{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gm81j97n1j/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Abraham Schrameck, August 21, 1946, Paris, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-08-21"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" French (Primary)"," English (Secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" schrameckA_9-55 (Local)"," schrameckA_9-55_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Paris (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Abraham Schrameck by David P. Boder, conducted on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France. (Abstract)"," Abraham Schramack had a distinguished career as a governmental administrator and political figure during the French Third Republic, which lasted from 1871-1940. Among the positions he held were secretary general of the prefecture of Marseille, member of the Senate, the upper chamber of the Third Republic's National Assembly, and minister of the interior, in which capacity he was head of the national police. Due to his pre-war prominence and despite his advanced age (he was in his seventies at the time of the Occupation), he found himself in peril especially after the German takeover of the Vichy-government-controlled zone of France (the so-called \"free zone\") on November 11, 1942. Mr. Schramack survived with the help of friends and acquaintances and his own pluck and good fortune. He died on October 19, 1948 in Marseille, a little over two years after the interview was conducted. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Saint-Étienne (Loire, France) (Geographic)"," Marseille (France) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Schrameck, Abraham (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Joyce, Deborah (Transcriber)"," Joyce, Deborah (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["France"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Abraham Schrameck by David P. Boder, conducted on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France."," Abraham Schramack had a distinguished career as a governmental administrator and political figure during the French Third Republic, which lasted from 1871-1940. Among the positions he held were secretary general of the prefecture of Marseille, member of the Senate, the upper chamber of the Third Republic's National Assembly, and minister of the interior, in which capacity he was head of the national police. Due to his pre-war prominence and despite his advanced age (he was in his seventies at the time of the Occupation), he found himself in peril especially after the German takeover of the Vichy-government-controlled zone of France (the so-called \"free zone\") on November 11, 1942. Mr. Schramack survived with the help of friends and acquaintances and his own pluck and good fortune. He died on October 19, 1948 in Marseille, a little over two years after the interview was conducted. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/132/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169920","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - schrameckA_9-55_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":1560.66756,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/132/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169920","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/132/original/schrameckA_9-55_SLP.mp3?1583169920","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1560.66756,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Yes, introduce yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=22.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMarcelle Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Give your name and some details about your career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=26.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] To date I have done fifty years of public service for my country. Twenty-five years of my administrative career and during the same time, elected office in the legislature. I never dreamed when I was very young, the son of an ordinary merchant in the Centre department at St. Etienne Loire, that I would have a career as a public figure. Circumstances, in their own time, made the decision for me. It turned out that I was invited by the Prefect of the Department where I was born, to take a position as head of his office. It was Mr. Lépine who invited me, whom I then accompanied to Paris, where he was Prefect of Police and where he is still fondly remembered, because no matter what, no matter how great his successors were, none of them could supplant him in our memories. When I left the Prefecture of Police, when my boss became head of the general governor of Algeria...or rather General Governor of Algeria, I started working for myself in Marseille, as secretary general of the prefecture. I stayed a few years. I went to work in two other Departments. I returned to Paris to the Ministry of the Interior to take a management position, and I returned to Marseille to the same Prefecture. I stayed there without ever being named Prefect, for seven or eight years, where I did my work in such a way that Mr. Clemenceau picked me for a general government position in Madagascar. And since my fellow citizens of Marseille offered, two years later, to put me in office to represent them in the Senate, I accepted...I responded to the confidence they placed in me. And that’s how, some time later, circumstances led Mr. Painlevé, as Head of the Government, to ask me to be Minister of the Interior. I was Minister of the Interior the whole time he was prime minister, not without difficulties on occasion in Paris, from the disruptive elements of the extreme Right who all too publicly demonstrated their hatred for republican institutions. And when that administration withdrew, I went back to my elected office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e As a member of the Senate, on the finance committee and the aviation committee, which enabled me to be aware of the situation in which we found ourselves, from the standpoint of our defense against potential attacks from Germany that we were already able to predict, we didn’t shy away, in the Senate committees to which I belonged, from frequently calling the attention of the government to the insufficiency of its preparation in the presence of the...of this...in the presence...