{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/2v2c824m07/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Abraham Kimmelmann, August 27, 1946, Geneva, Switzerland"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-08-27"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" German (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" kimmelmannA_9-83B_9-84_9-85B_9-86_9-87_9-91_9-92 (Local)"," kimmelmannA_9-83B_9-84_9-85B_9-86_9-87_9-91_9-92_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Geneva (Switzerland) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Abraham Kimmelmann conducted by David P. Boder on August 27, 1946 at an ORT school in Geneva, Switzerland. (Abstract)"," Although large numbers of Jews lived in the Polish district of Eastern Upper Silesia, the Holocaust there (except of course for Auschwitz itself) is comparatively unknown. It had been part of Germany before 1918, and the Nazis reincorporated it into the Reich in 1939. Its 100,000 Jews, spread over more than forty Jewish communities, were then placed under the administration of a single Central Jewish Council. The Germans appointed Moshe (or Monek) Merin to head it. An active Zionist before the war, Merin organized Jewish police units to enforce the occupiers' demands, hoping to save at least a portion of his Jews by making them indispensable to the German war effort. Hence he maintained strict order and organized work in the ghettos, rounded up the unemployed for shipment to various camps, and violently suppressed all overt forms of Jewish resistance. Against this background, Abraham Kimmelmann sketches an unforgettable story of desperate Jewish measures to stay alive and avoid deportation to labor and extermination camps in 1942 and early 1943.1 He also takes us inside the smaller slave labor camps in Eastern Upper Silesia and documents the transition from army to SS control. Kimmelmann’s hometown was Dąbrowa Górnicza, a factory center near Katowice just east of the 1939 Polish-German border and about thirty-five miles north of Auschwitz. It was home to about 5,000 Jews. His Hasidic family sent him to a private heder, but his education was cut short by the German invasion. Too young at eleven to be included in the early deportations of Jews to slave labor in Germany, he soon learned the metal trade to help maintain his family and keep it from being sent away from their home together with other \"unproductive\" Jews. Ultimately he could not avoid being transported to Markstadt labor camp and then to Fünfteichen, both satellites of concentration camp Gross-Rosen, where Krupp was expanding its huge Bertha Works. During the last months of the war he was taken to the main camp for a short time and to Buchenwald, where he was liberated in April 1945. Kimmelmann is haunted by treatment of Jews by their fellow Jews during the Holocaust. Whether as Jewish Council members, Jewish police in the ghetto, or as block seniors at Markstadt, Jews strike him as more vicious and corrupt than some Germans. He occasionally loses sight of the directing Nazi hand behind every action. But Abraham is also thoughtful about the temptations placed before these individuals, wondering what he himself would have done in their position and whether their actions, too, were only human. What is more, he subsequently witnessed the still worse conditions that prevailed in concentration camps where the SS ruled more directly and the prisoner administration was largely non-Jewish. A the time of his interview in Geneva in August 1946 the eighteen-year-old Kimmelmann was enrolled in a training program for mechanics sponsored by the ORT. (1. A version of this interview appears in Boder's I Did Not Interview the Dead, under the pseudonym \"Abe Mohnblum.\") (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Dąbrowa Górnicza (Poland) (Geographic)"," Sosnowiec (Województwo Śląskie, Poland) (Geographic)"," Markstädt (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Laskowitz-Meleschwitz (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Gross-Rosen (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Buchenwald (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Kimmelmann, Abraham (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["Poland"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Abraham Kimmelmann conducted by David P. Boder on August 27, 1946 at an ORT school in Geneva, Switzerland."," Although large numbers of Jews lived in the Polish district of Eastern Upper Silesia, the Holocaust there (except of course for Auschwitz itself) is comparatively unknown. It had been part of Germany before 1918, and the Nazis reincorporated it into the Reich in 1939. Its 100,000 Jews, spread over more than forty Jewish communities, were then placed under the administration of a single Central Jewish Council. The Germans appointed Moshe (or Monek) Merin to head it. An active Zionist before the war, Merin organized Jewish police units to enforce the occupiers' demands, hoping to save at least a portion of his Jews by making them indispensable to the German war effort. Hence he maintained strict order and organized work in the ghettos, rounded up the unemployed for shipment to various camps, and violently suppressed all overt forms of Jewish resistance. Against this background, Abraham Kimmelmann sketches an unforgettable story of desperate Jewish measures to stay alive and avoid deportation to labor and extermination camps in 1942 and early 1943.1 He also takes us inside the smaller slave labor camps in Eastern Upper Silesia and documents the transition from army to SS control. Kimmelmann’s hometown was Dąbrowa Górnicza, a factory center near Katowice just east of the 1939 Polish-German border and about thirty-five miles north of Auschwitz. It was home to about 5,000 Jews. His Hasidic family sent him to a private heder, but his education was cut short by the German invasion. Too young at eleven to be included in the early deportations of Jews to slave labor in Germany, he soon learned the metal trade to help maintain his family and keep it from being sent away from their home together with other \"unproductive\" Jews. Ultimately he could not avoid being transported to Markstadt labor camp and then to Fünfteichen, both satellites of concentration camp Gross-Rosen, where Krupp was expanding its huge Bertha Works. During the last months of the war he was taken to the main camp for a short time and to Buchenwald, where he was liberated in April 1945. Kimmelmann is haunted by treatment of Jews by their fellow Jews during the Holocaust. Whether as Jewish Council members, Jewish police in the ghetto, or as block seniors at Markstadt, Jews strike him as more vicious and corrupt than some Germans. He occasionally loses sight of the directing Nazi hand behind every action. But Abraham is also thoughtful about the temptations placed before these individuals, wondering what he himself would have done in their position and whether their actions, too, were only human. What is more, he subsequently witnessed the still worse conditions that prevailed in concentration camps where the SS ruled more directly and the prisoner administration was largely non-Jewish. A the time of his interview in Geneva in August 1946 the eighteen-year-old Kimmelmann was enrolled in a training program for mechanics sponsored by the ORT. (1. A version of this interview appears in Boder's I Did Not Interview the Dead, under the pseudonym \"Abe Mohnblum.\") (Commentary from FRESH WOUNDS: EARLY NARRATIVES OF HOLOCAUST SURVIVAL by Donald L. Niewyk. Copyright (c) 1998 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher. www.uncpress.unc.edu)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/092/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169714","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - kimmelmannA_9-83B_9-84_9-85B_9-86_9-87_9-91_9-92_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":12795.51494,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/092/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169714","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/092/original/kimmelmannA_9-83B_9-84_9-85B_9-86_9-87_9-91_9-92_SLP.mp3?1583169714","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":12795.51494,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Geneva, August...August 27th, 1946. We are starting a new interview with Abraham Kimmelmann at eighth minute or so...seven and a half minutes of the spool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Now, Mr. Kimmelmann, will you tell me again, what is your name, how old are you, and where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=18.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My name is Kimmelmann, Abraham. I was born at the 10th of the tenth, 1928.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean the tenth of October, 1928. Where were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=38.0,46.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in Poland in Upper Silesia in the city of Dabrowa-Wolnitza.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=46.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now tell me, you said you want to make a little introduction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=59.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e You are not so much interested in that which we are doing now but you want to go in more in detail about our past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=63.