{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bn9x05xk3g/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Louis Kahn, August 21, 1946, Paris, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-08-21"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" French (Primary)"," English (Secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" kahnL_9-57C (Local)"," kahnL_9-57C_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Paris (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Admiral Louis Lazar Kahn, conducted by David P. Boder on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France. (Abstract)"," Boder's interview with Admiral Louis Kahn centers in large part on the Kahn's opinions as to the reasons for France's sudden and devastating defeat in 1940 and his views on post-war refugee rehabilitation. Unfortunately, he provides little information on his war time experiences, such as his escape across the Pyrenees to join the Free French forces of General De Gaulle, or details of his service with those forces. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Versailles (France) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Kahn, Louis Lazar (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Joyce, Deborah (Transcriber)"," Joyce, Deborah (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["France"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Admiral Louis Lazar Kahn, conducted by David P. Boder on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France."," Boder's interview with Admiral Louis Kahn centers in large part on the Kahn's opinions as to the reasons for France's sudden and devastating defeat in 1940 and his views on post-war refugee rehabilitation. Unfortunately, he provides little information on his war time experiences, such as his escape across the Pyrenees to join the Free French forces of General De Gaulle, or details of his service with those forces. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (Commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/085/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169686","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - kahnL_9-57C_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":1195.76306,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/085/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169686","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/085/original/kahnL_9-57C_SLP.mp3?1583169686","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":1195.76306,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] We are asking now, the Admiral, to conclude this nice family and household report. Will you tell us, when did you return to France?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=7.0,21.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, Sir, since, thanks to Professor Boder, you are able to take part in this family evening in Paris, I would be happy to provide the closing remarks. You have seen how a French family, whose members were separated, was reunited because they were confident there would be a victory, from the very first day, and they never gave up hope for the fate of their country. In the end, it was their determination that brought them together, just as the determination of all of you overcame the invader and the tyrants on the continent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=21.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] What do you think, Admiral? When will it be possible for...that the French ships will begin to carry American guests and tourists again to France? We are all very eager to start it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=73.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, I think that day is coming soon. I myself, with the aid of Engineering and the workers in the French navy, I succeeded in refitting three hundred thousand tons of battleships that, among the Allied fleets, contributed to the Normandy landings. And since we returned to France, we have started working on our ports which were destroyed and we succeeded in getting our shipyards active so that, currently, we are hopeful that very soon we will see French ships resuming their former routes, which will enable you to come see us, with the help of your magnificent commercial fleet. I hope a great many of you will come and see the work my country has done in its effort to resume its former activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=88.0,160.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Now let me ask you a more serious question that was so much on the mind of Americans. I hope you can answer it, if you can. In America, there has been a tremendous propaganda from certain quarters that the war at the beginning has ended so badly for France because the workers were not working. They were striking and were not cooperating for national defense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=160.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] This is a very important question, in fact, and I would like to respond. I believe that the big problem that caused the difficulties of the war in the beginning and which for years so gravely compromised the world’s development, cannot be analyzed simply with the framework of what happened in France. It is unfortunately true that the world community left too large of a burden on the shoulders of the French, in the period between the two wars. When the war ended, everyone went back home and we, the French, we were left face to face with the strength of Germany which was being built up again. And which was being reconstituted sometimes with the help of its former adversaries. However, we were much nearer to them, much more exposed. We tried to make the voice of reason be heard. And it wasn’t until later that this voice of reason was heard in a useful way, when the danger became a threat for the entire world. This is the real reason for the failures that, through France, the whole world experienced in the first part of the war. And it isn’t accurate to place responsibility for them on all or part of the French population. Everyone did the