[long pause]...of the accumulation of the attack capabilities that Germany was already acquiring and which were already known to the parliamentary committees. We unfortunately were not always able to find, neither with the government nor even throughout the range of public opinion, the credit, the acceptance that our observations should have...[pause]...huh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=380.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: . . . justified, yes...[aside off mic: “not the right word, but no matter”]. And unfortunately, events demonstrated that we were still underestimating the truth. We never stopped pointing out in particular the truly excessively inferior state of our air power as compared to [that of] our hawkish neighbors. [long pause] As war broke out, we relied up to a certain point, not being able to do otherwise, on eye witness reports by the heads of our army. As the war broke out and the disaster took on excessive proportions, all those who, as I, belonged to the Jewish faith, could expect...that they would be the object at the hands of the conquerors...of persecutions that did not fail to follow. Nor could they expect, given the conditions under which Maréchal Pétain and the head of his government under Laval had taken power, that they would do anything at all to spare them from these persecutions. As for me, I didn’t have to wait long. As early as September, I was sent away to Pellevoisin in administrative custody. The police commissioners...a police commissioner came to get me at my home in Marseille to take me to this institution where I found myself with other public figures and who had also attracted attention to themselves by the independence of their opinions, like Mandel, who unfortunately is gone ...uh, by...because of agents working for Laval, like Marx Dormoy, another former Minister of the Interior, and like a few others...uh...[aside off mic: “I don’t know how I started my sentence. I’ll try to finish it...”]. I remained in that institution for several months. From there, I was sent, in the beginning of 1940 [prompt from someone off mic who corrects, saying “41”] Yes, in this...being watched. But continuously, uh...under the...uh...my mail was opened, I had limited visitation, and...I didn’t...we were not able to leave this residence without government authorization. It is nevertheless true that when the Germans spoke again about having to open the demarcation line that they had accepted with the Armistice, I was going to leave this residence no matter what. I returned to my home in Marseille...from which they didn’t want me to wander off too far. And when I would go from time to time to a neighboring département [county], where the Gestapo would come to look for me, I could only avoid being arrested by them with the help of the good will and the devotion of certain municipal employees who warned me that the Gestapo was waiting for me. I was going home to Marseille, and there, because of our American friends, I was in a spot where my life was in danger, since when they bombed Marseille on May 27, all the windows of my house, the house in which I lived, exploded. The smoke permeated the house and I had to return to my personal pied-à-terre, up until the moment when I saw Moroccans, or Moroccan troops arriving, descending on the city, and who several days earlier had disembarked in the Mediterranean under orders from General de Lattre de Tassigny. Such were the Latin tribulations I experienced during this time of war, knowing...fortunately warned during the time I was in Marseille, knowing that they were looking for me, and not without suspecting the serious risks to which I would be exposed if by chance I fell into their hands. I have to say that [unintelligible] because of the way in which my fellow citizens of Marseille did what they could to avoid...to keep me from this extreme cruelty, coming to me even from high up in the government, letting me know that if need be, I would be able to hide, if I felt the situation warranted it, in the very Prefecture in which I had worked as head of the département for a certain number of years, if I felt that staying there for several hours would shelter me from the search that was being done to find me. And, from various other parts, some political friends...met with one or two other friends who were...filled with emotion by the risk that we faced, persons whose names I hardly knew from way back, made themselves available to me to do what they could to facilitate my chances of staying alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s enough. Did I answer your question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=912.0,919.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Yes. I’m thinking of something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=919.