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, you are right. Especially about the times during the war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=79.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e You told us before when we were eating what some boys from the lager [camp] have told you so far. And that they told it to you in different ways, that one said that it was relatively good and that the other reported that he was very badly off; and in spite of that both have told you the truth. Now you have to make it clear to yourself, that they have not only told you the truth but that they are not able to relate everything the way how it really was. Because if you look back to history, or if one writes a book about something, so it is usually said that one writes always more than is true. But in this case it is entirely in the reverse. One can never tell enough and present the things how they really were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=80.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You see that is why I talk to many. That is why I interview many and have them tell their story. So from the little that I get from everyone, the mosaic, a total picture can be assembled. Now you understand my purpose. Why I want to collect two-hundred spools of these interviews because nobody can tell the whole story. You understand that. Now tell me a lot of details, you don’t have to hurry, we have enough wire and we have enough time, you understand. I prefer to listen to less people who tell me much than to people who tell me little. Where were you when the war started? What has happened to you? Tell me, possibly day by day, week by week, what has happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=143.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Now then, up to the start of the war I was only able to go to elementary school what education is concerned. I went through only a few grades, that is up to the fifth grade. Since my father was a religious man he didn’t permit me to go to the public school. I went to a private cheder, a yiddish cheder and there we had a Polish teacher who could teach us [other “non-religious”] subjects. Now, when the war started I had no more opportunity to study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=195.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=237.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I was that time twelve years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=238.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why didn’t you have the opportunity to go to school when the war started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=240.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e When the war first started as you probably know, the Germans have arrived in Poland, and what ideas and what plans they had in mind is now known to everybody. As soon as they entered Poland [a Polish district] the first thing they would do is to start something against the Jews. Whatever that was. Sure enough they couldn’t all at once shoot all the Jews, but they have arranged it this way. Since they did everything in a systematic fashion, so that nobody should notice it, and that nobody should be able to escape. So as soon as the Germans came in, they set a special hour when we could go out, and otherwise we could not go out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=243.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have to wear any badges?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=293.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was not yet at the beginning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=296.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So how was it known when one went out late that he was a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=299.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Right from the start everybody had to be identified [take out identification cards]. They still were afraid that possibly there were some people belonging to some parties and they were looking for this kind of people. So they gave orders, and since everybody was afraid he would have to present his identification card, and on the identification card it was always written to what religion one belonged, whether Moseic or Christian that was right away noticeable. The second thing was that they immediately prohibited the religious rituals. They prohibited the ritual slaughter of animals and nobody was permitted to have moe than one thousand marks, that is 3000 zloty. The rest you had to give up. What concerns gold and silver that of course is understood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=303.0,356.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Let us not take anything for granted. What did they announce?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=356.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was announced that one had to surrender gold and silver. That happened right from the start. They didn’t want to break their heads [worry].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=359.0,367.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the people really surrender their gold and silver?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=367.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Each one did, according how he felt about it. If one was very much afraid, and he could not hide the things, so he surrendered them. But if one was more adventurous and wanted to take chances, then he hid it. And on that depended the life of people. Because if one had no money one could die from starvation. The worst thing that happened at the beginning was...we got bread coupons, and everything was rationed, but for us it was a question of bread, because other things one could still get. But if one had the bread coupons it still was not easy to get bread. We couldn’t simply go to a store or a bakery and say, “Here are the coupons and give me the bread”. One would stand from ten o’clock in the evening until six o’clock in the morning, whether it was cold or hot, whether it rained until one would reach the window to get the bread. And often...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=370.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there also Jewish bakers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=441.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I will tell you everything. Often it was that the Poles would recognize the Jews, they knew them still before the war, and since they wanted more bread they would tell to the Germans, “yes, this is a Jew”, and with a finger they would point at the Jew. It was the only word they learned to say in German. They would say, and in that way they would betray a Jew who had been standing for twelve hours in line and when he at last got to the window, “Jew out of here, go away”. And under such conditions we lived right from the start, when the Germans came in. And still it was from the beginning in Poland that there were a lot of Jews so they arranged that concessions were given to Jewish bakers and they baked the bread for the Jews. In this respect it became a little bit easier, so that one was standing only among Jews. At least when one got to the window the words “Jew go away”,wasn’t heard anymore because all were Jews in the line. That was only the beginning what the Germans have done when they come in. But it went on and on. They evicted the Jews from various streets and even prohibited any Jew to appear on such a street. And so it went on and on and we were more and more driven together. Into one section where the Jews lived, and now an order came and it was necessary to clean the streets. So who was being taken. Of course, the Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=442.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many Jews were in your town?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=556.0,558.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In our city were about five-thousand heads counting approximately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=558.0,567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How were they taken?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=567.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e By that time there was founded a Jewish Cultural Community. You see they founded the Jewish Cultural Community so that they themselves shouldn’t have anything to do with the Jews. When the police had any special order the higher authorities or they themselves wanted to accomplish something, they simply notified the Kultusgemeinde, that they should fulfill it with all the precision and details. And with this work they did the same thing. They wrote to the Jewish Community Council that on such and such a day or every day so and so many workers have to be presented. But they did not tell them in what way to do it. We already knew if such an order is given to the Jewish Community Council it will be taken care of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=570.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the Jewish Community Council handled these things with justice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=636.