{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/9g5gb1xv1c/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Leon Shachnovski, July 29, 1946, Paris, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-07-29"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" Russian (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" shachnovskiL_9-3A (Local)"," shachnovskiL_9-3A_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Paris (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Leon Moiseievich Shachnovski, conducted by David P. Boder on July 29, 1946 at an ORT school in Paris, France.   (Abstract)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Kaunas (Lithuania) (Geographic)"," Augsburg (Germany) (Geographic)"," Stutthof (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Dachau (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Augsburg Messerschmitt (Concentration camp)         (Person Or Corporate Body)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Shachnovski, Leon Moiseievich (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Collin, Olga (Transcriber)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["Unknown"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Leon Moiseievich Shachnovski, conducted by David P. Boder on July 29, 1946 at an ORT school in Paris, France.  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Now then Leon Moiseievich, we are today here in Paris, on the 29th of July, the day of the Peace Conference. Tell me Leon Moiseievich, when did [you] leave Russia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=10.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I left Russia a very long time ago. I left Russia in ’41.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=23.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that is not very long ago. That means you left Soviet Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=28.0,32.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes from Soviet...I left Soviet Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=32.0,34.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now...was Russia then already at war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=34.0,39.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e That was...yes that was already at the start...the 22nd of June the war started and then the Germans quickly took over Kovno; in two days they rounded us up and deported [us] to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=39.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that means you did not run away from Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=52.0,54.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I did not run away from Russia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=54.0,56.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Aha....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=56.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans have deported me by force. And all the time I worked in various concentration camps, rambled around through Germany until the Americans liberated us in the year ’45 on the 22nd of April.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=57.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Aha. Now let us start a bit in order. The Germans took Kovno and what about you? They arrested you, took you prisoner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=69.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e It was like this. Before...The war started the 22nd of June, that was on Sunday, no on Saturday over Sunday....","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=76.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=88.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Sunday afternoon, and mostly Monday before noon. The Lithuanian Partizans who fought on the side of the Germans had occupied Kovno, before the Germans marched into Kovno. These same Lithuanian Partizans went after the retreating Red Army soldiers and fired at them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=110.0,111.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans appeared only on Tuesday. And so we remained in the city until the 15th of August. On the 15th of August there was issued and order, that we were [all] to assemble...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=111.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were those we?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=122.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e All we Jews living in the city of Kovno, have to abandon said city. They fenced in for us the section, and transferred us into that section.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=122.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=134.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e This section was called the ghetto. We stayed in that ghetto. I personally, at once, during the first months was deported with others to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=136.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, Now who did they deport?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=146.0,149.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a small group of people of five hundred fifty people. The majority have perished [he speaks very fast] probably only a few have remained. From all those who were then deported I have not seen a single person until this day, because we afterwards were dispersed over different lagers. I afterwards happened to get here [!!] in Dachau, that is near Munich, and from Dachau I “went over” to Augsburg. My last lager was Augsburg. I worked at Messersmith, a factory of airplanes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=175.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e And there the Americans have liberated us [word not clear]. All that I went through during this time, is impossible to narrate briefly. I only may say that I suffered badly, because I have lost all my family. My father and mother, the Germans have shot in ’41. Under my own eyes, in 1941, on the 28th of October. Under my own eyes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=176.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e How did that happen? In Kovno?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=200.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e That happened when we were still in the ghetto. They led out part of the people, then they...we were about thirty thousand people, they pick twelve thousand from the ghetto. and shot them on the spot from a machine gun not far from our ghetto. They compelled them at first to undress, to take off their clothes and to hand over their clothes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=202.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=222.0,224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e [A pause]. They...and they were shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=224.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=228.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Nearly all of us saw this so called action, which they executed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=229.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now in one day, they have shot all at once, twelve thousand people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=236.0,239.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Twelve thousand people were shot in the course of a single day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=239.0,244.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e And who buried them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=244.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e There were prepared beforehand excavated ditches. They stood at the ditches, and fell into the ditches. The were lying in the ditches one over the other and patrols, Lithuanians and Americans [a slip of the tongue] passed around and if one of them was still alive, they finished him off with a revolver.