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] At that time, in Paris where I had an apartment, it goes without saying that the Germans made a clean sweep of the place. Nothing remained of all my things, not a bookshelf, or anything that once belonged to my parents, for more than a hundred years. Everything was taken, and I found myself deprived of any means of taking up or continuing my former life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=924.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [To interpreter] I want to know if there were many of your father’s friends collaborating with Vichy and the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=958.0,984.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Political friends?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=984.0,996.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e I can’t think of any. They are very rare. There just aren’t any. And here’s why. It’s because Mr. Laval, who had previously been in the Parliament, already did not have a very good reputation. He was already considered as, for quite a few years, as doing in Parliament whatever would be agreeable to Germany. He was remembered as having gone, in the last war, to...where was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=996.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . to Quintal to try to work out a peaceful solution in favor of the Germans, isn’t that right? And each time that we had debates on foreign politics...when these debates took place in Parliament, he showed himself to be anti-British, anti-American, and pro-German. Consequently, we weren’t very supportive of him. And he...I do believe that, if those in Parliament who put their faith in Maréchal Pétain in Vichy suspected that Maréchal Pétain, well aware of what Laval was, would continue nevertheless to entrust the government to him, well, they would not have voted as they had. As for me, I know members of parliament with very moderate politics who, during the short time I was in Vichy, went to see the Maréchal and told him what they thought of Laval. They had reason to believe that, given the faith that the Maréchal would have in what they said, that the Maréchal would not trust Laval and then that he would get rid of him as quickly as he could. Instead of that, it seems that he let himself be completely...uh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . guided, inspired by this evil genius, and...it is very true that this did not enable...that this separated many who knew the Maréchal, from the government, from the Maréchal himself, and from Vichy. Furthermore, what proves this, is that the Maréchal believed [unintelligible] to advise Laval, who was nevertheless a capable politician, that it was in his best interest to create a sort of...advisory assembly within the Vichy government. He created it; he tried to fill it by recruiting from all parties a variety of public figures fairly representative of a large proportion of the two former chambers, the former National Assembly [Chamber of Deputies] and the former Senate. Well, right away such opposition arose against the measures that he himself was advocating that he didn’t dare call the group to meet more than once. And the committees that he appointed didn’t even meet and none of them honored the objectives that Maréchal Pétain proposed for their last [unintelligible].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1151.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] What I wanted to know is when France was split so to speak in two, to what extent were all [Schrameck interrupts with a sneeze] personally good or bad to each other? Now for instance, your father was in prison for three months. Where did your friends from before, that would have done something to get him out and not...[inaudible]? That’s what I mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1259.0,1294.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Professor Boder would like to know if, after France was divided into two zones, the French were themselves divided. And if, specifically, given the fact that you had been imprisoned, your friends turned away from you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1294.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e I cannot say that they turned away from me. But I can definitely say that for the most part, with a few interesting exceptions, that they were taking lots of precautions, and that if some of them came to see me, well, there were others who weren’t that far away and who could have gone just a bit out of their way to come see how I was doing. Well, in any other time, they would have done so, and at that time, for their own safety, well, they didn’t venture to do so. I admit that I have no right to be angry with them, because they would have been taking personal risks that it would have been pointless to take. And so those who gave me help during the last period I spent in Marseille unquestionably took a lot of risks. I was hiding in the homes of friends. If I had been found with these friends, it’s not certain, and it is even possible that I was jeopardizing the hospitality that they were offering and that they themselves would have been subjected to measures, obviously for some of them, to which they maybe wouldn’t normally have been exposed. They [unintelligible] however, you see, because it’s thanks to them that I came away unharmed from all these tribulations. Well, there were some who were quite courageous. And a relatively large number of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1320.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Well, Monsieur Schrameck, I did not understand everything you said, but you said it so interestingly that I think that the people in America and our students would listen to your story with very great interest. Would you tell me how old you are?