best that they could, in a growing economic crisis, precisely because of the threats of war that, at any given time, would interrupt [corrects himself from saying “political”] the practical work being done. And because of constant attempted attacks that the Germans and their agents in France were trying to spread around in order to make things easier for themselves when the time was right. So I’m not surprised that you encountered this propaganda. France was represented as weakened in order to discourage all the powers who would have aligned with her from the very first day, by representing her cause as insufficiently defended by the country herself. And as I meant to say at the beginning, it shouldn’t have been France’s responsibility alone to carry all the growing weight of the German threat. A peaceful country will always be victimized by a country of murderers. Because the peaceful country will be involved in its peaceful endeavors, while the other freely prepares itself for the business of war, picking the most favorable time to attack, choosing both the most favorable general political circumstances as well as the military circumstances which are particularly favorable to the country who wants to make the first strike. So that is the true cause of the difficulties that the whole world experienced, and we must hope that, enlightened once more by this new threat of a catastrophe, that the world will understand that these catastrophes don’t wait until the last minute to give any warning. They can be seen early on by men in positions of authority and they have to have the courage to tell their people the truth so that they can prepare for the crucial moments.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [aside] As I said before, I have to translate. I did not get the full statement, but I will have that translated. Could you think...? Here is another question. Do you have a large number of refugees? Among them, Jewish refugees. Do you think they will be absorbed and given the opportunity to stay in France if they want to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=452.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] That is, in fact, a very important issue that you bring up. You know that, in France, we have always very liberally welcomed refugees into our country. And it should be acknowledged that if other countries showed themselves to be much more reserved in this type of philanthropic action, France, on the other hand, always considered that it was her duty, as well as her tradition, to be openly welcoming. You should know that the first children who were taken out of the German camps, after much hesitation from other countries, it was France that was first to take them in. France managed to do it despite the extreme difficulties in which she found her economy immediately after Liberation, not only through her own help, but also thanks to the very generous financial aid from numerous countries, among which we must recognize the very generous aid from the United States of America at the top of the list. Never will we forget in France the action taken by the American representatives. The supplies, money and materials that they sent. The devotion with which the representatives of the American armed forces, the UNRRA representatives, the representatives of the Joint Committee and of numerous other associations freely put together by the good will of your country. No, never will that be forgotten in France. The American generosity, associated with French liberalism, in reality did everything possible in the face of the frightening circumstances the world had never known before, experienced because of veritable forced migrations of men, women and children. And this work is still far from being accomplished. We hope that with your help and our strong determination, we will succeed in overcoming this inconceivable misery suffered by innocent humans who are powerless to help themselves. But we are absolutely sure that when we will have returned to them, with their dignity, the chance to work, they will become not a dead weight for humanity but, on the contrary, an active, intelligent group, molded by the misery they themselves suffered and their own insight, to completely fulfill their human destinies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Now going from this to a more general question. Give us a little picture...you know, we know in America very little about it and only from the interviews here, I get the idea that the peaceful population in France has suffered a great deal from the Germans. Now can you tell me, how was this done? This completion of people, this selection of people for forced labor to Germany. How were they taken? How were they selected? Were they paid for their work? And are they repatriated now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=691.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, to give you a very simple idea...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=748.0,751.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [interrupts] Think of the French people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=751.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Yes. To give you an idea of the hardships endured by the French, I would like to give you a figure. Among my friends, there are sixty-seven individuals who were either relatives or people in whose homes I would spend an evening, or who came and sat at my table, who were deported by the Germans and that I never saw again because they killed them. To give you an idea of German prcedures, I’ll tell you about another admiral with the naval engineers who was deported with his wife, with his mother-in-law and with his fifteen year old son. When the Germans arrested them...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=752.0,815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [interrupts off mic]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=815.