland nearly three years. But when the front approached towards Poland I went forward from Poland to Germany and so I arrived in Chemnitz. I stayed in Chemnitz only two weeks. Then there came that big air attack. I was bombed out and I fled with my family westward and so I arrived in Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=441.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you get to Munich?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=472.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e I arrived in Munich in January, 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Didn’t the Germans demand from the Mennonites any labor service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=480.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e A few of the Mennonites were compelled to work. A few even were drafted or were about to be drafted but not many. Most of them stuck to their religious faith which prohibits bearing arms and were working on various jobs and in this way they escaped service in the armed forces.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=486.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how many of you Mennonites are now here in this lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=511.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e We are in this lager 552 Mennonites. Most of them want to go to Paraguay. A certain number want to go to Canada where their relatives are, who have sent them already the affidavits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=517.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, were the Mennonites in Canada permitted not to join the services?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=533.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e To the best of my knowledge the Canadians have rendered in this war mostly labor service. Only a few joined the army or navy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=538.0,550.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, the Canadians in general or the Canadian Mennonites?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=550.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e The Canadian Mennonites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=553.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, how were these 500 Mennonites gathered together? With how many did you leave Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=556.0,565.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e I left only with my family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=565.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many people were you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=568.0,569.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e We were four people. So we were gathered together from the whole American zone. One by one. Nearly all women and children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=569.0,579.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where are the men?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=579.0,580.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Most of the men are in Siberia. They were all rounded up in 1936 and 1937. Before the war in Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=580.0,591.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Are they permitted in Siberia to follow their Mennonite faith?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=591.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e They are prisoners in various camps. In labor service. We have no word from them and we have no word whether they are still alive or not!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=596.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many grown up men are there among these 500 people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=609.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e About one-third are men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=616.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The others are women and children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=622.0,624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Women and children. We have about 250 children here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=624.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you expect the Canadians to let you in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=630.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e We are quite sure of that. We have already the permission to come to Paraguay and we expect that the first transport of 430 Mennonites will depart for Paraguay. There are large Mennonite colonies in that country. And the people from here go to their relatives or to their friends in these Mennonite colonies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=634.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, for how many generations did your family live in Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=658.0,666.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e My grandfather came to Russia as a little child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=666.0,673.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How long ago about was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=673.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That must have been eighty or ninety years ago, about ninety years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=675.0,679.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, how did it happen that the Mennonites still preserved in Russia the German language?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=679.0,686.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e You see, we talk among ourselves still Dutch, the Frisian Platt. Only our hymn book, our Bibles, and our school books were in German. Originally we used a Dutch dialect, but since the Mennonite colonies in southern Russia were surrounded by a large number of German colonies and since years ago there was a better supply of German books the language of our schools and of our religion has become German. But up to now, we still talk among ourselves at home the Dutch language.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=686.0,733.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, Mr. Klver, what other differences besides the refusal to bear arms is there between the Mennonite religion and the other Protestant religions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=733.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e First of all, we have no infant baptism, but adult baptism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=748.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean by adult baptism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=758.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Our people are baptized at the age of 17, 18, 19 years. Not as children, but when they reach the age between 17 and 19. Second, the refusal to bear arms. Third we do not swear. We say yes, yes, or no, no, but we do not make any vows.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=759.0,786.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Not even to your country, to your fatherland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=786.0,790.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=790.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But otherwise you are Protestants?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=792.0,799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Of Protestant faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=799.0,802.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me where were you at the end, during the last year of the war? When Germany was gradually losing the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=802.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e From the beginning of 1943 until the end of 1945 I lived in Poland. I lived near Lesmanstadt as a bookkeeper at a factory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=816.0,828.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=828.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e In Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=829.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When did you get to the American zone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=830.0,832.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e I arrived at the American zone in January, 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=832.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And before that you were in Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=836.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e In Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=838.0,839.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So where were you when the Russians came to Poland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=839.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e When the front came near Poland I moved towards Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=843.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Farther west? Did the Germans permit it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=853.0,855.