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1449.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, I’m presently seventy-eight years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1475.0,1481.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Seventy-eight. Well, looks still like a young man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1481.0,1493.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMarcelle Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e When my father was in prison in Pellevoisin, his birthday was celebrated with a cake, his seventy-fourth birthday was celebrated with Marx Dormoy, with Mandel who has been killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1493.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Schrameck:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] The Administrator, the President of the Chamber, what was his name? Vincent Auriol?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1546.0,1551.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMarcelle Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e Vincent Auriol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1551.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/64988/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Well, it takes great courage to celebrate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1558.0,1560.66756"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French and English transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Yes, introduce yourself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=22.545,26.831"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marcelle Kahn: [In French] Alors, donne ton nom et quelques détails de ta carrière.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=26.831,73.059"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: Je compte actuellement cinquante ans de vie publique dans mon pays. Vingt-cinq ans de carrière administrative et pendant le même temps, de mandat législatif. Je n’avais jamais songé dans mon tout jeune âge, fils de modeste négociant dans un département du Centre à Saint-Etienne Loire, à faire une carrière d’homme publique. La circonstance en a, en son temps, décidé. Il s’est trouvé que j’ai été invité par le Préfet du département dont je suis originaire, à occuper l’emploi de chef à son cabinet. Il s’agissait de Monsieur Lépine, avec lequel je suis revenu ensuite à Paris, où il a occupé les fonctions de Préfet de Police et laissé un souvenir que les Parisiens aiment encore à se rappeler, car je ne crois pas qu’il y ait quoi que ce soit, quelque soit le mérite de ses successeurs, qu’aucun d’eux ne peut le faire oublier. En quittant la Préfecture de Police, lorsque mon chef devint chef du gouverneur général de l’Algérie, ou gouverneur général de l’Algérie, j’ai débuté pour mon compte à Marseille, en qualité de secrétaire général de la Préfecture. Je suis restée quelques années. Je suis allé dans deux autres départements. Je suis revenu à Paris au Ministère de l’Intérieur occuper une Direction, et je suis revenu à Marseille à la Préfecture même. J’y suis resté.... quoique n’être préfet à aucun moment, pendant sept ou huit ans où j’exerçais mes fonctions, de telle sorte que j’ai été par Monsieur Clémenceau envoyé ensuite au gouvernement général de Madagascar. Et comme mes concitoyens de Marseille m’offraient, deux ans après, de me confier un mandat pour les représenter au Sénat, j’ai accepté cette marque de leur...j’ai répondu à cette marque de leur confiance. Et c’est de là que, quelque temps après, les circonstances ont fait que Monsieur Painlevé, Chef du gouvernement, m’a demandé d’être Ministre de l’Intérieur. J’étais Ministre de l’Intérieur pendant la durée de son ministère, non sans difficultés quelque fois dans Paris avec les éléments de désordre d’extrême droite qui manifestaient un peu trop publiquement déjà leur haine des institutions républicaines. Et lorsque le gouvernement a retiré, j’ai repris donc mon mandat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.059,380.187"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: Faisant partie au Sénat des commissions des finances et de la commission de l’aviation, qui me permettait de me rendre compte de la situation dans laquelle nous nous trouvions au point de vue de notre défense contre les attaques éventuelles de l’Allemagne qu’on pouvait déjà prévoir, nous nous sommes pas fait faute, dans des commissions auxquelles j’appartenais au Sénat, d’appeler souvent l’attention du gouvernement sur l’insuffisance de ses préparatifs en présence de la...de ce...en présence.... ah...[longue pause] de l’accumulation des moyens d’attaque à laquelle l’Allemagne se livrait déjà et qui, dans les commissions parlementaires, étaient déjà connues. Nous n’avons malheureusement pas toujours trouvé, auprès ni du gouvernement ni de l’ensemble même de l’opinion publique, le crédit, l’accueil que nos observations auraient dû...