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=245.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e What are you saying? Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=264.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me, please. I meant to say German patrols.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=266.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. It’s all right. You slipped...[laughter]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=269.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=271.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, the others were left alive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=272.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e The others were left alive, and the next day, all of them, as if nothing had happened had to go out to work, and to continue with their day’s work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=277.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of work were they doing? What kind of work were you doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=286.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e We worked thus. We were sent in groups to all kind of work. The largest group was the one of one thousand men which used to go to work on the airdrome. The Germans were reconditioning the Kovno [?] airdrome. They intended to remodel it, to make of it a most modern airdrome. Besides, as it was told, there was to be a school for pilots of so called dive-bombers. And so on this airdrome were working Russian prisoners and we. The Russian prisoners were kept in desperate conditions. Much worse [again a slip, he says “much better”], they were absolutely not considered as human beings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=289.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean “much worse,” you mean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=330.0,331.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Much worse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=331.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e [in a low voice] you said “much better”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=332.0,333.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=333.0,333.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e That is all right, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=333.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e [He is confused] I did not say it correctly—”much worse,” under worse conditions than we. They lived under sheds [roofs on pillars without walls] completely in the open.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=334.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=344.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Under sheds, completely in the open. They were not permitted to wash. They were given for dinner and obviously for supper—I did not see it, I only saw their dinner—a kind of black “muddy fluid,” and a little piece of bread. That is all that they were getting. They were given inhuman treatment. For every move, for every word they were beaten mercilessly. They were beaten—the sick who could not properly walk or move the way the Germans wanted were on the spot beaten to death by the Germans with clubs. We...it was impossible to look at such treatment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=345.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e And from there you were afterwards sent...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=383.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I personally got afterwards into Germany, spent much time in various lagers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=387.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean you got there? You were sent...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=392.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I was sent to Germany, deported to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=394.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And afterwards you were sent where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=397.0,400.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e First they sent me to Stuthof, this was a lager near Danzig.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=400.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e From there I got to Dachau. Dachau had a large number of so called outside lagers. In which I also worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e And what is an outside lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=415.0,417.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e There the concentration camp had special sub-branches, various different lagers. That was...let us suppose that some factory, or construction job is located in the same region as the main lager. In order to send people to work there, they built little lagers not far, within say three, four or ten kilometers of such a factory or such a construction job. These people then lived in those little lagers and were going to the construction jobs; to work, to construction jobs, or to the factory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, did they feed...how did they feed in Dachau, the people who were working?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=457.0,464.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e They fed us variously. In the morning we got coffee, so called coffee. Because it was not some real coffee but some kind of a black “muddy fluid” [burda].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=464.0,475.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=475.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Then, for dinner we used to get three quarters of a liter of some kind of cooked soup. This was sometimes with potatoes, sometimes with cabbage, somethimes with something else. Meat there was nearly never.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=476.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=492.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e In the evening we could get again a bit of coffee, again some black “muddy fluid.” With it we got bread. The bread rations varied. They, at the beginning the ration...[word not finished], that is, at the beginning we were getting five hundred grams, and it reached to one hundred and fiftey grams of bread a day. It varied greatly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=492.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e So...and where did you work. What did you work on in Dachau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=514.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I personally....I personally as a specialist technician endeavored to work all the time in some kind of shops. In this manner I saved my life; by being able, possessing a certain trade, I could from time to time work in the shops. In the shops the work was easier because it took place under a roof, it was not in the open air, [he coughs, that happens at times in other interviews when they speak of cold, or the gas chambers] while the majority had to work with a shovel, or spade, or with something else in the open air, in any weather, in snow rain, blizzards and the like. Many worked at concrete jobs, and there they would fall into the concrete, were buried alive in that concrete, they would get in...they were afterwards crushed by the machines, and would get in—and would become a component part of the concrete in the construction of many buildings, foundations and similar things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=517.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e How would they get into the concrete?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=576.