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. They permitted it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=855.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you in any districts that were severely bombed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=857.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e From Poland I came to Chemnitz. There I stayed two weeks and intended to look for work. I already rented there a room but in two weeks the house was entirely bombed out and to save the life of my family I fled on foot with a single trunk to the city. I escaped to Munich. Here lived a cousin of mine and I joined him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=861.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he always live in Munich? Or was he too a refugee?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=891.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e He too was a refugee, and he came here from Russia in 1942.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=894.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so you all gathered here gradually and you now are ready to travel further?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=900.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e When we arrived in Munich we couldn’t find lodging in the city. We went to the peasants and I found a place 40 kilometers from Munich. Here I worked for a peasant for more than a year as a hired man [his calendaric dates are apparently confused].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=907.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where was your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=923.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e My family was with me too, on the farm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=925.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who was with you? Your wife and two children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=927.0,929.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e My wife and two daughters. We all worked for the peasant without pay. We had to live on our ration cards and now and then we got a little bit of milk from him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=929.0,943.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean you lived on your ration cards. Didn’t the peasant feed you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=943.0,947.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No. We got our ration cards and we had to work. We just got a supplement of a little bit of milk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=947.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And for your other food you had to pay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=957.0,960.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That I paid for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=960.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you pay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=961.0,963.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e I still had some money from my previous earnings. One didn’t need too much money in order to buy the supplies that one was allowed to get on his card.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=963.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You say you still had some money. What kind of currency was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=977.0,984.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That were Germen marks, reichmarks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=984.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How could you get them in exchange for Russian rubles?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=989.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That wasn’t saved in Russian rubles. These were my earnings from Poland. There we were paid already in reichmarks. I had no more currency in Russian rubles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=993.0,1008.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now let us clear that up. You and your family worked for the peasant. Isn’t that so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1008.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1013.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And he did not give you the food free of charge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1015.0,1018.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That was against the law. If one had a ration card he had no right to eat with the peasant, that is, if one kept house for himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1018.0,1029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then why did you take out the ration cards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1029.0,1033.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the rule that all the refugees had to take out ration cards. That was because I had my family with me. Had I been alone I would not have been given a ration card and I would have to eat with the peasant. But since I had my family I took my meals with my family. My wife did her own cooking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1033.0,1052.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you paid for the food, and gave him your ration stamps except for some milk now and then? And he did not pay you anything?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1052.0,1062.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he didn’t pay me any money. He told me that I am working for our lodging and the few things that he gave me. I had a table and a few chairs and in exchange for that I had to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1062.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does that mean he had given them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1073.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e He placed them into my room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1074.0,1076.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, he had given them to you!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1076.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1077.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this peasant a Nazi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1080.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e He was a Nazi up to 1936. And then he left the party because he was afraid that in time he would lose his farm. He was a rich peasant and that is why he did not agree with the Nazis. He was afraid that in time they will organize some farm cooperative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1083.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Something like the Russian collective farms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1108.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Something of that kind, and that is why in time he became aroused against the Nazis. At the beginning he had joined them and was a member of the party up to 1936.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1109.0,1121.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you believe that such a peasant was uninformed either through relatives or friends about the goings-on in concentration camps?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1121.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e I think he might not have known it. Moreover he had very little interest for such things. And he wasn’t getting together with the people too much. Here in Bavaria the peasants do not mingle very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1132.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, you had to opportunity to observe the Germans. What did such a peasant think about the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1147.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Many of them thought that Germany will win. But many also predicted that Germany will never win the war because the superiority of the enemy was too great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1157.0,1171.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where were you on the date of Germany’s surrender?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1171.0,1175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e In the same village with the peasant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1175.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did the people say then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1178.0,1181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Many of the Germans were very glad that the war was over and their sons will return home. And the peasants turned to their work. They said, ‘It will be bad at the beginning, but in time we will get on our feet again as good peasants.’ They all had hope for a better future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1181.0,1207.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, did the peasants eat well during the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1207.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Most of them did. They found ways not to surrender everything and they took good care of themselves and ate very well. Most of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1211.