[pause]...huh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=380.187,474.725"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: . . . justifier, oui. [“pas le mot, mais enfin ça ne fait rien...” parle loin de mic] et que malheureusement, l’évènement a démontré que nous étions encore au-dessous de la vérité. Nous n’avions jamais cessé de signaler, en particulier pour ce qui concernait l’aviation, d’état d’infériorité réellement excessif dans lequel nous nous trouvions par rapport à nos belliqueux voisins. [long pause] La guerre éclatant, nous en étions fiés jusqu’à un certain point, ne pouvant faire autrement, aux témoignages que nous apportaient les chefs de nos armées. La guerre éclatant et le désastre ayant pris des proportions excessives, tous ceux qui, comme moi, appartenaient à la confession israélite, devaient s’attendre à ce que...ils soient de la part des vainqueurs l’objet de...de persécutions qui n’ont pas manqué de suivre. Et ils ne devaient pas s’attendre non plus, étant donné les conditions dans lesquelles le Maréchal Pétain et son chef de gouvernement sous Laval avaient pris le pouvoir, parce que ceux-ci ne feraient quoi que ce soit pour les leur épargner. Pour ce qui me concerne, je n’ai pas eu longtemps à attendre. Dès le mois de septembre, j’étais envoyé en détention administrative à Pellevoisin. Les commissaires...un commissaire de police venait me chercher chez moi à Marseille et m’emmener dans cet établissement où je me suis trouvé avec d’autres personnalités et qui avaient également attiré l’attention en raison de leur indépendance d’opinion, comme Mandel, malheureusement a disparu du fait...heu...des...du fait des agents sous Laval, comme Marx Dormoy, également ancien Ministre de l’Intérieur, et comme un certain nombre d’autres...heuh, [parle loin de mic: “je ne sais pas comment j’ai commencé ma phrase, je vais essayer de la finir...”] Je suis resté dans cet établissement pendant quelques mois. De là, j’étais envoyé au début de ’40 en...[quelqu’un interrompt loin de mic: “41”] oui, dans ce...surveillé. Mais continuellement, euh...sous les...euh...ma correspondance ouverte, mes visites contrôlées, et...je ne...nous ne devons pas pouvoir quitter cette résidence qu’avec une autorisation administrative. Il n’en est pas moins vrai que lorsque les Allemands reparlent de devoir rouvr[ir] la ligne de démarcation qu’ils avaient accepté au moment de l’Armistice, je quittais cette résidence quoi qu’il en soit. Je suis revenu chez moi à Marseille que je...dont on ne me voulait pas trop éloigner. Et allant de temps en temps dans un département voisin, où la Gestapo venait me chercher, je n’ai pu éviter d’être mis en état d’arrestation par elle que grâce à la bonne volonté et au dévouement de certains employés municipaux qui m’ont prévenu qu’elle m’attendait. Je rentrais à Marseille, et là, du fait de nos amis américains, j’étais dans un rôle où il y va de ma vie, puisque un bombardement auquel ils se sont livrés sur Marseille le 27 mai, toutes les vitres de ma maison, la maison dans laquelle j’habitais, ont sauté. La fumée a envahi et j’ai dû retourner dans mon pied-à-terre personnel jusqu’au moment où j’ai vu débarquer ou j’ai vu descendre dans la ville des Marocains ou des troupes marocaines qui quelques jours auparavant avaient débarqué en Méditerranée sous les ordres du Général de Lattre de Tassigny. Telles ont été les tribulations latines, par lesquelles j’ai donc passé cette période de guerre, sachant, heureusement prévenu pendant la période où j’étais à Marseille, sachant que j’étais recherché, mais sans me douter de graves périls que je courais si par hasard j’étais tombé entre leurs mains. Je dois le dire, car mené [inintelligible] de la façon dont mes concitoyens marseillais ont fait ce qu’ils pouvaient pour éviter...m’éviter cette cruelle extrémité, me provenant bien même des hauts fonctionnaires me faisant savoir qu’au besoin je pourrais me réfugier, si je le jugeais à propos, à la Préfecture même que j’avais occupée en tant que chef du département pendant un certain nombre d’années, si je croyais que mon séjour là-bas pendant quelques heures pourrait m’abriter des recherches dont j’étais l’objet. Enfin, de différents autres côtés, des amis politiques eh.... pris rendez-vous avec un ou deux amis mêmes...émus par le risque que l’on courrait, des personnes que quelquefois je n’ai même pas à peine connues de nom autrefois, sont mis à ma disposition pour me faciliter éventuellement les...des possibilités d’existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.725,912.694"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: Ca suffit. J’ai répondu à votre question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=912.694,919.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Yes. I’m thinking of something.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=919.787,924.513"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: [In French] Pendant ce temps, à Paris où j’avais un appartement, il va sans dire que les Allemands ont fait place nette. Il n’y a rien resté de tout ce que j’avais, ni d’une bibliothèque, ni de tout ce que j’avais de mes parents, depuis plus d’une centaine d’années. Tout a été emporté, et je me suis trouvé dénué de tous moyens de recommencer ou de continuer mon ancienne existence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=924.513,958.124"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [To interpreter] I want to know if there were many of your father’s friends collaborating with Vichy and the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=958.124,984.529"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: [In French] Des amis politiques?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=984.529,996.62"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: Je n’en vois pas. Ils sont très rares. Il n’y en a même pas. Et voici pourquoi. C’est parce que Monsieur Laval, auparavant au Parlement, ne jouissait pas déjà d’une très bonne réputation. Il était déjà considéré comme, depuis pas mal d’années, comme faisant au Parlement ce qui pouvait être agréable à l’Allemagne. On se souvenait qu’à la guerre précédente, il était allé...où c’était?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=996.62,1035.