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e If I have to start now with the Jewish Community Council that would be a little bit too early.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=641.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e All right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=647.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Because this is not the only thing the Jewish Community Council was doing. Whether they were right or wrong we shall see later when I shall come to express my opinion, I cannot talk about it now on the basis of what I have told you so far. And the Jewish Community Council would get this kind of an order, they would take the lists, the card index of every Jewish inhabitant and would send him a note that on such and such a day, such and such an hour, and at such and such a place he should appear in order that, that work be done. Those with plenty of money, these would hire a poor Jew, pay him for the day according to agreement, and that fellow would work for him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=648.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the Community Council permit such a thing? That one should work for the other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=707.0,710.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They didn’t bother about it. The main thing they were interested that the numbers of workers be correct. They did not look at the faces they just looked for the total number, and the whole scene would take place at the city hall where people would assemble, and there people were divided into groups, each master [foreman] got a certain number of Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=710.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The master was Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=737.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, the master was a German. But at the beginning they were mostly Polish. And so the hardest and the worst work, which one never had to do before. Because before the war such work also had to be done, but [although] before the war such work could be done, there were no people for it, nobody had interest for such work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=738.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=762.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well for example, take a field or a street, where there is no people, all empty. In the worst frost, in the worst snow it had to be cleared so that it would make a clear road. That was the first thing. Then when it was a little warmer there were various ditches, various pools where there was snow and water; it didn’t matter, the hard work [had to be done] here without any consideration when it was ordered the work had to be done. People had to sweat, people had to shed their blood, and with all effort one had to finish the work whether he wanted it or not. A German master was made responsible for it, and he saw to it that everything be done the way he wanted it to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=763.0,815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How could he accomplish that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=815.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e There were various masters. They were silent, it really wasn’t necessary that it should come to beating. One word was enough to make one grab the shovel and to do his utmost. But there were also among them such sadists who wouldn’t talk at all, they were just beating. And that was “their life”, possibly they weren’t assigned as masters because they had to earn money for their subsistance, but because they simply chose it themselves. It was for them a greatest joy, the greatest experience, that now all at once they could beat the Jews and could do with them whatever they wanted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=818.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were these masters poles or were they germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=863.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They were Poles and there were also Germans. Because at the beginning we didn’t see yet so many Germans. There was also a large part of the Poles who immediately registered as Volksdeutsche, Folk-Germans. And so the first winter everything went on that a lot of time one would be working for the City Hall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=864.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they pay for the work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=896.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e From the beginning they didn’t pay. It was forced labor. It was without pay. They did not pay. Later they paid 1 mark 70 per day for the work of eight or even ten hours. But you can imagine, what could one buy for 1 mark 70. Or what could one purchase for it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=898.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How much did bread cost?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=927.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That depends what kind of bread. We got 250 grams of bread a day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=930.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Per person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=937.0,938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Per person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=938.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And that cost how much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=939.0,940.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And that cost 25 drachm, 25 German pfennigs. That would be all right, 250 grams of bread would be enough, but if one gets only bread, if one can’t get potatoes or corn flour, and no fat; can one live on 250 grams daily? People had to support each other and help out each other. It is just impossible to be starving. When a person is hungry he is ready to do anything. So what could he do? One looked for somebody who would bring in bread on the black or flour and one paid more, and in order to pay more one needs money and so 1 mark 75 wasn’t enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=940.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so what did one do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=987.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e People began to manage in various ways. One would do business on the black, others would work over time, people would simply risk their lives somehow to get through, and those who could not do it, who did not have enough courage or were too much afraid, these had to starve. And so many went caput, died right before me. One may, so to speak, say as the first winter passed, the worst was not...I mean when I just look back, I think that during the first winter the cruelty of the Germans was not yet recognized. People as I said...a family, we were still sitting together. Sometimes we played cards. We still laughed. It wasn’t yet so noticeable. People had still some money from before the war and so people could manage somehow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=989.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But you had orders to turn in the money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1057.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e But a lot of people just didn’t turn in their money. Because it is a thing that one can hide, and in the beginnings things were not so strict that they would come and search each and every house. It was a small thing. They didn’t say that the money had to be given up because they needed it, because they could have as much money as they wanted. They made [printed] it themselves, but it was simply done to oppress the Jews with the surrendering of the money it wasn’t so bad at first. The purpose wasn’t to take away the money, it was to destroy us all. The first winter of the war, with great pains, sometimes we ate, sometimes we didn’t eat, but we pulled through. But in the summer there began the bombardment of the German cities, and many Germans wanted to enrich themselves in spite of that because they could take away the property of the Jews and so they came to Poland from different corners of Germany they came. The first time it was so that they were put in Jewish businesses as custodians. They managed the business and at the beginning the firm remained under the old name. Of course it isn’t important what the name of the firm is, but who gets the money from it. That were the Germans. On the one side it was good because to some extent they left the businesses in the hands of the Jews, and man...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1059.0,1143.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now how was it. There was a custodian. The Jew still was in the business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1143.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Correct. The Jew was still in the business. But there were already individual cases where the Jew was entirely thrown out and the Germans had taken the business away. But one can say that at the beginning the Jews to a large extent remained. But the German manager, he had the word.