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] They were Jewish, yes. When the Germans arrested them, some friends from the same Corps, I mean what you call the Construction Corps, what we call in France the Naval Engineers, made the courageous attempt to go ask the Gestapo not to deport them. And they came upon the head of the Gestapo in Paris, who was a man who looked like any other, and who appeared even more well-mannered than one would expect from someone in charge of this cruel work. When they saw that he was refusing to free these prisoners, they told him “Well, since you want to take the admiral, and since we can’t go to anyone higher to override your decision, wouldn’t you be able to free this old eighty-four year old woman that you captured with him, along with this fifteen year old child that you pulled out of high school?” And the German smiled his sweetest smile and answered them with: “you see, at this time, there is a lot of serious propaganda against the Germans. They’re claiming that the Germans are separating women and children. Well, we will not separate the women, the children, from their father and their husband. The four of them will leave together.” And indeed, they killed all four of them. This is a depiction, that can be proven by all the evidence, of what the Germans were like in France. How did they take these people? Well, they had already sent many agents to France before the war. And they knew which individuals would oppose their actions. And by any means available, confiscating lists of residents, phone books, using paid traitors. They often used government lists from which they gradually eliminated people using these horrifying procedures of which I only described one small part. As for labor, it was really simple. To have forced labor, they first tried propaganda. They made the French believe that if workers were to leave for Germany, they would be exchanged for prisoners, and thereby the charges and the sentences would be more equally divided between all segments of the population. And in the beginning, with the help of Laval’s speech, they were somewhat successful. But very quickly, the French people realized that they had been made to play a frightening role, by purely and simply aiding their horrifying enemy in its war effort. And out of that came the organized resistance to forced labor. From there also came this whole organization to hide people which enabled [speaker corrects himself], which kept the Germans from succeeding in their business. So, when they saw that happening, they organized the raids. This meant that they would target a neighborhood and then would indiscriminately take as prisoners any persons they could get their hands on. They would load them up in trucks and send them off by force to Germany. That is how those terrible operations were carried out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Well, it’s late. I could be listening and listening in spite of the fact that I don’t understand now. First of all, it’s in beautiful French and everything seems to be spoken with very great sentiment. Thank you very much for your hospitality and for your cooperation and I hope to be able through you to contact other people here in France, big and small ones whose stories have to be preserved. If I can get a larger amount of people here, maybe children, I think I will send the spools later to the Sorbonne to your French psychologists, Dr. [unintelligible] and others. And let them use it as a start and maybe start their own study which they certainly could do better than I can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=1114.0,1188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLouis Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, I am delighted to have heard you, Professor Boder, and to have the possibility, through you, to communicate with...[ends abruptly]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=1188.0,1195.76306"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/7996/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/996/original/admiral-louis-lazar-kahn_en.txt?1724878293","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/996/original/admiral-louis-lazar-kahn_en.txt?1724878293"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French and English transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] We are asking now, the Admiral, to conclude this nice family and household report. Will you tell us, when did you return to France?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=7.658,21.965"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Eh bien, Monsieur, puisque, grâce au Professeur Boder, vous pouvez assister à une scène de famille à Paris, j’en donnerais à sa demande la conclusion. Vous avez vu comment une famille française, dispersée, s’est trouvée réunie parce qu’ils ont eu confiance dans la victoire depuis le premier jour et qu’ils n’ont jamais désespéré du sort de leurs pays. Finalement, c’est leur volonté qui les a rassemblés, comme c’est la volonté de vous tous qui avait finalement eu raison de l’envahisseur et des tyrans du continent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=21.965,73.75"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] What do you think, Admiral? When will it be possible for...that the French ships will begin to carry American guests and tourists again to France? We are all very eager to start it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=73.75,88.571"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Eh bien, mais je pense que ça viendra bientôt. Moi-même, avec le concours de l’ingénieur et des ouvriers de la Marine française, j’ai réussi à remettre en condition les trois cents milles tonnes de bâtiments de guerre qui, au milieu des flottes alliées, ont contribué au Débarquement. Et depuis que nous sommes rentrés en France, nous avons repris le travail dans nos ports détruits et réussi à remettre en action nos ateliers de façon qu’actuellement nous pouvons espérer, à brefs délais, voir les navires français reprendre leur trafic d’autrefois, ce qui vous permettra de venir nous voir avec le concours aussi de votre magnifique flotte de commerce. J’espère que vous viendrez nombreux et que vous verrez le travail de mon pays dans son effort pour reprendre son activité d’autrefois.