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e Simply so. They were thrown into the pits, into the machinery, I personally have not seen it, so I cannot tell you exactly, but I know about such facts, when they were simply thrown down where the concrete was prepared in those machines, and they were crushed to pieces together with the rocks and concrete.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=578.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now then. That happened in Dachau. And how long were you in Dachau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=599.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I was in Dachau from the year ’42 to the 45th, because all the other lagers, even the one where I worked with Messersmith, were all under [the jurisdiction of] Dachau. Although it was far from Dachau, it was considered nevertheless a branch of Dachau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now then, would you travel every day to work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=622.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I have explained already before that we were located in various buildings, in barracks which were erected not far from the place of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=625.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, but it was all under the authority of Dachau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=634.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e That was all under the authority...we were managed from Dachau. We were all registered in Dachau...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=636.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=641.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e I have all my documents in my possession from the Lager Dachau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=642.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, were you paid anything for your work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=647.0,652.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e We were paid nothing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=652.0,654.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e But I have seen, for example in the States, some kind of concentration camp money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=654.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e This was money...yes, this was concentration camp money, that is perfectly correct","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=660.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=665.0,666.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e These were Aryan [moneys]. We Jews did not get them. But the Aryans were entitled to some kind of premiums. And then they were given these premiums, they received some kind of tokens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=666.0,678.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=678.0,679.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e And with these tokens they could buy something in the canteens which were in the lagers. We had no such privileges, so I can not tell you anything exactly about it. Moreover, not in the lager, but in the ghetto there was money. Say the Ghetto Theresienstadt had its own money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e And where did you go from Dachau? Were you in Dachau up to the liberation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=703.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e From Dachau I got to Augsburg. And I worked at Messersmith’s as I have told you before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=707.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e But Messerschmidt also was a lager of Dachau, it also belonged to Dachau, although it was approximately seventy kilometers from Dachau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e I am very grateful to you [Mr. Shachnovski says something in a low voice, apparently apologizing for the slips of the tongue]. Oh, that is nothing, these are slips of the tongue. Thank you. I think if I get a travel permit, I will find you—you are where, in Munich?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=727.0,740.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eLEON SHACHNOVSKI:\u003c/strong\u003e In Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=740.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8081/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDAVID BODER:\u003c/strong\u003e That is fine, now...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=741.0,743.94919"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Russian transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In Russian] Как Ваша фамилия?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=1.078,2.878"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Моя фамилия Шахновский.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=2.878,6.579"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Скажите, а Ваше имя-отчество, господин Шахновский?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=6.579,10.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Моё имя и отчество [пауза] Леон Моисеевич.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=10.081,10.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Леон Моисеевич. Ну, хорошо, Леон Моисеевич. Мы сегодня тут в Париже, это 29го июля, день...эээ...Мирной конференции. Скажите, Леон Моисеевич, когда Вы уехали из России?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=10.081,23.004"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Я уже очень давно уехал из России. Из России я уехал в 41ом году.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=23.004,28.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ну, это не очень давно! Вы, значит, уехали из Советской России или?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=28.787,32.161"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Да, из Советской Рос...покинул Советскую Россию.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=32.161,34.494"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Эээ...Россия была уже во время войны тогда?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=34.494,39.532"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Это было...да...это было уже начало. Да, 22го июня началась война, и нас немцы тогда быстро захватили Ковно, в течение двух дней они захватили нас и депортировали в Германию.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=39.532,52.293"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ну, так что Вы не убежали из России?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=52.293,54.704"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Нет, я не убежал из России.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=54.704,56.694"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=56.694,57.326"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Меня...меня насильно немцы депортировали.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=57.326,60.029"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=60.029,60.717"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: В то время я работал в концентрационных лагерях различных, шатался по Германии, покуда нас американцы в 45 году 27 апреля не освободили.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=60.717,69.85"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага. Ну, вот начните-ка немножко по порядку. Немцы взяли Ковно, и Вас что? За...арестовали, взяли в плен.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=69.85,76.915"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Дело вот в чём как было. Нем...До того, значит...война началась [пауза] война началась 22го июня, это было с воскресенья на по...нет, это было с субботы на воскресенье.