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1149.0,1194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who took the money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1194.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The German took the money. I am not entirely informed where the money went. I only knew that the Jews got some monthly salary.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1195.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That he was getting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1211.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That he got. But he was getting it according to a rule. A Jew could get only so and so much and that he would get and that he would sign for, they would not pay according to work. It was all very official. But it was all right because the Germans, they were not so much Germans on the inside as on the outside. And when they were together with the Jews they could get along.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1213.0,1251.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did your father have a business too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1251.0,1253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we had no business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1253.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your father doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1255.0,1257.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My father was making vinegar. He made vinegar and then...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1257.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And he didn’t manage to continue doing it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1265.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Since the war we ourselves couldn’t make it any more. But we were buying it from a factory and selling it to smaller businesses. But it was not permitted. We continued some time after the beginning of the war but then it didn’t pay any more. It was too much of a risk. And so we gave it up. Shall I tell you all the details?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1266.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1293.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And so there was again a time that we pushed through as good as we could. In the summer it was said again that workers were needed for Germany. First of all the young people between eighteen and fifty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1295.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you say fifty?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1320.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, fifty. Up to fifty. These had to go to Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1321.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They had to go, or they could go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1326.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They could, but if they didn’t want, they had to. But it wasn’t done in a way that they would notify the Jewish Community Council. They didn’t send an order to the Kultusgemeinde telling them that they would need so and so many workers for Germany because they were afraid they couldn’t trust the Jewish Community Council with such a thing. And so they went through with it themselves and in the following manner. From the early morning, it was about 4:30 they sent to the city a certain number of policemen. And they gave them the Jewish addresses and they simply got us from the beds. I still remember when they came into our house, my father wasn’t home at the moment, by accident and fortunately so he was in Sosnowice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1327.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In Sosnowiec? Are you from Sosnowiec?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1372.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, twelve kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1375.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That wasn’t far from Bendzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1376.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, from Dabrowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1380.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Not far from Myslowice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1382.0,1386.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And they came in and they pulled off my blanket and asked me, “How old are you?” And I said, “Born in 1928.” “Oh,” they said, “go on sleeping.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1386.0,1399.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When were you born?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1399.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e 1928, when I was born.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1400.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what happened in that year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1403.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1940.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1404.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you were twelve years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1409.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, go on sleeping because that time such boys were not yet taken. That was the first razzia [raid].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1414.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The first selection?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1424.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that wasn’t a selection. That was a raid. They surrounded the city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1428.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e All right, let’s call it raid, In Russian it was called oblawa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1432.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes. In Polish it was also called oblawa. And at that time it still made a very terrible impression. Because we were not yet accustomed to such things. Not accustomed so to speak. I have forgotten to tell you a story. But here in the middle I can come back to it. I remember it now. Just at the beginning of the war, when it started, we evacuated to Mekhov and of course people who ran still farther like to Warsaw to middle Poland, but we didn’t care to go farther and we only got as far as Mekhov.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1439.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who evacuated you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1474.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e We evacuated ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1475.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You ran away?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1476.0,1478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we fled. Thousands of people fled because we all lived near the German border and when the Germans came we had to return and we had to run on foot. There were no railroads, there were no automobiles, no autobusses, we had to run on foot with the belongings we still had with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1478.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how far did you get away?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1504.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e About seven days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1507.0,1511.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And did you return to your old house?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1511.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Seven days after the Germans came in we decided to return because they were everywhere. What could we do? And when we came near Sławków, that is a village also not far from us, so when we came to Sławków we heard that all the Jews have been thrown from the bridge into the water. And that is the real truth. When they saw a Jew, that time one was still recognizable because the religious Jews still wore their beards and they were dressed in Jewish fashion, as they used to do in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1513.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was your father a Hasid?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1553.0,1555.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Or they demanded an identification. And when it was a Jew they either shot him or threw him into the water alive. We were fortunate that we heard about it before and we waited through this crisis and then we returned home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1555.0,1576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you find your home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1576.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, we found everything. We were not that rich that we had to be afraid for our belongings. And now I will come back to the raid. [We have here a break in the original wire. —D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1578.0,1587.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1587.0,1589.