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=88.571,160.42"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Now let me ask you a more serious question that was so much on the mind of Americans. I hope you can answer it, if you can. In America, there has been a tremendous propaganda from certain quarters that the war at the beginning has ended so badly for France because the workers were not working. They were striking and were not cooperating for national defense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=160.42,202.765"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] C’est une question très importante, en effet, à laquelle je désire répondre. Je crois que le grand problème qui a causé les difficultés de la guerre dans ses débuts et qui a si gravement compromis pendant des années l’essor même du monde, ne peut être analysé simplement dans le cadre de ce qui s’est passé en France. Il est malheureusement vrai que le monde entier a laissé sur les épaules de la France, entre les deux guerres, un fardeau trop important. Lorsque la guerre s’est terminée, chacun est rentré chez lui et nous les Français, nous sommes restés face à face avec la puissance de l’Allemagne qui se reconstituait. Et qui se reconstituait quelquefois avec l’aide de ses anciens adversaires. Cependant, nous qui étions beaucoup plus près, beaucoup plus exposés, nous essayions de faire entendre la voix de la raison. Et ce n’est que plus tard que cette voix de la raison a été utilement comprise lorsque le danger est devenu menaçant pour le monde entier. Voilà la véritable raison des échecs que, à travers la France, le monde libre tout entier a connus dans la première partie de la guerre. Et il n’est pas exact d’en faire reporter la responsabilité sur tout ou partie de la population française. Chacun a fait de son mieux, dans un trouble économique grandissant, à cause précisément des menaces de la guerre qui, à tout instant, interrompait le travail politique, le travail, euh...pratique. Et à cause aussi des tentatives constantes que les Allemands et leurs agents en France essayaient de semer pour se rendre à eux-mêmes la tâche plus facile le jour venu. De sorte que je ne suis pas surpris vous ayez été soumis à cette propagande. On a représenté la France comme affaiblie pour décourager toutes les puissances qui auraient dû être à ses côtés dès le premier jour, en représentant sa cause comme insuffisamment défendue par elle-même. Et comme je voulais dire en commençant, ce n’était pas sur elle qu’il fallait laisser porter tout le poids grandissant de la menace allemande. Un pays pacifique sera toujours victime d’un pays d’assassins. Car il sera pris, lui, dans ses occupations de paix, pendant que l’autre prépare librement son entreprise de guerre en choisissant le jour le plus favorable, aussi bien dans la conjoncture politique générale que dans la conjoncture militaire particulière au pays qu’il veut attaquer le premier. Voilà quelle est la véritable cause des difficultés que le monde entier a connues, et il faut espérer que, éclairé une fois de plus par cette nouvelle menace de catastrophe, qu’il comprendra que ces catastrophes-là ne se préviennent pas au dernier instant, qu’elles peuvent être prévues de loin par des hommes compétents et qu’il faut avoir le courage que ceux-là disent à leurs peuples la vérité pour qu’ils se préparent pour les temps critiques.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.765,452.396"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [aside] As I said before, I have to translate. I did not get the full statement, but I will have that translated. Could you think...? Here is another question. Do you have a large number of refugees? Among them, Jewish refugees. Do you think they will be absorbed and given the opportunity to stay in France if they want to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=452.396,492.446"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] C’est en effet une question très importante que vous posez là. Vous savez que, en France, nous avons accueilli toujours très libéralement les réfugiés. Et il faut reconnaître que si d’autres pays ont été beaucoup plus réservés dans cette action philanthropique, la France, elle, a toujours considéré qu’il appartenait à ses devoirs, comme à sa tradition, d’être très libérale dans l’accueil. Vous devez savoir que les premiers enfants qui ont été tirés des camps allemands, après bien des hésitations de nombreuses nations, c’est la France qui les a accueillis la première. Elle a su le faire malgré les extrêmes difficultés où se trouvait son économie immédiatement après la Libération, non pas seulement par son aide à elle-même mais aussi grâce aux concours financiers très généreux de nombreux pays parmi lesquels il faut citer en première ligne l’aide très généreuse qui a été apportée par les Etats-Unis d’Amérique. Jamais on n’oubliera en France l’action qui a été poursuivie par les représentants d’Amérique. Les envois qu’ils ont fait de vivres, d’argent, de matériel. Le dévouement avec lequel les représentants de l’armée américaine, les représentants de l’UNRRA, les représentants du Joint Committee et de nombreuses associations constituaient libéralement par la bonne volonté de votre pays. Non, jamais ceci ne sera oublié en France. La générosité américaine, associée au libéralisme français, ont en réalité fait de leur mieux dans des circonstances effrayantes que le monde n’avait jamais connues à cause de véritables migrations forcées d’hommes, de femmes et d’enfants, et cette tâche, elle est loin d’être encore achevée. Nous espérons bien qu’avec votre aide et avec notre bonne volonté, nous finirons par avoir raison de cette inconcevable misère d’êtres humains, innocents et impuissants par eux-mêmes. Mais nous sommes tout à fait sûrs que quand nous leur aurons rendu avec leur dignité les possibilités de travailler, ils deviendront non pas un poids mort pour l’humanité mais au contraire un ensemble actif, intelligent, forgé par sa propre misère et ses propres réflexions, à remplir complètement leurs destinées d’hommes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.446,691.034"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Now going from this to a more general question. Give us a little picture...you know, we know in America very little about it and only from the interviews here, I get the idea that the peaceful population in France has suffered a great deal from the Germans. Now can you tell me, how was this done? This completion of people, this selection of people for forced labor to Germany. How were they taken? How were they selected? Were they paid for their work? And are they repatriated now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=691.034,748.571"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Eh bien, pour vous donner une simple idée...