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now as an observer—what do you think of the present German situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1224.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e How can I tell you? I have so little interest in the situation right here. My interests, my thoughts are all overseas. To get away from here as soon as possible so that finally I should have a homeland. Since 1920 I had not a single night in peace. And to have a little, little land of my own. As I observe the Germans here, soon times will be better for them. That I heard in the villages. They think it may be bad for three, four, five years, but eventually they will have a better life, a freer life, better than they had under the Nazis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1235.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, what was the attitude of the peasant with whom you lived and of his kind, what was their attitude toward the Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1290.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Their attitude toward the Jews was bad. One could feel that also among the peasants. They did not love the Jewish people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1306.0,1317.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was the attitude of the Mennonites of Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1317.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e The Mennonites despise no nation. On the contrary the Mennonites feel that they are persecuted for their religion just as the Jews. We often compared ourselves with the Jews. Only we are a small, poor, little people, while the Jews are richer, larger in number, and have a stronger organization. We are too few and weak, but the religious persecutions of the last four hundred years are the same for us as for the Jews. We have no homeland, we have no country that we may call our own. We were once in Holland, we were near Danzig in the region of the Polish corridor, we were in southern Russia and nowhere did we find a homeland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1321.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, do you think that one can have a homeland if he is not ready to defend it with arms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1370.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e According to our convictions—yes. In accordance with our faith one can have a homeland even if one does not defend it with arms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1377.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In all other respects the Mennonites recognize the authority of the state, I mean do you pay taxes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1391.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. In all other respects the Mennonites...they recognize the state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1400.0,1406.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever hear of a sect in the United States, the Jehovah’s Witnesses?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1406.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a different sect. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1411.0,1417.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Or take the Dukhobors. They refuse to pay taxes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1417.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I never heard of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1423.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So the Mennonites pay their taxes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1424.0,1426.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Very readily. To the best of my knowledge it was so before, and it is so now. We are not greedy. We pay, we want to work, we want to keep up our religion and we are ready to fulfill all our duties to any state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1426.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were telling me that you worked as a bookkeeper. Are there many Mennonites who do not work on the land?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1440.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Very few. Most of them are farmers, peasants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1446.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Are there any Mennonites in Mexico?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1453.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, there are Mennonites in Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1455.0,1458.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where do they live there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1458.0,1460.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That I can’t tell you exactly but I know there are Mennonites in Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1460.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know by any chance whether these came from Canada or did they come directly from Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1465.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e This I couldn’t tell you either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1472.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they get to Paraguay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1474.0,1477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e There is already an order since April from the government of Paraguay that all Mennonites may come to that country unconditionally. There is even no control of health conditions. Only come to Paraguay. Our Mennonites have built their colonies in that large Chaco region which was formerly impassable and our colonies have flourished there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1477.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, are there more women than men in your group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1510.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e Many more women than men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1515.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now what will become of these women? Many of them do not know if they are widows or not. May a Mennonite woman marry a non-Mennonite?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1517.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e According to our laws a woman may marry only among Mennonites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1528.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e May that not lead to some difficulties?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1536.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e So far it did not. [He apparently has turned away from the microphone on purpose while making an additional remark].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1541.0,1549.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh no. I do not refer to promiscuity. I simply mean that the situation may become difficult for a large number of women to find suitable men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1549.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e That certainly will be a problem, but so far we had very few mixed marriages in our colony. Lately it has become more frequent because so many of our men are away and that is why some Mennonite women have married non-Mennonites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1563.0,1589.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, Mr. Klver, do Mennonites convert into their religion people of other faiths?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1589.0,1596.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No. We remain in our own community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1596.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e If somebody wants to join the Mennonites would you accept him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1601.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No. He must be born a Mennonite. We are not only a religion. We consider ourself a people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1607.0,1616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now let us suppose a Spaniard, an Uruguayan sees your way of life and likes it. Will he still be unable to become a Mennonite.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1616.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eJulius Klüver:\u003c/strong\u003e No. There are some very rare exceptions. If such a Spaniard or a person of another nationality happens to live in our colony in our village, and takes on our religion, learns our language and continues to live among our people, an exception can be made. Then he must be baptised.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1629.