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I mean to say we had already one blow. We heard what was done to too many Jews. They were shot and the like. It was only the beginning. We were not yet accustomed to it and so this razzia [raid] made on us a very bad impression. We were downhearted and in a very pessimistic mood. And how is it said in Yiddish, if one gets accustomed to trouble one can live with them in joy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1589.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does that really mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, when one gets accustomed to the evil, one lives with it cheerfully. He doesn’t notice anymore that it is evil. One thinks that it ought to be that way. As it is being said, old proverbs are true. In most cases I found that they are true and that they always have their application. And so here we adapted ourselves. The first raid made on us a terrible impression, but pretty soon there was another razzia. They have taken this one, they have taken the other one. It becomes like the daily bread. When one would go to bed he would say, well, tomorrow it will be this way or that way. Every day somebody would come and would tell, I have heard that tomorrow there will be again a razzia. They would come here one week or the other. And so it stopped making any impression on us. It was told just like fairy tale. Just like a story. These things were told and were talked about. Without anybody making a sour or horrified face. It began to appear very simple. With us, as I told you that through the business trustees the Germans and the Jews began to have, to gain some mutual confidence. It came to be that some people had favor in their eyes. These people became privileged. So for a sum of money they could save a Jew so that he should not go to the lager [camp]. And so there were occurring scenes quite often that one knew that you go to such and such a person and you give him such and such a sum of money till it has become practically [a matter of] a fixed fee for these things. A fixed prize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For example, how much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e At the beginning it was set at about 10,000 marks and a man could go free. There were even cases in the beginning where people were returned from concentration camps for money. It was all due to the fact that while the Jews were in closer contact with the Germans they could accomplish it. That could only occur when Jews could still live in a German or Polish city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This concludes Spool 83 and we are going over to Spool 84.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] August...Geneva, August 27, 1946, Spool 84. Eh, Abraham Kimmelmann...Abraham Kimmelmann continues the report which we started at about the 7 minute position of Spool 83.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1636.0,1657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] And so Abraham, go ahead. As you told me that one could for money, say for 10,000 marks buy himself out and even be returned from the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1657.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that is what the rich people talked themselves into.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1672.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Talked themselves into or managed to arrange?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1678.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, they talked themselves in and sometimes managed to do it. Well, you would ask me where were there still rich people. As I told you already, as long as the Jews could come in contact with the Germans they could help themselves by doing some business with them. They would buy merchandise and also sell it under cover.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1680.0,1712.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e To the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1712.0,1714.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, to the Germans, and among themselves privately because the mark just had no value. Merchandise went up higher and higher and the mark went down. And the 10,000 mark wasn’t much at the time. Just a kind of an idea, a notion, just a notion of having 10,000 marks. It wasn’t really very much. Just because everything was being sold some people felt themselves very rich because they had tens of thousands of marks. At that time they talked and said to themselves that if they already have the money, they are safe, because no person could ever imagine, nobody could ever think that it would come to that, that either money or a human being, any agreement will lose its value. That simply all Jews will be annihilated, that nobody could imagine then. People were thinking “they may take my enemies, they will take that many, well, just a certain number,” but soon people noticed that that was indeed a systematic procedure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1714.0,1780.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they think that the rich or the educated ones, the intellectuals won’t have to go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1780.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, because there was that kind of a notion that those who had money, or had a good job, for instance a skilled craftsman or a good engineer and the like were important to the Germans. These they kept until the last moment. Since they had contact with the Germans and these always promised them to do everything possible for you, they thought that they [the local Germans] are the people who have the last word in everything, have their say in everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1784.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1809.0,1814.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And things continued. There were razzias [raids] on and on. Finally the German police thought things over, thought why do they have to get up at night, and take people to the police station to feed them there. They created a Jewish militia, that is the Jewish Council who had their say over the Jewish community, had an organization and they themselves had to run everything. This militia had, first of all, to keep order on the streets. And its first duty was to serve the Jewish Cultural Commonwealth. [By the Cultural Commonwealth is really meant the Jewish executive committee]. They had authority over everything, because in such times people move around a great deal and when somebody does something it is said that he is a bad man. They would not put themselves in his place to understand whether he really wanted to do it that way, whether he has done that on purpose. They simply say, and it isn’t unusual, people say that people are dissatisfied when wrong is being done to them...some people go and complain. And so they have created a Jewish police, a Jewish militia to keep order. Furthermore, they needed the Jewish militia. It had to keep over that was so difficult to do. They took over now the razzias. Razzias were now done by the Jewish militia. They would get an order that so and so many Jews had to be delivered to go to a working camp or to Auschwitz, there was already an Auschwitz and we had heard about Auschwitz. So they would give an order to the Community Council and instruct them to make out a list so they themselves should settle everything. They would dispatch everything. Now when a razzia had to take place they would get the police from central Community Council in Sosnowice and would expedite everything. It was arranged so that when they would arrest a man, a Jewish militioner would lead him undeer the arm, and an extra police cordon would surround the locality to keep watch. This cordon was put up so there would be no disturbance. Well, the influence of the militia people...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who got the job in the militia? What kind of people were chosen for the militia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1980.0,1987.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The militia was not chosen by the Jews. At such times there were no elections. They take the ones who are suitable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1987.0,1997.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And who passed judgment on that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1997.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a decision of the Jewish Community Council. The Jewish Community Council named a certain Monek Merin. This man was the director of the whole district. The whole region as far as Lodz. He was the manager of the whole Jewish community. He was a Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1999.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who appointed him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2017.0,2019.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t know how it came about that he worked himself up so high. He had influence with the Gestapo and had everywhere his say. He had his own automobile, ha had a chauffeur and he led the life which he certainly could not have led before the war. [which he certainly could not have afforded before the war; which one could not have afforded to do before the war]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2019.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to him afterwards?