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: . . . à Quintal pour essayer d’obtenir en faveur des Allemands une paix blanche, n’est-ce pas? Et chaque fois que des débats de politique étrangère s’établissent...s’instituaient au Parlement, eh bien, il se manifestait anti-britannique, anti-américain, et pro-allemand. Par conséquent, on ne lui était généralement pas favorable. Et il...je crois bien que, si les Parlementaires qui ont donné leur confiance au Maréchal Pétain à Vichy, s’étaient doutés que le Maréchal Pétain, bien éclairé sur ce qu’était Laval, continuerait cependant à lui confier le gouvernement, eh bien, ils n’auraient pas voté comme ils ont eu voté. Pour mon compte, je connais des parlementaires d’opinion très modérée qui pendant le court séjour que j’ai fait à Vichy, sont allés voir le Maréchal et lui ont dit ce qu’ils pensaient de Laval. Ils avaient des raisons de croire que, étant donné la confiance que le Maréchal devait avoir en leurs paroles, le Maréchal ne se fierait pas à Laval, et puis il s’en débarrasserait aussi promptement qu’il le pourrait. Au lieu de ça, il semble qu’il soit laissé complètement...euh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.753,1151.519"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: . . . guidé, inspiré par ce mauvais génie, et...il est bien certain que ça n’a pas permis...que ça écartait beaucoup de ceux que connaissait le Maréchal, du gouvernement, du Maréchal lui-même et de Vichy. D’ailleurs, ce qui le prouve, c’est que le Maréchal a cru [inintelligible] conseiller Laval, qui était malgré tout un habile politicien, qu’il avait intérêt à créer une sorte d’assemblée, euh...consultative de son gouvernement à Vichy même. Il l’a créée, il a essayé d’y mettre, en recrutant dans tous les partis, des personnalités diverses qui avaient même appartenues trop pas mal pour une fraction même importante aux deux anciennes chambres, à l’ancienne chambre des députés et à l’ancien sénat. Eh bien, tout de suite, il s’y est manifesté un tel esprit contre les dispositions que lui-même prônait qu’il n’a pas osé la réunir une seconde fois. Et que les commissions qu’il avait nommées ne se sont même pas réunies et n’ont aucune fait face aux objectifs que le Maréchal Pétain s’était proposé de leur dernière [inintelligible].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1151.519,1259.882"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] What I wanted to know is when France was split so to speak in two, to what extent were all [Schrameck interrupts with a sneeze] personally good or bad to each other? Now for instance, your father was in prison for three months. Where did your friends from before, that would have done something to get him out and not...[inaudible]? That’s what I mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1259.882,1294.882"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Le professeur Boder voudrait savoir si, à la suite de la division de la France en deux zones, les Français ont eux-mêmes été divisés entre eux. Et si en particulier, du fait qu’on vous étiez mis en prison, vos amis se détournaient de vous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1294.882,1320.375"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: Je ne peux pas dire qu’ils se détournaient de moi. Mais il est certain que pour la plupart, à quelques exceptions intéressantes près d’ailleurs, ils prenaient beaucoup de précautions et que s’il y a quelques-uns qui sont venus me voir, ben, il y en a d’autres qui en sont quelquefois pas très loin et qui auraient pu faire un petit détour pour venir voir ce que j’étais. Bon, en d’autres temps, ils l’auraient fait, et à ce moment-là, par précaution pour eux-mêmes, eh ben, ils n’ont pas osé le faire. Je reconnais que je n’ai pas le droit de leur en vouloir, parce qu’ils auraient couru des risques personnels qu’il était inutile qu’ils courent. Et c’est ainsi que les gens qui m’ont prêté leurs concours dans la dernière période quand j’ai été à Marseille, incontestablement couraient beaucoup de risques. Je couvais [?] chez des amis. Si on m’avait trouvé avec ces amis, il n’est pas sûr, il est même possible que j’eusse eu à répondre de l’hospitalité qu’ils me donnaient, et qu’on aurait pris contre eux aussi des mesures auxquelles ils devaient, évidemment pour un certain nombre, peut-être pas à s’exposer. Ils [inintelligible] cependant, vous voyez, parce que c’est grâce à eux que je suis sorti indemne de toutes ces tribulations. Eh bien, il s’en est trouvé tout de même qui ont eu ce courage. Et en nombre relativement sérieux.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1320.375,1449.959"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Well, Monsieur Schrameck, I did not understand everything you said, but you said it so interestingly that I think that the people in America and our students would listen to your story with very great interest. Would you tell me how old you are?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1449.959,1475.349"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: [In French] Eh bien, j’ai maintenant soixante dix-huit ans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1475.349,1481.473"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Seventy-eight. Well, looks still like a young man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1481.473,1493.761"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marcelle Kahn: When my father was in prison in Pellevoisin, his birthday was celebrated with a cake, his seventy-fourth birthday was celebrated with Marx Dormoy, with Mandel who has been killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1493.761,1546.349"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Schrameck: [In French] L’administrateur, le Président de la chambre, comment il s’appelle? Vincent Auriol?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1546.349,1551.243"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marcelle Kahn: Vincent Auriol.