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71423/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes Spool 132 - an interview with Mr. Julius Klüver - a so-called Leader of the Germanic Group of the Funkkasernen Camp in, hm, near München. This is the first case that we have interviewed a displaced person, who took – so to say - advantage of the situation in Russia to move west and to get to a country where their reluctance to carry arms because of religious principles should be respected. September 19, 1956 in Munich, Germany at the UNRA Detention Camp, a Illinois Institute of Technology wire recording. The machine is not at – in the best order, one condenser is broken, seems to be broken of, because the machine got a very rough ride. But nevertheless we took the record, because we hope that the transcription will be satisfactory. September 19, 1946 – Illinois Institute of Technology wire recording.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.0,1750.784"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] September 19, 1946 in a large refugee center in the Funkkasernen we are interviewing Mr. Julius Klüver, a leader of the Mennonite Group, which moved gradually from [Name der Stadt unverständlich] Russia up to the American Zone in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1.417,24.086"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also sagen Sie uns wieder, Herr Klüver, wie heißen Sie, wie alt sind Sie, wo sind Sie geboren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=24.086,31.353"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich heiße Julius Klüver, bin 43 Jahre alt. Bin geboren in [unverständlich] Ekaterinslav Dneprovsk in der Ukraine auf dem Gut meines Vaters [Name des Gutes unverständlich ].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=31.353,49.257"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also gut, Herr Klüver, wo waren Sie und was hat Ihnen passiert wenn der Krieg angefangen hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=49.257,58.094"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Als der Krieg anfing war ich in der Ukraine in der Stadt [unverständlich]. Ich arbeitete in einer Fabrik als Buchhalter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=58.094,77.347"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also was hat Ihnen passiert als der Krieg angefangen hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=77.347,92.722"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Als der Krieg anfing arbeitete ich weiter in der Fabrik bis die Deutschen kamen. Es war das Bestreben der Mennoniten, sowie mein Bestreben so schnell wie möglich nach dem Westen zu gehen, und am besten zu unseren Mennoniten nach Kanada, den USA oder Paraguay zu gehen. Das war unser altes Ziel—noch von 1920—und dem Ziel wollten wir nachgehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=92.722,130.767"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir mal, wie viele Mennoniten waren in Ihrer Gemeinde?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=130.767,136.201"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Im Jahre 1930 waren es ungefähr achtzig tausend [80.000] Mennoniten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=136.201,147.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo haben die alle gelebt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=147.207,149.237"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Gelebt haben die Meisten in Süd-Russland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=149.237,152.972"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie, waren die meisten Mennoniten Deutsche?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=152.972,156.677"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Mennoniten sind Holländer, holländischer Abstammung. Sie kamen von Holland nach Süd Russland auf den Ruf der Kaiserin Katharina, der Zweiten, und später, sowie mein Vater, der kam auch später, kamen, hm, kamen nach Russland und die sind da, um die Ukraine zu kolonisieren. Sie, hm, sie gingen von Holland und von der Süd—von der Westküste zu der Nordküste und gingen sie weg wegen ihrem Religionsbekenntnis und wegen der Wehrbekenntnis. In Russland wurde uns versprochen, dass wir die Wehrbekenntnis können halten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=156.677,200.512"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und was soll das heißen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=200.512,201.898"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: . . . also nicht als Soldaten eingezogen werden gegen unser Religionsbekenntnis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=201.898,208.055"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und nun und das haben die Russen gehalten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=208.055,211.26"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das haben die Russen gehalten bis 1920.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=211.26,216.272"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat der Zar niemals die Mennoniten einberufen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=216.272,219.567"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: In der Zaren Zeit brauchten wir das Gewehr nicht zu nehmen, wir mussten Arbeitsdienst für die Försterei leiten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=219.567,228.935"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und dann—wann wurden die Mennoniten zum ersten Mal einberufen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=228.935,234.037"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Als die, die Sowjet Republik—zur Zeit der Gründung der Sowjet Republik.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=234.037,237.543"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dann fingen sie an die Mennoniten einzuberufen? Was haben die Mennoniten dann getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=237.543,246.26"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Mennoniten haben sich abgesagt und wurden dafür—kamen dafür vors Gericht. So wurde auch ich 1923 vor das Gericht gerufen und es dauerte sehr lange bis ich wegen meiner religiösen Bekenntnis vom Wehrdienst freigesprochen wurde. Und 1923...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=246.26,269.352"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie wurden Sie frei?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=269.352,271.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Man konnte freigesprochen werden nur auf weil das Gericht—das sowjetische Gericht uns davon freisprach.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=271.081,280.009"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat das Sowjet Gericht jeden Einzelnen vor Gericht gezogen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=280.009,285.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Es sind viele von unseren jungen Männern in der Zeit vors Gericht gegangen, viele wurden vors Gericht gegeben. Viele sind freigesprochen worden, viele nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=285.081,294.25"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und was hat man mit denen getan, die nicht freigesprochen wurden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=294.25,297.545"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Man hat Einige einberufen, aber die meisten mussten Arbeitsdienst in Sibirien leisten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=297.545,303.78"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun, also, was hat passiert, wie die Deutschen nach Russland kamen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=303.78,309.623"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Als jetzt die Deutschen nach Russland kamen, so ist ein Teil von Mennoniten sofort nach dem Westen gegangen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=309.623,316.554"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das heißt—den Deutschen begegnet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=316.554,319.668"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, also die haben sich zurück nach dem Westen gezogen. Uns wäre es einerlei gewesen, wer gekommen wäre, wäre es ein französische Armee gewesen oder eine holländische Armee oder eine türkische Armee gewesen—wir wollten nur weg aus dem Osten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=319.668,336.325"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=336.325,337.831"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Weil unsere Eltern, unsere Geschwister, unsere Männer fast alle waren im Exil in Sibirien. Uns wurde all das Hab und Gut abgenommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=337.831,348.412"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wann ist das passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=348.412,350.069"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das ist passiert vom Jahre 1920 bis 1935. So, zum Beispiel, bei mir; mein Vater war reich und hatte ein Gut. Mein Vater wurde 1920 erschossen, weil er ein reicher Mann war. Ich war ein junger Mann von 17 Jahren und ich habe mich jahrelang versteckt gehalten, um nicht erschossen zu werden. Also mein Ziel war nur weg zu unseren Brüdern nach Kanada. In Kanada habe ich drei [3] Schwestern. Keine Geschwister hab ich mehr hier. Meine Frau hat vier [4] Schwestern in Kanada, wir wollten nur zurück zu unseren Mennoniten. So, zum Beispiel, von meinen zehn [10] Onkeln, die ich da hatte, sind neun [9] sind neun [9] Onkel weg. Fünf [5] sind in Sibirien gestorben, vier [4] sind im Gefängnis gestorben