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2037.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e that I don’t know, but I met his wife in Buchenwald. His wife and daughter I knew in Buchenwald.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2039.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they liberated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2044.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2045.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2045.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And when it was resolved by the Germans to found a Jewish Community Council he took in such people who he first of all knew before the war, his friends and his relatives. He was not an intelligent person. [In this case intelligence means highly educated]. Possibly he had some education. His character was not so good. That became later evident from his deeds, and all that what this man had on his conscience what he could bear with at least in the beginning is proof that he did not belong to the noble souls. To his best friends he gave good jobs. Good positions. And these friends had again friends, relatives and so on. They had pull. These people had penetrated into the Community council, they worked there. And they fared well. Because from all the supplies that were allotted to the Jews they still could live [well]. Because if there comes an allotment for 5,000 people, say food, you still can one take off from each a little bit and then one has it in super-abundance, or much too much. And so the Jewish Community Council existed. They really did not have to take away from everyone too much in order to live a very good life. A very abundant life. With the Jewish militia it was the same thing. When there were already Jewish functionaries in the Jewish community council they got in there friends and these looked around in turn and they named them [their friends] as candidates. They were inspected, looked on, whether they were strong enough, whether he is of good health. First of all whether he will not feel embarrassed to drag a Jew across the streets to take him to prison—because there was a Jewish prison, and when he has to club a Jew, he would also not be embarrassed to do it. These were the Jews they would look for in the first place. They didn’t have to search very hard because there are enough people of this kind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2049.0,2171.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e what happened to the Rabbi of the city?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2171.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In our city the Rabbi felt reasonably well. Since he was still before the war selected by the community council they all belonged to a guild. That was a kind of labor organization. And they voted for him. They had a little bit of piety and consideration. It is understood that morally he suffered a great deal. I couldn’t tell to what measure because this is a private affair. As a whole he still could exist. He was still receiving his salary. At the beginning he did not suffer from the war in the same measure as the whole population did, the Jewish population. And so with the organization of the Jewish militia it became much worse than before. It became especially bad for those who had no acquaintances among the militia and that was nearly the whole population, because a militia man did not mistreat his own family, he always tried to protect them somehow. Always to forewarn them, at least as much as was in his power. But the general Jewish population suffered much more [on account of the Jewish militia].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2174.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2263.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e A German policeman, if he would be given the address of a Jew, if he would go there for the first time, he wouldn’t know the man. He didn’t know where he could hide and so on. He, the German, when he gets an order, he fulfills it. He goes there, if he doesn’t find anybody, he comes back, files his report, and the issue is closed. A Jewish militiaman when he would get an order, well, he would watch the Jew, he knew him, he was acquainted with him, he knew him yet from before the war, he knew where he was or where he could hide, of course he would sooner be able to find him than a German, and so they were much worse. Under these conditions, a revolutionary spirit developed in each person stronger than ever before. Because if one says, a German has beaten me, I know the Germans. The Germans, well I can’t expect anything from them. I can expect from them as much as I can expect from the whole world. It’s the same thing like one lives his family, also one has his friends, also people who one knows from a distance. If one asks anything from those people and they don’t grant it one can say, “Well, they are bad people,” or they may understand him and say, “He possibly is unable to do it,” and they say, “He is just a mean person, he wouldn’t grant me this favor.” On the other hand, if I request anything from a sister or my mother or any of my relatives, and he does not grant it to me, then I am greatly grieved, and I feel that I have a right to reproach him. And well, just the same thing happened with us. When a German would do some wrong, well, one knew to hide and he wouldn’t find us, and if he didn’t find us we would thank God, he hadn’t found us. If a Jewish militia man would want to do to us something so we were very much perturbed and say, “One Jews wants to do that to another Jew. That is something horrible.” But we got accustomed to this also. We have learned to guard ourselves, to be on guard against our militia as well as against the Germans. Even more so. I shall refrain from telling you much more about the same thing, but I want to tell you just a little episode at which I myself happened to be present. It is just an example, to see to what all that has led. The Jewish militia did not feel that they were merely functionaries to execute what was demanded from them and what was ordered them to do. They also felt that they were better, more important people. Here is a case that happened once. In Dabrowa-Wolnitza there was a shop. That is an industry where shoes are manufactured. This industry was founded by a German who was the manager, and only Jews worked there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2264.0,2469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they get paid?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2469.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they were getting paid, but I told you already what the money was worth. They worked only to prolong a bit their stay at home. They were still thinking that if one works for the Wehrmacht they will be allowed to stay at home. Large numbers of the workers would arrive from Bensburg. Special Jewish street cars, electric street cars. They were given by the street car company. Jewish street cars. Every two hours a street car would go especially for the Jews. No Germans, no Poles could board such a train, a car, only Jews. There were Jewish conductors and the Jewish militia always controlled the street cars so that nobody would smuggle bread or anything else. Because there always used to happen that there was a difference in price between one city and the other. In most cases bread was cheaper in Dabrowa than in Bensburg. And so they always controlled the trams to watch that nobody should smuggle anything. They also stood guard otherwise on the street car. There happened to be on the car a Jewish militia man, tall of stature, and of strong build, and it was early in the morning when the working men were traveling to work. It is understood that if there is only every two hours a streetcar the cars were badly overcrowded. The Jewish militiaman felt to be better than we, the people, and he wanted that we make room for him. But the train was so packed that people were standing on the steps, so what does he do. He tells a man to make room for him. So the man says, “Have a bit of sense, it’s impossible, it’s all packed. We are pressed together like herring.” But, he the militiaman, didn’t say much, he just struck him. One doesn’t consider in the first moments what the consequences may be and he struck back. But the other one was much stronger, and he beat him so that it didn’t pay any more [to defend himself]. But the militiaman was not satisfied, and when they arrived in Dabrowa he takes that Jew to the Jewish police station and they beat him up to such an extent that the man was unrecognizable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2470.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who did it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2624.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that one, the Jewish militiaman. He beat him up so badly, he blackened his eyes and he was swollen all over. There were outside a few Jews around, they somehow protested, but what could one do? One had to keep his mouth shut. [While the man went to his place of work] he [the Jewish militiaman] went immediately to the Bensburg police. He went to the Jewish police commandant too, and he brought with himself numerous militiamen and they wanted to get into the shop. To get the Jew. But it was fortunate that he [the gateman] called up the German manager and he gave orders that nobody was to come in. And that the gateman could not permit anyone to enter. That was a fortunate thing because otherwise I do not think we should have seen him alive. This is just an example to what that all has led. I mean, if you take people, and they only look for this and that kind of people, they looked only for a kind of people who had no morals. Who did not have too much of morals and not too much of sentiment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2624.