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=76.915,88.591"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=88.591,90.285"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: В воскресенье после обеда и главным образом в понедельник до обеда литовские партизаны, которые сражались на стороне немцев, захватили Ковно. До того, как немцы вв...[пауза] как немцы в Ко...вошли в Ковно. Эти ж самые литовские партизаны преследовали всех отступающих красноармейцев и стреляли по ним.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.285,110.48"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=110.48,111.573"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Немцы [пауза] только появились во вторник. И так они...мы остались в городе до 15го августа. 15 августа был приказ, что мы все должны собраться...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=111.573,122.113"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Кто это мы?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=122.113,122.873"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Мы – все живущие евреи в городе Ковне должны таковой город покинуть, они нам оцепили один район и...и переселили нас в этот район.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=122.873,134.799"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=134.799,136.428"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Этот район назывался гетто. Мы находились в этом гетто. Я лично был сразу же, в первые месяцы, депортирован с еще другими в Германию.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=136.428,146.724"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага. Кого же они депортировали?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=146.724,149.241"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Это была маленькая группа людей – 550 человек, большинство погибло. Сохранилось, по всей вероятности, всего несколько человек из тех, которых нас депортировали я бы до сегодняшнего дня никого не видал, потому что нас потом разместили по отдельным лагерям. Я потом случайно попал сюда, в Дахау – это под Мюнхеном – и с Дахау перешел потом еще в Аугсбург. Последний мой лагерь это был в Аугсбурге – я работал у мессершмита, на заводе аэропланов. И там нас...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.241,175.679"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Да.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=175.679,176.087"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: . . . , значит, эти американцы освободили.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=176.087,179.524"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [Неразборчиво]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=179.524,181.54"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Все, что я пережил за это время, невозможно так кра...коротко рассказать. Я только могу рассказать, что я очень пострадал, так как я потерял всё свое семейство. Отца и мать они в 41ом году расстреляли, немцы. На моих глазах, в 1941 году, 28 октября, на моих глазах.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=181.54,200.376"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Как же это было? В Ковне?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=200.376,202.357"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Это было еще, когда мы были в гетто. Они часть людей из гетто вывели. Тогда они...нас было приблизительно 30 000 человек, они 12 000 человек выбрали из гетто, и тут же недалеко от нашего гетто расстреляли из пулемёта, заставив раньше их раздеться, снять одёжды и отдать одёжду.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=202.357,222.636"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=222.636,224.959"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: [Пауза] и...и ещё стреляли.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=224.959,228.222"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=228.222,229.263"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Мы почти что все видали всю эту так называемую акцию, которую они произвели.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=229.263,236.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [Пауза] Что ж, в один день расстреляли сразу 12 000 человек?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=236.753,239.582"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: 12 000 человек расстреляли в течение поч...одного дня.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=239.582,244.109"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: И кто же их похоронил?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=244.109,245.673"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Были приготовлены уже заранее ямы вырытые. Они стояли около ям и падали в ямы, и лежали на ямах друг на друге и...и, значит, патрули литовские и американские ходили и, если кто-нибудь еще дышал и жил, то их приканчивали тут же из револьвера.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=245.673,264.627"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Что Вы говорите – американские патрули?!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=264.627,266.228"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: То есть, извините, пожалуйста, я думал немецкие патрули! [Неразборчиво]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=266.228,269.346"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага, это ничего. Вы оговорились. Теперь скажите, остальных, значит, оставили в живых?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=269.346,277.154"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Остальных оставили в живых. И на следующий день все, как ни в чем не бывало, должны были пойти на работу и продолжать свою повседневную работу.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=277.154,286.496"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: А что же они работали там? Что Вы работали?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=286.496,289.007"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Мы работали следующее: нас отправляли группами на всевозможные работы. Самая большая группа это была в 1000 человек, которая ходила на аэродромные работы. Ковенский аэродром немцы перестраивали, хотели перестроить и сделать из него самым модный аэродром. Кроме того, как рассказывали, там должна была быть школа для пилотов так называемых штурцкапффлюгцойге. И вот мы на этом аэродроме работали: русские пленные и мы. Русские пленные находились в отчаянных условиях, гораздо лучше, чем мы. С ними абсолютно не считались как с людьми.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=289.007,330.619"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Гораздо хуже?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=330.619,331.457"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Гораздо хуже. [Неразборчиво]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=331.457,332.573"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Да, это ничего.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=332.573,334.941"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Гора...извините, я неправильно сказал – это гораздо хуже. В хужих условиях, чем мы. Они жили под навесом, совершенно открыто.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=334.941,344.894"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=344.894,345.413"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Под...под навесом совершенно открыто. Мыться им не было разрешено, получали они к обеду и, очевидно, к ужину, я не видал этого, видал только обед, какую-то черную бурду и кусочек хлеба. Это всё, что они получали. Обращение с ними было нечеловеческое. За каждое движение, за каждое слово их немилосердно били. Если бывали больные, которые не могли правильно ходить или двигаться, как не...немцам хотелось, так их же тут же на месте добивали до смерти палками. Мы...невозможно было смотреть на это обращение [говорит с дрожью в голосе].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=345.413,383.802"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Что [неразборчиво] А оттуда, значит, Вы потом были отправлены...