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1551.243,1558.101"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Well, it takes great courage to celebrate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1558.101,1560.66"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/transcript/8212/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/212/original/abraham-schrameck_fr_en.vtt?1583326591","format":"text/vtt","language":"fr"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/212/original/abraham-schrameck_fr_en.vtt?1583326591"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["schrameckA_annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSt. Etienne is located in south-eastern France. During the war, it had a population of about 200,000 and was the most important city in the Loire region. [E.L.]\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Saint-Etienne\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Saint-Etienne\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe prefect was the head of a department, a governmentally designated administrative area established by the French Revolution of 1789. [E.L.]\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Algeria\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Algeria\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAlgeria was under French colonial control from 1830 until its independence in 1962. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorges Clemenceau (1841-1929), nicknamed \"the tiger\", was an important political figure in the Third Republic, and French premier from 1917-1920. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe island of Madagascar was under French colonial rule at the time Mr. Schramack was Governor-General of Madagascar a position he held from August 1918 to July 1919. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003ePaul Painlevé (1863-1933) was a brilliant mathematician and a significant political figure during the Third Republic. He was briefly prime minister in 1917 and was succeed by Clemenceau. He became prime minister again from April to November 1925. It was during this time that Mr. Schramack served as minister of the interior. He was denounced by the anti-Semitic, ultra-nationalist politician Charles Maurras, who called for Schramack's assassination after he had ordered the disarming of far-right associations. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThat is, his elected office as a French Senator. Mr. Schramack served four terms as French senator from 1920-1940. In the summer of 1940, he was one of the great majorities of representatives in the National Assembly who voted for the dissolution of the Third Republic. He completed his senatorial mandate in October, 1945. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=73.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack is speaking here of the post-World War I period when Germany was trying to skirt the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles limiting its armed forces. [E.L.]\u003cbr\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=380.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack's family were part of the old-line French Jewish element who were well-integrated into French society and considered themselves strictly as a religious community. Like Mr. Schramack, most were staunch and sincere French patriots. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMarshal Philippe Pétain, a hero of World War I, was chief of state of the Vichy French collaborationist government during the German occupation. The politician Pierre Laval dominated the Vichy government from July to December 1940, when he was dismissed by Pétain. In April 1942, aided by German pressure, he was restored to power by Pétain and remained in control of the government until its collapse in August 1944. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Pellevoisin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Pellevoisin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eGeorges Mandel, a French Jewish politician, was a former minister of the interior who tried in June 1940 to continue the struggle against Nazi Germany from French North Africa. He was arrested and was eventually shot by the milice, an elite military force of French fascist volunteers, in July 1944. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack, like Mandel and other prominent political figures, was first imprisoned by the Vichy government for three months. He was then placed in a residence where his movements were severely restricted. However, following the Allied landings in North Africa, the Germans occupied the part of France under Vichy control on November 11, 1942. Mr. Schramack then escaped from his confinement and returned to Marseille. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack is referring here to the Allied assault on southern France which began on August 15, 1944. General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny commanded French Army B (later the First French Army) in the Allied landing operations in southern France and then in the liberation of France and advance into Germany. To the very end of the Occupation, the Vichy regime sought to enforce its anti-Jewish measures and the threat of arrest and deportation hung over the heads of French Jews. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThere is no doubt that the assistance Mr. Schramack describes help save his life, especially since he was the object of anti-Semitic hatred directed against him by French right-wingers. Of the approximately 77,000 Jews from France who perished during the Holocaust, about one-third were citizens of long standing. 