und verhaftet wurden sie nur deshalb, weil sie reiche Leute waren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=350.069,413.014"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun, also, wie—wann fingen Sie an nach dem Westen zu gehen? Wann sind die Deutschen—haben Sie in Saratov damals gelebt, wie die Deutschen kamen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=413.014,420.767"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=420.767,421.378"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=421.378,421.921"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich, ich lebte in Zaporoje. Als die Deutschen im Winter 41 herein kamen, im Jahre 42 ging ein Teil von uns schon nach Polen. Ich ging im Anfang des Jahres 43 nach Polen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=421.921,439.785"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die Deutschen das erlaubt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=439.785,441.532"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, die haben es erlaubt. Wir konnten, wir konnten nach...nach dem Westen gehen. Ich ging nach Polen und war in Polen beinah zwei [2] Jahre. Als aber die Front näher kam nach Polen, ging ich von Polen weiter nach Deutschland. Da kam ich bis Chemnitz. In Chemnitz war ich nur 2 Wochen, dann kam der große Fliegerangriff. Ich wurde ausgebombt und ich entfloh mit meiner Familie weiter nach dem Westen. So kam ich nach München.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=441.532,472.792"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wann kamen Sie nach München?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=472.792,474.491"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nach München kam ich im...im Januar 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=474.491,480.949"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die Deutschen von den Mennoniten einen Arbeitsdienst verlangt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=480.949,486.292"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Einige...einige von Mennoniten mussten arbeiten. Einige wurden sogar einberufen oder sollten einberufen werden. Und...und...aber Wenige sind gegangen. Die Meisten waren auf ihren religiösen Stand wegen der Wehrlosigkeit und haben gearbeitet—verschiedene Arbeiten und haben sich dem Wehrdienst entzogen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=486.292,511.636"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun und wo...wie viele Mennoniten sind jetzt hier in diesem Lager zu diesem Punkt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=511.636,517.491"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: In diesem Lager sind wir fünfhundert zweiundfünzig [552] Mennoniten, wo die Meisten nach Paraguay gehen wollen. Und von denen...und...und Einige wollen nach Kanada gehen zu den Verwandten, von denen die schon Affidavit haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=517.491,533.015"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dann haben die Kanadier den Mennoniten erlaubt nicht in den Wehrdienst einzutreten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=533.015,538.117"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, die Kanadier selbst– so viel wie mir bekannt ist—haben in diesem Krieg auch meistenteils nur Arbeitsdienst geleistet. Nur Einige sind freiwillig in den Wehrmachtsdienst gegangen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=538.117,550.286"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was meinen Sie—die Kanadier im Allgemeinen oder die kanadischen Mennoniten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=550.286,553.943"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Kanadischen Mennoniten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=553.943,556.184"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mal, wie haben sich diese 500 Mennoniten versammelt? Mit wie Vielen sind Sie weg gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=556.184,565.804"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich bin mit meiner Familie weg gegangen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=565.804,568.335"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie viel Leute waren das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=568.335,569.672"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Vier Personen. Hier haben wir uns gesammelt aus der ganzen amerikanischen Zone. Einzeln, fast alles Frauen und Kinder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=569.672,579.672"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo sind die Männer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=579.672,580.847"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Männer, die Meisten sind in Sibirien. Die wurden verhaftet im Jahre 36 und 37 in Russland, noch vor dem Kriege.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=580.847,591.491"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und diesen Männer wurde erlaubt in Sibirien Mennoniten zu sein?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=591.491,596.834"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die sind in Haft, im Lager, als, hm, in Arbeit stehend. Wir haben keine Nachricht von Ihnen und die Frauen wissen auch nicht, ob sie noch am Leben sind oder nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=596.834,609.105"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also von den 500 Personen, die hier versammelt sind, wie viele sind da erwachsene Männer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=609.105,616.587"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Es sind ungefähr ein Drittel Männer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=616.587,622.593"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und die Anderen sind Frauen und Kinder?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=622.593,624.804"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Frauen und Kinder. Wir haben ungefähr 250 Kinder hier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=624.804,630.117"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und denken Sie, dass, dass die Kanadier Sie rein lassen werden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=630.117,634.696"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, das denke ich sicher. Also nach Paraguay haben wir schon die Erlaubnis und in kurzer Zeit soll der erste Transport mit 430 Mennoniten nach Paraguay gehen, wo auch ganze mennonitische Kolonien sind in, in Paraguay. Die gehen zu ihren Verwandten nach Paraguay und zu ihren Bekannten in diesen mennonitischen Kolonien.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=634.696,658.204"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir, wieso kommt es, wie viele Generationen von Ihrer Familie haben in Russland gelebt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=658.204,666.168"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Mein Grossvater kam nach Russland als Kleiner, als Kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=666.168,673.379"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also das war ungefähr wie viele Jahre zurück?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=673.379,675.74"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das war ungefähr achtzig [80] oder neunzig [90] Jahre zurück, neunzig [90] Jahre zurück.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=675.74,679.848"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und sagen Sie mir, wieso kommt es, dass die Mennoniten in Russland die deutsche Sprache behalten haben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=679.848,686.547"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Weil wir hatten, wir sprechen untereinander immer noch holländisch, das friesische Platt. Wir haben nur die Gesangbücher, unsere, unsere Bibel und Schulbücher haben wir in deutscher Sprache. Anfänglich waren wir in holländischer Sprache, aber weil in Süd-Russland viele deutsche Kolonien waren unter den Mennonitischen, und der deutsche Markt mit Büchern, die mehr aus dem Fach waren, hat unsere Schule und die Religion den Jungs die Bücher in deutscher Sprache gegeben. Wir aber sprechen zu Hause—auch jetzt hier—alle unter uns nur die holländische Sprache.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=686.547,733.604"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mal, Herr Klüver, in welcher Hinsicht unterscheiden sich die Mennonitischen Religion von den anderen Protestantischen Religionen mit Ausnahme der [unverständlich] Gewehr tragen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=733.604,748.827"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Erstens die Hauptsache ist, bei uns ist nicht Kleintaufe sondern Großtaufe. Das ist die, die erste Hauptlinie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=748.827,758.086"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was ist die Großtaufe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=758.086,759.441"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Also bei uns werden sie getauft, wenn siebzehn [17], achtzehn [18], neunzehn [19] Jahre alt. Nicht als klein, sondern erst wenn man das Alter zwischen siebzehn [17] und neunzehn [19] Jahre erreicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=759.441,770.206"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zweitens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=770.206,771.743"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Zweitens ist die Wehrlosigkeit. Drittens schwören wir nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=771.743,777.201"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie schwören nicht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=777.201,779.643"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein. Wir sagen ja, ja oder nein, nein, aber ein Gelübde oder einen Schwur legen wir nicht an.