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=383.802,387.524"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Я лично попал в Германию, проделал много лагерей различных...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=387.524,392.359"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Что значит «попал»? Вас отправили [неразборчиво]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=392.359,394.459"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Отправили в Германию.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=394.459,395.615"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=395.615,396.193"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Депортировали в Германию.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=396.193,397.11"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так. И потом повезли куда?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=397.11,400.198"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Раньше всего повезли нас в Штутхоф. Это под Данцигом лагерь.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=400.198,405.204"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.204,405.975"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Оттуда я попал в Дахау. В Дахау было очень много различных так называемых аусенлагерунг, в которых я тоже работал.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.975,415.595"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: А что это такое—«аусенлагерунг»?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=415.595,417.429"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Сам концентрационный лагерь имеет еще од...один...специальные отделения различных других лагерей. Это есть, предположим, что какая-нибудь фабрика или какое-нибудь строительство, находится в этой же местности, где находится самый главный лагерь. Тогда...для того, чтобы отправить туда людей на работу, устраивают маленькие лагери недалеко, в трех, четырех или десяти километрах от этой данной фабрики или от этого данного строительства. Эти люди тогда живут в этих маленьких лагерях и идут на строительство. На работы, на строительство или на фабрики.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.429,457.737"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: А скажите, эээ..., кормили...эээ..., как кормили людей там? Тех, которые работали.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=457.737,464.53"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Кормили совершенно различно. [Пауза] Мы получали утром кофе. Так называемый кофе, потому что это не было настоящее, была какая-то черная бурда.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=464.53,475.683"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=475.683,476.821"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Кром...к обеду мы получали [пауза] три четверти литра сваренного какого-нибудь супа.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=476.821,492.135"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=492.135,492.852"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Он был иногда с картошкой, иногда с капустой, иногда с чем-нибудь другим. Мяса почти что там никогда не было. [Пауза] Вечером мы получа...могли получить немного кофе, так на...тоже какой-то черной бурды. К этому мы получали хлеб. Это...порции хлеба были различно: они...первые, значит, первые получали 500гр хлеба и доходило до 150гр хлеба в день – совершенно различно.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=492.852,514.365"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [Пауза] Так. И где Вы работали? Над чем Вы работали?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=514.365,517.797"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Я лично...я лично как специалист-техник старался все время работать в каких-нибудь мастерских. Этим я сохранил свою жизнь, то что я мог, зная и как известное ремесло, время от времени работать в мастерских. В мастерских работа была тем легче, что она находилась под навесом, она не была на открытом воздухе [кашляет], в то время как большинство должны были работать с лопатой или с киркой или с чем-нибудь другим на открытом воздухе при любой погоде: в снегу, в дождь, и...вьюгу и тому подобное. Многие работали также у бетонных работ и тут же попадали в бетон, были заживо погребены в этот бетон и входили...и потом были растерты машинами и входили, значит...входили как составная часть бетона для постройки многих зданий, фундаментов и тому подобных вещей.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=517.797,576.968"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Как же они попадали в бетон? Каким...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=576.968,578.877"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: А их просто...их сбрасывали в ямы, в машины. Я лично не видал сам, так что точно указать не могу, но я знаю о таких фактах, когда их просто сбрасывали, бросали...эээ...там, где приготовлялся бетон, в этих машинах, и они были вместе с бет...со всеми камнями, с бетоном раскрошены на куски.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=578.877,599.863"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так, это, значит, было в Дахау. И как долго Вы были в Дахау?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=599.863,606.039"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: [пауза] Я был в Дахау от 42 года до 45, потому что все остальные лагери, даже в том, где я был в Аугсбурге, в мессершмите – это все входило под Дахау, хотя это было далеко от Дахау, но это числилось все отделение Дахау.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.039,622.608"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так как, Вы ездили каждый день на работу?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=622.608,625.626"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Нет, я раньше уже объяснил, что мы находились в известных других помещениях, бараках, которые были построены недалеко от места работы.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=625.626,634.188"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ага! Но это было под властью...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=634.188,636.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Это все под властью...мы респектировали из Дахау, мы были все регистрированы в Дахау, у меня все документы имеются из...лагеря Дахау","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=636.718,647.442"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: . . . Дахау. А скажите, Вам платили что-нибудь за работу?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=647.442,652.17"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Нам ничего не платили.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=652.17,654.568"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Но я видел, например, в Штатах какие-то...деньги концентрационных лагерей.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=654.568,660.439"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Это были деньги, да. Это были деньги концентрационных лагерей. Совершенно правильно. Это...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=660.439,665.731"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Да.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=665.731,666.156"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: . . . арийские. Мы, евреи, этого не получали. Ну, а арийцы имели право на какие-то премии, и когда они получали эти премии, они получали какие-то монеты.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=666.156,678.759"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Так.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=678.759,679.428"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: И этими монетами они могли в кантинах, которые были в лагерях, себе что-нибудь купить. Мы этими преимуществами не пользовались, так что я ничего точного об этом не могу сказать. Кроме того, не в лагерях, а в гетто были...