8,700 were age 67 or older. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=474.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=924.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis was but one example of the Nazi zeal for lawless plunder and pillage. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=924.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVichy Government: \u003c/b\u003eThe right-wing government of unoccupied France after the country's defeat by the Germans in June 1940, named after the spa town of Vichy, France, where the national assembly was based under Prime Minister Pétain until liberation in 1944. Vichy France was that part of France not occupied by German troops until November 1942. Authoritarian and collaborationist, the Vichy regime cooperated with the Germans even after they had moved to the unoccupied zone in November 1942. It imprisoned some 135,000 people, interned another 70,000, deported some 76,000 Jews, and sent 650,000 French workers to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=958.0,984.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Quintal\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Quintal\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIndeed, during the 1930s Laval's fascist sympathies were well-known. He showed little determination to resist fascist territorial aims and advocated a policy of appeasement. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVichy Government: \u003c/b\u003eThe right-wing government of unoccupied France after the country's defeat by the Germans in June 1940, named after the spa town of Vichy, France, where the national assembly was based under Prime Minister Pétain until liberation in 1944. Vichy France was that part of France not occupied by German troops until November 1942. Authoritarian and collaborationist, the Vichy regime cooperated with the Germans even after they had moved to the unoccupied zone in November 1942. It imprisoned some 135,000 people, interned another 70,000, deported some 76,000 Jews, and sent 650,000 French workers to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1035.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVichy Government: \u003c/b\u003eThe right-wing government of unoccupied France after the country's defeat by the Germans in June 1940, named after the spa town of Vichy, France, where the national assembly was based under Prime Minister Pétain until liberation in 1944. Vichy France was that part of France not occupied by German troops until November 1942. Authoritarian and collaborationist, the Vichy regime cooperated with the Germans even after they had moved to the unoccupied zone in November 1942. It imprisoned some 135,000 people, interned another 70,000, deported some 76,000 Jews, and sent 650,000 French workers to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1151.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eVichy Government: \u003c/b\u003eThe right-wing government of unoccupied France after the country's defeat by the Germans in June 1940, named after the spa town of Vichy, France, where the national assembly was based under Prime Minister Pétain until liberation in 1944. Vichy France was that part of France not occupied by German troops until November 1942. Authoritarian and collaborationist, the Vichy regime cooperated with the Germans even after they had moved to the unoccupied zone in November 1942. It imprisoned some 135,000 people, interned another 70,000, deported some 76,000 Jews, and sent 650,000 French workers to Germany.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1151.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack makes reference here to the early months of the Vichy regime. Laval was responsible for persuading the French National Assembly to dissolve itself after the German victory in June 1940 and subsequent armistice. Thus, the Third Republic ended on July 10, 1940. Soon thereafter, Marshal Pétain and his advisors embarked upon a series of reforms, grandiloquently termed the National Revolution, advocated by the right-wing traditionalists and authoritarians who surrounded him. The watchwords of the xenophobic and chauvinistic National Revolution were, work, family and patriotism. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1151.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eMr. Schramack is taking the wise and humane position of not judging others too harshly. They and their families were living in a police state, under foreign occupation, enduring shortages and privations of various kinds and concerned about survival for themselves and their families. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1320.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Marseille\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1320.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eNevertheless, there were those whose compassion, patriotism and courage overcame self-interest, apathy, and fear to extend a helping hand. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1320.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Pellevoisin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Pellevoisin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1493.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132/annotation_set/1293/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis remark is out of context so it is difficult to know why Mr. Schramack asked the question. Vincent Auriol served as president of the French Fourth Republic from 1947-1954.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17677/file/73132#t=1546.0,1551.0"}]}]}]}