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=779.643,786.492"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nicht einmal zu ihren, hm, Lande, zu Ihrem Vaterland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=786.492,790.209"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Auch nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=790.209,792.631"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber was sind die Anderen...aber anders sie sind im allgemeinen Protestant?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=792.631,799.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Protestant, ja protestantisch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=799.3,802.462"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mal, wo waren Sie dann in der letzten Zeit des Krieges, das letzte Jahr des Krieges, wenn Deutschland schon den Krieg allmählich verloren hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=802.462,816.48"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich war von 43, von anfangs 43 bis Ende 45 in Polen. Ich lebte in Leibenstadt, ich arbeite als Buchhalter in einem Betrieb","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=816.48,828.799"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In Polen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=828.799,829.594"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: In Polen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=829.594,830.317"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wann sind Sie in die amerikanische Zone gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=830.317,832.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Zur amerikanischen Zone kam ich im Januar 1945.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=832.95,836.878"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und bevor waren sie in Polen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=836.878,838.788"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: In Polen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=838.788,839.613"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun da kamen doch...wo waren Sie als die Russen nach Polen kamen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=839.613,843.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Als die Front näher nach Polen kam, ging ich zurück zu einigen guten Bekannten und westlich nach Deutschland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=843.3,853.884"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die Deutschen das erlaubt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=853.884,855.18"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, sie haben das erlaubt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=855.18,857.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun waren Sie in irgendwelchen Gegenden, die schwer gebombt worden sind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=857.15,861.65"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich war...von Polen kam ich nach Chemnitz. Da war ich zwei [2] Wochen und wollte mir da Arbeit suchen. Und ich hatte mir auch ein Zimmer gemietet da, aber das Haus wurde in zwei [2] Wochen ganz zerbombt und ich wollte mit nur einem Koffer meiner Familie das Leben retten und bin zu Fuß nach der Stadt Weier und von Weier nach München. In München lebte mein Vetter und ich hab mich dem angeschlossen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=861.65,891.574"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Lebte er immer in München oder war er auch ein Flüchtling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=891.574,894.176"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Er war auch ein Flüchtling, er kam von Russland 1942.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=894.176,900.381"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und dann, hm, haben Sie sich hier allmählich versammelt und sind jetzt fertig weiter zu reisen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=900.381,907.291"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Wir waren...als wir nach München kamen, wurde ich in der Stadt nicht untergebracht. Ich ging—ich musste gehen zu den Bauern [unverständlich]. Die Familie war auch mit mir beim Bauern. [unverständlich - ganz besonders starkes Rauschen im Hintergrund des Tonbandes]. Ich habe da über ein Jahr als Knecht beim Bauern gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=907.291,923.809"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo war ihre Familie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=923.809,925.297"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Familie war auch mit mir beim Bauern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=925.297,927.627"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben eine Frau und zwei [2] Kinder?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=927.627,929.646"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Eine Frau und zwei [2] Töchter, die haben alle gearbeitet beim Bauern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=929.646,933.973"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Beim Bauern?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=933.973,934.877"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, ohne Bezahlung, wir lebten mit unserer Lebensmittelkarte und bekamen zusätzlich etwas Milch von ihm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=934.877,943.381"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt gelebt mit Ihrer Lebensmittelkarte? Hat der Bauer sie nicht gefüttert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=943.381,947.369"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, also es war so. Wir bekamen unsere Lebensmittelkarten und dazu mussten arbeiten. Zusätzlich haben wir etwas Milch von ihm bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=947.369,957.773"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und das andere Essen haben Sie bezahlen müssen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=957.773,960.315"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das habe ich bezahlt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=960.315,961.731"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo von haben Sie das bezahlt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=961.731,963.189"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich hatte noch Geld von meinem früheren Verdienst. Es war nicht—da brauchte man nicht viel Geld zu haben, um die Lebensmittel aufzukaufen, die man jetzt bekam auf die Karte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=963.189,977.418"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sagen, Sie hatten noch etwas mit, was für ein Geld war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=977.418,984.81"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das waren Deutsche Mark, Reichsmark.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=984.81,989.25"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wann haben Sie die umgetauscht von Rubel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=989.25,993.358"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Russische Rubel, das war nicht gespart in Russischen Rubel. Das war das, was ich in Polen verdient habe. Das bekamen wir schon bezahlt in Deutschen Reichsmark. Also von Russischen Rubeln hatte ich kein Geld, also keine Ersparnis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=993.358,1008.4"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also wollen wir das klar machen. Sie und Ihre Familie haben bei einem Bauern gearbeitet. Nicht wahr?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1008.4,1013.713"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1013.713,1015.129"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und der hat Ihnen das Essen nicht frei gegeben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1015.129,1018.906"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das war wegen dem Gesetz. Wer Lebensmittelkarten hat, darf nicht beim Bauern essen, wenn er sein eigenes Aus...Aushalt hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1018.906,1029.659"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, wozu haben Sie die Lebensmittelkarten genommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1029.659,1033.466"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das war so, das war so—alle Flüchtlinge haben gelebt und haben Karten bekommen. Weil ich meine Familie mit mir hatte. Wenn ich ledig wäre, hätt ich können...die Lebensmittelkarte nicht bekommen und bei ihm essen, beim Bauern. Aber weil ich Familie hatte, deshalb hab ich mit der Familie...