эээ...деньги. Скажем, гетто Терезиенштат имело свои деньги.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.428,703.383"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [Неразборчиво, очень тихо] А из Дахау Вы попали куда? Вы в Дахау были до самого освобождения?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=703.383,707.848"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Я из Дахау попал в Аугсбург и работал у мессершмита, как я раньше сказал Вам.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=707.848,713.433"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Да.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.433,713.621"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: Но мессершмит тоже был лагерем от...лагерем Дахау, числился тоже в Дахау, хотя это находилось от Дахау приблизительно в 70км.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.621,727.814"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ну...эээ...я Вам очень благодарен [неразборчиво, Шахновский что-то тихо говорит]. Да, это оговорки. И...спасибо. Я думаю, что если мне дают проезд, я Вас найду. Вы где? В Мюнхене?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=727.814,740.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leon Shachnovski: В Мюнхене.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=740.753,741.129"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Хорошо. Теперь...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=741.129,743.941"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Russian [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/transcript/8082/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/082/original/leon-moiseievich-shachnovski_ru.vtt?1583169942","format":"text/vtt","language":"ru"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/082/original/leon-moiseievich-shachnovski_ru.vtt?1583169942"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["annotations_shachnovskiL [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[Note: Spools 3A and 3B were taken within the first two days of my arrival in Paris. They were practically experimental interviews and served as stepping stones in the development of procedures. The date of spool 3A is apparently July 29, 1946. Before the interview with Mr. Shachnovski, there are a few sentences of a chat with Mr. Khichenko, the janitor at the main ORT office. He was a so called White Russian. He told me about a friend, a countess so and so, whose name appeared very prominent, but which I am unable to recall now in 1952. The countess supposedly lived on funds collected for her by her former English governess among the nobility of England. The countess supposedly was sharing these whites' funds with other whites who were made destitute by the Bolsheviks. In spite of my repeated requests he was unable to arrange for me an interview-recording with that woman, or any of her friends. Among the many reasons for her reluctance—provided such a real countess existed—two should be considered. (1) She did not want to be interviewed by a Jew. (2) The white Russians considered the Americans, right after the war, as definitely pro-Soviet and therefore dangerous to associate with. It is characteristic from so many angles that with so many Jewish refugees in France, the caretaker of the building housing a specifically Jewish institution is a Christian. The interview proceeds in Russian. D.P.B.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWhite Russians: \u003c/b\u003eRussians who were opposed the Bolshevik movement after the October 1917 revolution.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=0.0,1.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=10.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=39.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=69.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epartisans: \u003c/b\u003eParamilitary forces engaged behind the front lines during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=90.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=122.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=136.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=136.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=149.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=200.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=202.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=202.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Kovno\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=202.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=229.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kaunas\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=289.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=387.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Stutthof\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Stutthof\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=400.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=400.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gdansk\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Gdansk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=400.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=405.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=415.0,417.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=417.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=457.0,464.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=514.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[The tales of workers being ground up with mortar which later would go into construction, or foundry workers falling into, or foremen being drowned in molten steel which was then used for the casting of cannons—were current in Europe since olden times. This does not diminish the veracity of certain reports on such incidents—but may rather stimulate plans of atrocities or vengeance. —D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=517.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=599.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=599.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=606.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=634.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=636.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=636.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=642.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAryan: \u003c/b\u003eDerived from a Sanskrit word meaning “noble,” the term was used in Nazi pseudo-scientific jargon to denote a race which had supposedly superior blood and culture. 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During the Holocaust, “Aryan” came to mean anyone who was not Jewish or Roma (Gypsy).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=666.0,678.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\" \u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=679.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=703.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=703.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=707.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Augsburg-Messerschmitt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=707.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=713.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=727.0,740.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=740.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136/annotation_set/909/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[Note: Mr. Shachnovski was apparently a delegate from the Munich DPs to the ORT convention in Paris. These interviews would at times end most abruptly, often because the interviewee was called away. D.P.B.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDP: \u003c/b\u003eDisplaced Person, or refugee.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17681/file/73136#t=741.0,743.94919"}]}]}]}