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=748.571,751.327"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [interrupts] Think of the French people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=751.327,752.881"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Yes. Pour vous donner une simple idée des malheurs endurés par les Français, je voudrais vous donner un chiffre. Parmi mes amis, il y a soixante-sept personnes qui étaient ou mes parents ou des hommes chez lesquels j’avais l’habitude de passer la soirée ou qui venaient s’asseoir à ma table, qui ont été déportés par les Allemands et que je n’ai jamais revus parce qu’ils les ont assassinés. Pour vous donner une idée des procédés allemands, je vous parlerai d’un autre amiral du génie maritime qui a été déporté avec sa femme, avec la mère de sa femme et avec son fils âgé de quinze ans. Quand les Allemands les ont arrêtés...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=752.881,815.124"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [interrupts off mic]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=815.124,816.669"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Ils étaient juifs, oui. Quand les Allemands les ont arrêtés, quelques amis du même Corps, je veux dire, ce que vous appelez le Construction Corps, ce que nous appelons en France le Génie Maritime, ont tenté la démarche courageuse d’aller demander à la Gestapo de ne pas les déporter. Et ils sont tombés sur le chef de la Gestapo à Paris, qui était un homme qui ressemblait à un autre homme, et qui même paraissait encore plus poli qu’on ne l’attendait de ce chef d’une besogne cruelle. Et lorsqu’ils ont vu qu’il refusait de rendre ces prisonniers, ils lui ont dit “eh bien, puisque vous voulez emmener l’amiral, et comme nous ne pouvons pas aller au plus haut niveau vous y opposer, est-ce que vous ne pourriez pas rendre la liberté à cette vieille femme de quatre-vingt-quatre ans que vous avez prise avec lui et avec cet enfant de quinze ans, que vous êtes allé chercher au lycée?” Et alors, l’Allemand a pris son sourire le plus doux et il leur a répondu ceci: “voyez vous, en ce moment, on fait une propagande très grave contre l’Allemand. On prétend qu’il sépare les femmes et les enfants. Eh bien, nous ne séparerons pas les femmes, les enfants, du père et du mari. Ils partiront tous les quatre.” Et effectivement, ils les ont tués tous les quatre. Voilà un tableau vécu qui peut être prouvé par toutes les pièces de ce qu’ont été les Allemands en France. Comment ils s’y sont pris? Eh bien, ils avaient déjà envoyé beaucoup d’agents avant la guerre en France. Et ils connaissaient les personnes qui pouvaient s’opposer à leurs actions. Et par tous les moyens, saisissant les listes d’habitants, des annuaires du téléphone, se servant de traîtres payés par eux, aidés souvent par les listes administratives qu’ils ont vidé de proche en proche par procédé à toute cette action effroyable dont je ne vous ai cité qu’une toute petite partie. Quant au travail, c’était bien simple. Pour avoir le travail obligatoire, ils ont d’abord essayé de la propagande. Ils ont fait croire aux Français que si des ouvriers partaient en Allemagne, ils seraient échangés contre des prisonniers et que ainsi la charge et les peines seraient plus également réparties entre toutes les parties de la population. Et au début, avec le concours des discours de Laval, ils auraient pu avoir quelques succès. Mais très rapidement, le peuple français s’est aperçu qu’on lui faisait jouer un rôle effrayant, celui d’aider purement et simplement le travail de guerre de son effroyable ennemi. Et c’est de là qu’est venue la résistance organisée au travail obligatoire. C’est de là qu’est sortie la première organisation des maquis. C’est de là qu’est sortie également toute cette organisation de la dissimulation des personnes qui a permis aux Allemands...qui a empêché les Allemands de réussir leur entreprise. Alors, quand ils ont vu cela, ils ont organisé les rafles. C’est-à-dire qu’ils cernaient un quartier et là indistinctement ils faisaient prisonniers tous les hommes qui leur tombaient sous la main. Ils les chargeaient dans les camions et ils les emmenaient de force en Allemagne. Voilà comment s’est faite cette terrible opération.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.669,1114.702"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Well, it’s late. I could be listening and listening in spite of the fact that I don’t understand now. First of all, it’s in beautiful French and everything seems to be spoken with very great sentiment. Thank you very much for your hospitality and for your cooperation and I hope to be able through you to contact other people here in France, big and small ones whose stories have to be preserved. If I can get a larger amount of people here, maybe children, I think I will send the spools later to the Sorbonne to your French psychologists, Dr. [unintelligible] and others. And let them use it as a start and maybe start their own study which they certainly could do better than I can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=1114.702,1188.187"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Louis Kahn: [In French] Eh bien, je suis ravi de vous avoir entendu, Professeur Boder, et d’avoir par vous la possibilité de communiquer avec...