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1033.466,1050.653"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1050.653,1051.135"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Frau hat selber gekocht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1051.135,1052.854"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha. Und Sie bezahlten ihr Essen mit den Karten, Sie haben ihm die Karten, die Lebensmittelkarten gegeben und er gab Ihnen ab und zu etwas Milch? Und er hat Ihnen nichts gezahlt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1052.854,1062.243"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, Geld hat er mir nicht gezahlt. Er hat gesagt wir arbeiten für die Wohnung und für die, für die paar Sachen, die er mir gegeben hat. Ich hatte einen Tisch und ein paar Stühle und dafür musste ich arbeiten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1062.243,1073.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt er hat sie gegeben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1073.044,1074.54"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Er hat sie rein gestellt in mein Zimmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1074.54,1076.776"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, er hat Sie Ihnen gegeben!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1076.776,1077.976"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1077.976,1080.267"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun war dieser Bauer ein Nazi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1080.267,1083.436"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Er war bis 1936 Nazi. Dann ist er aus der Partei rausgegangen, weil er Angst hatte und würde sein Gut verlieren. Er war ein reicher Bauer, ein [unverständlich] Bauer und deshalb hat er nicht mit den Nazis gestimmt. Er meinte, dass mit der Zeit es wird solche Gesellschaften geben, die darauf aus sind Genossenschaften daraus...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1083.436,1108.225"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie in Russland die landwirtschaftlichen Genossenschaften?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1108.225,1109.02"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, so was auf diese Art, deshalb war...wurde er mit der Zeit gegen die Nazis gestimmt. Anfänglich war er mit ihnen und war ein Parteimitglied bis 1936.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1109.02,1121.942"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und Sie glauben, dass solch ein Bauer nicht durch Bekannte oder Verwandte gewusst hat was in den Konzentrationslagern vorgeht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1121.942,1132.496"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ich denk, er kann es nicht gewusst haben. Er hat auch wenig Interesse daran. Und Gemeinschaft hatte er auch keine. Hier in Bayern hatten die Bauern sehr kleine Gemeinschaften untereinander.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1132.496,1147.026"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mir, Sie haben doch die Deutschen beobachten können, was hat der Bauer über den Krieg gedacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1147.026,1157.43"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Viele von ihnen haben geglaubt, dass Deutschland gewinnen wird. Aber Viele haben auch prophezeit, dass Deutschland den Krieg nie gewinnen wird, denn die Übermacht war zu gross.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1157.43,1171.96"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo waren Sie an dem Tage als Deutschland sich ergeben hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1171.96,1175.725"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Da war ich in diesem Dorf beim Bauern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1175.725,1178.478"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun was haben die Leute dann gesagt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1178.478,1181.623"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Sehr viele von den Deutschen haben sich sehr gefreut, dass der Krieg zu Ende ist und damit ihre Söhne nach Hause kommen. Und dann haben sich dann sind die Bauern wieder ihrer Arbeit gewidmet. Sie haben sich gedacht: ‚Wir werden es jetzt schlecht haben anfänglich—aber mit der Zeit werden wir uns doch wieder vollständig erholen.“ Sie haben Hoffnung gehabt für eine bessere Zukunft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1181.623,1207.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie, haben die Bauern während des Krieges gut gegessen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1207.718,1211.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Meisten ja. Die haben es verstanden nicht alles abzuliefern und da hatten sie für sich und haben wohl [unverständlich—starkes Rauschen im Tonband], die Meisten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1211.784,1224.025"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und nun als Beobachter—was denken Sie von der deutschen Lage jetzt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1224.025,1235.091"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, wie soll ich Ihnen dies erklären? Ich habe so wenig Interesse an der Lage jetzt hier, mein Interesse und meine Gedanken sind nur drüben. So schnell wie möglich von hier weg, dass ich endlich eine Heimat habe. Seit 1920 habe ich keine Ruhe...keine ruhige Nacht gehabt und eigentlich möchte ich einmal—eine Nacht - in Ruhe schlafen. Und auch eine kleine, kleine Heimat zu haben. Hier denken viele Deutsche es wird ihnen bald wieder besser gehen. Von Vielen habe ich das gehört, wie ich im Dorf noch war. Das sie immerhin hoffen drei [3] oder vier [4] Jahre werden sie es schwer haben, aber dann werden sie doch ein besseres Leben haben, ein freieres Leben haben als zur Zeit der Nazi gehabt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1235.091,1290.294"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie, was war das Verhältnis des Bauern, mit dem Sie gelebt haben, was war deren Verhältnis zu den Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1290.294,1306.571"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das Verhalten zu den Juden war schlecht. Das habe ich gespürt bei den Bauern auch. Das jüdische Volk wurde nicht gemocht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1306.571,1317.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie stand es zwischen den Mennoniten in Russland?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1317.95,1321.546"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die Mennoniten haben keine Nation verachtet. Im Gegenteil—die Mennoniten haben sich auch für so eine religiös verfolgte Nation, wie die Juden, gefühlt. Wir haben uns sehr oft mit den Juden verglichen. Nur, dass wir ein kleines, armes Völkchen sind und die Juden sind sehr reich und in der Mehrzahl mehr und sie haben stärkere Organisationen. Wir sind zu wenig und zu schwach. Aber die Verfolgung, die religiöse Verfolgungen der letzten vier hundert [400] Jahre war so wie bei den Juden. Wir haben keine Heimat, wir haben kein Land, dass wir unseres nennen können. Wir waren in Holland, wir waren bei Danzig im polnischen Korridor, wir waren in Süd-Russland und nirgendwo finden wir eine Heimat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1321.546,1370.775"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir, kann man eine Heimat haben, wenn man diese Heimat nicht mit Gewehr verteidigen will?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1370.775,1377.534"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nach unserer Ansicht—ja. Nach unserem Glauben und religiösen Bekenntnis kann man eine Heimat haben, auch wenn man sie nicht mit dem Gewehr verteidigen kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1377.534,1391.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In allen anderen Fällen—erkennen die Mennoniten den Staat an? Das heißt, zahlen Sie Steuern?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1391.389,1400.773"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, ja, in allen Fällen—die Mennoniten—wir bezahlen Steuern...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1400.773,1403.894"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Erkennen Sie den Staat an?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1403.894,1405.009"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Wir erkennen den Staat an.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1405.009,1406.478"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie je gehört von der Sekte in Amerika—die Jehovas Zeugnisse?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1406.478,1411.972"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1411.972,1414.878"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das ist eine andere Sekte, wie, zum Beispiel die Dukhobors, die wollen keine Steuern zahlen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1414.878,1417.888"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, habe ich noch nie gehört.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1417.888,1424.677"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: So, die Mennoniten zahlen ihre Steuern?