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes Spool 84. The spool had only about 18 indicator minutes of Kimmelmann’s interview. The rest were the songs. We are now going over to Spool 85. This spool too has at the start some other material. Interviews with the ORT instructions, which we shall transcribe separately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This is Spool 85, at 10 minutes. We continue last night’s interview with Abraham Kimmelmann, who wishes to be permitted to give his evaluation of events together with the enumeration of facts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2704.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Also Abraham start. We have been talking about the Jewish police.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2726.0,2731.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e When I saw all these occurrences at the time, I started thinking, What really is a human being? I have heard, I knew that time vaguely, that there are people of all kinds, and all kinds of governments. And I have asked myself is it possible that if somebody from birth has a definite character, whether such a character never alters, during life. But I came to a conclusion that the basic character never changes. But the detailed aspects change a great deal. For example, for instance, let us look at a tree. The roots, they are rooted deep and the base of a tree is always a tree. A tree follows the wind. When the wind blows in this direction, the branches follow the same direction. That is what I have compared with the character of man. Conditions demand that the character of a man bend itself a bit and he follow the conditions which contribute to it. One could see people, intelligent people, educated people, learned people, of whom one could never think that they are capable of certain things, or of such things. Nevertheless, the conditions of the Nazi terror have led them to a complete change. What could one expect from them? In general, you would say what could one not expect from them. And they, themselves, never thought probably, before, that they would be capable of doing such things. I now want to go to what I have seen in the camps and to prove my point I just want to state that in Dulag [a contraction of Durchgangslager, a transit camp] it was the same situation. They would trust those who would do such things that in some respects were worse than the Germans [did] themselves, and if I want to judge] such a person, I put myself into his situation. I imagine what would I have done if I would have been in his place? That’s why I say, today one could say if one would ask me a question, if they would have offered you to become a militia man, what would you have done? Today one can say if one does not want to be [truthful], “Yes, I definitely would have refused.” I would never have taken such a dirty job. But one can never be sure that if it would come to it, that one would simply have replied, “I don’t want to do it.” Because a human being is only a human being. If one stands over him with a gun and he is being threatened—if you don’t do that you shall lose your life—one cannot be responsible for the deeds that one may perpetrate. And in such light one also has to see the Jewish militia. In this, thought, they too did horrible things in which I think that all people are alike. There are only a few heroes who have that much courage, who have so much will power to use it; that if one looks at the average man, it generally will appear to him that his life is of greater value. Or let us not say that it is of greater value—he has not the courage and not such a strong will to decline the proposition. Let us now go over to the facts. What has really happened? I don’t want to go into the other details which have happened until I got into the camp. The razzias came on and on, and they took on increasingly threatening aspects. They took more and more Jews, and when it came to it, they took old people, sick people, people who had no occupation, whether they received lists or summonses, but the order was that [then and then??] On a Saturday afternoon they should appear in the Jewish synagogue. The synagogue wasn’t any more a synagogue, it was just an empty house. Later it was even converted to a horse stable. The thing made a terrible impression and people thought—now it is coming to the worst—because it was known for what purpose people [were sent away??]. Those incapable of doing anything, sick, old, and children, and it was known that they were being led directly to death. Those who had the slightest chance went into hiding. Many were afraid even to hide. So were the people taken by terror that even, although they knew that they were going to a certain death, they were afraid to hide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2731.0,3082.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They were afraid to hide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3082.0,3084.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They were afraid—they knew that they were going to death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3084.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Ah, but then, why were they afraid to hide?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3088.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That is impossible to explain. It is a matter of sentiment of a person—a matter of feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3089.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What were they doing with the people that they found in hiding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3096.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That depends. Many were hurt and many were brought back to the square and they were transported to Auschwitz. That was one reason, and second, the people were so misled, so to speak, as they [the Germans] ordered the Jewish functionaries that they somehow should calm down the population, that the people not be told that they were going to Auschwitz[??].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3101.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They were deceived?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they were deceived. They were told that they were being sent to a place where they would have light work, according to their ability to perform, and in this way they will be interned during the time of the war. And on the one hand, they wanted it to be a bit quieter. This also led to the fact that many people just didn’t go into hiding. They thought that if they catch me here, my life is lost right now. And there possibly I will survive the war. And so on that Sunday the first transport departed and none of those people is alive. These things happened in the following manner; there were two German organizations who dealt in total with the whole Jewish population. The one was called the Special Task force and the other one the Gestapo. Under the first division came the old, the sick, as I mentioned before. But since there were not enough of these, they hit upon some other procedures. Each person who ever was subject to a penalty, if, for instance, he crossed the street not according to rules which were determined for the Jews, he then had to pay a fine. But if he didn’t have the money on him, then a protocol [ticket] was written out. This protocol would go to the central police office and there a list would be made out, and that list be sent to the Jewish Community Council, indicating that these people were criminals. And these people had to sign an affidavit that as criminals they are going to Auschwitz[??]. These were the tricks that were played on people. It was simply, so to speak, chicanery, because if one wants to find something against a person, he can always find it. Once they would say that the Star of David was not properly sewed on—that one point was detached; such a person was already considered a criminal. And he was sent to Auschwitz[??]