[ends abruptly]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=1188.187,1195.755"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/transcript/8173/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/173/original/admiral-louis-lazar-kahn_fr_en.vtt?1583245661","format":"text/vtt","language":"fr"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/173/original/admiral-louis-lazar-kahn_fr_en.vtt?1583245661"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["kahnL_annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=21.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe D-Day landings of Allied forces on June 6, 1944. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=88.0,160.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIn fact, a large part of the blame for France's defeat rests with the outmoded strategic and tactical thinking of the French military, which proved incapable of responding effectively to the Nazi blitzkrieg (\"lightning war\") techniques, which placed an emphasis on speed and mobility thereby seeking to avoid the trench warfare stalemate of World War I. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=160.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAdmiral Kahn is alluding to the post World War I isolationist policy pursued by the United States. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis remark might refer to the 1922 Treaty of Rapallo between Germany and the Soviet Union, which brought about a notable expansion of trade between the two nations but also provided training areas and factories for German armed forces in return for German technical education. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe economic crisis mentioned here is the Great Depression, which struck France with devastating impact in the early 1930s. The Depression helped bring about political instability which was exacerbated by the actions of both right wing and left wing anti-democratic parties and by the growing threat of European fascism.{E.L.]}\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eSuch advice is contrary to the policy of appeasement pursued by Great Britain and France in the crucial years prior to the outbreak of World War II.[E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=202.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIndeed, France was very much in need of aid in the wake of World War II. Many of its bridges and railroad facilities had been systematically bombed by the Allies and a number of its ports, such as Brest, Le Havre, Saint-Nazaire, and Toulon had suffered grave damage. Its population had been worn down both physically and psychologically. Some 2.5 million French men and women had been in captivity in Germany as prisoners of war, forced laborers or concentration camp inmates. More than 200,000 had perished due to the hardships they endured or, in the case of French Jews, were systematically murdered. A number of those incarcerated in Germany who returned home suffered from physical and psychological maladies. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eUNRRA: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Established in 1943, its principal executive post was held by a representative of the United States, which supplied forty percent of its budget. Among its chief duties was the repatriation of displaced persons—when the war ended, UNRRA had to cope with the task of caring for millions of displaced persons and refugees.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAmerican Joint Distribution Committee: \u003c/b\u003eFounded in 1914, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, often referred to as the “Joint,” was a major relief and rehabilitation agency before, during, and after the Holocaust. The JDC’s operations were the main manner in which American Jewry provided aid to its fellow European Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThough approximately 77,000 French Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, some 250,000 did survive. Thus, the French Jewish community was able to reconstitute itself after the war. This reconstituted community was augmented by roughly 40,000 Holocaust survivors who sought refuge in France after their liberation. Such French Jewish organizations as the Comité juif d'aide sociale et de reconstruction (Jewish Committee for Social Action and Reconstruction) and Oeuvre de Protection des Enfants Juifs (Society for the Protection of Jewish Children) worked assiduously to aid the victims of the Holocaust so that—in the words of Admiral Kahn—they would be able \"to completely fulfill their human destinies.\" [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=492.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis further illustrates the reality that a number of native-born French Jews perished in the Holocaust. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is possible that Admiral Kahn is referring to Theodore Dannecker, a vicious anti-Semite and one of Adolph Eichmann's key subordinates, who coordinated the activities of the Gestapo in France. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis statement is similar to a callous and cynical response given by Dr. Joseph Mengele in Auschwitz when asked why he could not spare Jewish children whose mothers had been sent to the gas chambers. He replied that he could not bear to see the children separated from their mothers. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eObligatory German labor service was first introduced in France in February 1943 due to growing German labor shortages. More than anything else, the introduction of this compulsory labor service ignited a spirit of rebellion among the French population at large and strengthened the French resistance movement. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085/annotation_set/1459/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eDissatisfaction with the forced labor policy, shortages of food, fuel, and clothing, and clear indications that the Germans were losing the war contributed to greater reluctance on the part of the French population to cooperate with the German occupiers, forcing them to carry out ever more repressive measures such as those described by Admiral Kahn. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17630/file/73085#t=816.0,1114.0"}]}]}]}