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1424.677,1426.755"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Sehr gern. Bitte ich weiß von früher und auch jetzt—wir sind nicht geizig. Wir zahlen, wir wollen arbeiten, wir wollen auch unsere Religion haben und wir wollen unsere Pflichten gegen den Staat erfüllen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1426.755,1440.622"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sagten, Sie arbeiten als Buchhalter, gibt es viele Mennoniten, die nicht auf dem Lande arbeiten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1440.622,1446.598"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Sehr wenig. Die Meisten sind alle Bauern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1446.598,1453.146"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Gibt es welche Mennoniten in Mexiko?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1453.146,1455.899"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, es gibt Mennoniten in Mexiko.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1455.899,1458.429"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo leben diese?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1458.429,1460.507"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das kann ich Ihnen nicht genau sagen, ich weiß nur, dass es in Mexiko auch Mennoniten gibt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1460.507,1465.056"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren diese von Kanada übersiedelt oder sie direkt von Russland gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1465.056,1472.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Das kann ich Ihnen genau nicht sagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1472.207,1474.267"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wieso sind sie nach Paraguay gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1474.267,1477.562"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Die, die haben schon ab April [unverständlich] ein Bestimmung von der Paraguay Regierung, dass alle Mennoniten—ohne jegliche Bedingung—frei nach diesem Land kommen können - ohne Gesundheitskontrolle des Gesundheitszustandes können alle nach Paraguay kommen. Das sind unsere Mennoniten, die haben in dem großen Chaco Gebiet, wo keiner richtig konnte durchkommen, da haben unsere Mennoniten Kolonien gebaut und unsere Kolonien blühen dort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1477.562,1510.901"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun sagen Sie mal—in ihrer Gruppe sind da mehr Frauen, wie Männer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1510.901,1515.642"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Viel mehr Frauen wie Männer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1515.642,1517.491"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also was wird aus diesen Frauen werden? Viele von ihnen werden nicht wissen, ob sie Witwen sind oder nicht. Und dann darf sich eine Mennonitin mit einem Nicht-Mennoniten verheiraten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1517.491,1528.919"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein. Sie dürfen—nach unseren Gesetzen—nur unsere Mennoniten heiraten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1528.919,1536.521"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun wird es nicht eine schwierige Situation bringen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1536.521,1541.521"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Bis jetzt nicht. [Pause] Nein, ich meine nicht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1541.521,1549.907"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ich meine bloß vom Standpunkt, von unserem, dass ist doch eine schwere Situation sein wird, Frauen zu haben, die sich keine Männer finden können","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1549.907,1563.311"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Ja, das wird vielleicht schwer sein, aber wir haben bis, bisher in unseren Kolonien, haben wir bisher sehr wenige gemischte Ehen gehabt. Jetzt—in letzter Zeit ist es mehr geworden, weil von unseren Männern viele weg sind. Deswegen haben auch Mennonitische Frauen geheiratet mit Anderen als Mennoniten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1563.311,1589.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie, Herr Klüver, tuen die Mennoniten Leute von anderen Religionen bekehren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1589.044,1596.345"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, nein, das ist nur von unserer Gemeinde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1596.345,1601.375"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zum Beispiel sagen wir, wenn jemand Mennonite werden will, würden sie ihn aufnehmen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1601.375,1607.942"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein, er muss als Mennonite geboren werden. Das ist kein...nicht nur Religion...wir sehen uns als Volk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1607.942,1616.328"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also zum Beispiel, wenn ein Spanier, ein Uruguyaner, hm, sieht, wie Sie leben und ihr Leben ihm gefällt, kann er doch nicht Mennonite werden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1616.328,1629.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Klüver: Nein. Es werden sehr große Ausnahmen ge..., es werden Ausnahmen gemacht. Wenn dieser, hm, Spanier oder andere Nationalitäten, wenn der in unserer Kolonie, in unserem Dorf wohnt und unsere Gebräuche und unsere Religion annimmt und unsere Sprache erlernt und unter unseren Leuten wohnt, dann kann eine Ausnahme gemacht werden. Dann muss er sich taufen lassen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1629.081,1656.913"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/transcript/71421/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes Spool 132 - an interview with Mr. Julius Klüver - a so-called Leader of the Germanic Group of the Funkkasernen Camp in, hm, near München. This is the first case that we have interviewed a displaced person, who took—so to say - advantage of the situation in Russia to move west and to get to a country where their reluctance to carry arms because of religious principles should be respected. September 19, 1956 in Munich, Germany at the UNRA Detention Camp, a Illinois Institute of Technology wire recording. The machine is not at—in the best order, one condenser is broken, seems to be broken of, because the machine got a very rough ride. But nevertheless we took the record, because we hope that the transcription will be satisfactory. September 19, 1946—Illinois Institute of Technology wire recording.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.913,1750.8"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["kluver_annotations_en [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/YekaterinoslavskyUyezd\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/YekaterinoslavskyUyezd\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=31.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Zaporizhia\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Zaporizhia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=58.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Saratov\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Saratov\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=413.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Zaporizhia\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Zaporizhia\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=420.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=441.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=441.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=441.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=472.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=511.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=517.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Lodz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Lodz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=816.0,828.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Chemnitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=861.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=861.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=891.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=907.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=907.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gdansk\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gdansk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1321.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Funkkaserne\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.0,1750.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.0,1750.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.0,1750.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338/annotation_set/1555/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUNRRA: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Established in 1943, its principal executive post was held by a representative of the United States, which supplied forty percent of its budget. Among its chief duties was the repatriation of displaced persons—when the war ended, UNRRA had to cope with the task of caring for millions of displaced persons and refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17638/file/253338#t=1656.0,1750.784"}]}]}]}