. But finally the Special Task Force began to notice that soon they would not have to do anything, so they also took it upon themselves the supply of Jewish labor; so that the Special Task Force would not have to return to Germany and go to war. That would have happened if they would have sent them all to Auschwitz. So when the Special Task Force and the contingent set up[??] a working camp [it is not very clear to which camp he refers]. From these people as we heard, the reports were very bad, and a lot of people had died from starvation and from the duress of labor. A very small number of these, we later heard, were still alive. Otherwise they all went kaput. [One should notice here the meaning of the word “kaput.” “Kaput” is applied, usually, to objects, not to living beings. It is applied to objects when one speaks of breaking it to pieces. A child makes a toy “kaput”. A machine, improperly handled, goes “kaput”. And that was the term that one heard consistently—”kaput gemacht”—the term that apparently has been used by the Nazis for the designation of a person who was killed or otherwise perished. The concept of man was used as an object, not a living being.] I had luck at that time. Two days before this deportation[??] [apparently the first of the deportees was sent to a labor camp] I was accepted to work in a metal shop. At that time I was accepted on trial to see whether I was at all fit for this kind of work. I wanted to work but there was nowhere to get the training. There was no chance to learn. One had to produce. It was a munitions factory; I was accepted, and they gave me a certificate that I was admitted for a try-out. And on this certificate I was set free [was left at liberty]. Because that was a plant belonging to a German and under such conditions I got a blue card which meant a certificate for [people] who were working for the Germans. These people were permitted to stay at home and at that time everybody said—these people will remain at home for good. And I was happy that I was accepted at such a plant. Soon they ran short of pink cards [he did not explain what a pink card meant; apparently they were for people who were not working for the Germans]. They were all sent away to Germany and so the turn came now of the others. So they started taking people, who, though they worked for the Germans, did not work in war plants, As for instance, the large business houses, or a kind of private business and the like. The turn came for these people, But they did not make a selection. That in a certain place, a former orphanage, which was the point of assembly, and there each master with his Jewish employees, each German master had to appear with his workers and a committee appointed by the Special Task Force...they investigated the matter and each proprietor and each manager was forced to surrender a certain per cent of his workers for transportation to Germany. At that time I fared very well because my plant was a war plant. He had no other Jews but me, it took only a few minutes and I was set free right away. You can imagine that my mother was immensely happy when she heard how easy I got by. And the Chief told me then, “Well, Abraham, you should not be afraid. As long as you work for the shops of Walter Hefke, the firm’s name was Walter Hefke, you have nothing to fear, [do not be afraid] that you will be deported. We have a good plant and you are a good worker, and we will take care of you.” A human being is a human being. In general one finds himself in a bad situation and every good word which one hears from a person one believes. That is innate in a person. I believe it to be so, and then it was already 1942. I worked then in the war plant. I endeavored to produce the most that I believed would help me to remain home and the first transports of blue cards have left meanwhile for Germany. Things have quieted down a bit, but then came the turn of my father. The father was then still at home. He was ill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the matter with him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3567.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e He was doing nothing; he was sick, but since my mother, my sister and I were working, that is, the majority in the family, he was permitted to stay at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3570.0,3586.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was your mother doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3586.0,3588.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother was also admitted to a war plant. This was called...I have forgotten the name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3588.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What has she been doing there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3598.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e She worked there on uniforms for the Wehrmacht. And my sister was doing the same.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3599.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How old was your sister?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3608.0,3609.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My sister—at that time my sister was thirteen years old. [He stuttered at that point he apparently wanted to say that she was born in 1928, and then simply calculated her age, it also appears that he was blocked emotionally by the memories of his sister.] She was possibly fourteen. She was one year older than I. Well, we managed somehow to arrange things. Then came the turn of the girls. Up to then the girls were safe. They did not send girls to labor service[??]. But then it occurred to them that young girls also can work, and orders were given that all girls from sixteen to twenty-five years of age, shall appear at the Community Council to be examined, to see whether they are well, whether they are healthy, and then to be sent to a work camp. Although then they were still paying attention to the conditions of health, and those who were not very well were told that they can still remain at home and work, but only on the condition that they continue working. And of course nobody was avoiding work. Whether he wanted to or not, everyone had to work in order to remain home. And by that time, the shop of which I have told you, it existed for some time, but not many girls worked there. But since a cousin of mine was an overseer over the whole shop, so we had a pull with him and among the first girls he also put my sister to work—he took on my sister. And in such a way, she remained home. [It seems they were playing safe; the girls had to appear from the age of sixteen and his sister was only fourteen.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3609.0,3702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What shop was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3702.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The same shop where they were making the uniforms for the Wehrmacht. She remained at home. Otherwise, several hundred girls were sent to Gruenberg. This Gruenberg was a woman’s camp. From there I heard of many that they had died there. In general, girls are not accustomed to that kind of work and a girl does not have as much endurance as a man, and they cannot submit to such conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3704.0,3734.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of a camp was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3734.0,3736.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I can’t tell you exactly. I think they worked in various plants. What they manufactured there is not entirely clear to me. We were reasonably lucky. We remained constantly home from the deportations[??]. Because we had the good cards. We too would say always, maybe it will remain so until the end of the war. Maybe we shall manage to remain together. One day, that was on Swuot, that was a Jewish holiday, Swuot, at night, maybe it was 12 o’clock, came the Jewish militia, they had a long list, they took my father out of his bed, and then [led him away??]. But in the morning I heard that the Community Council in Dabrowa took them to the Polish Police, in the white building in Bensburg, and there I saw him through the window. I talked to him a few words, then there came an SS man and we were not permitted anymore to stand there, otherwise they would have taken us to work. If one would go into the cellar [in hiding], one had no strength to work in the morning. [Abe apparently has lost here the verbal continuity of his story, possibly due to memories about the fate of his father; but I did not interrupt him.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3736.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were the cellars concealed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3820.0,3822.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the cellars were hidden. One would go in there form the rooms. But imagine what kind of cellars they were. They were in clay or sand, and we didn’t have anything there, we couldn’t take the beds from the house. Otherwise they would have noticed immediately that something is going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3822.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who constructed these cellars? Was it an old cellar?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3848.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was an old cellar still from before the war, but it was so hidden it was covered with blankets [rugs?] so that they should not notice it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3850.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was is under the floor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3859.0,3861.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, under the floor. They were already so refined so they could explore whether it was hollow under the floor. It wasn’t really an especially good hideout, but a human being constantly thinks—maybe still, maybe still [it will work out]. It really wasn’t any special hideout. There were people who constructed special cellars. Cellars which were really hidden, but we couldn’t afford it. So again some time passed with all these events. [The spool here is very noisy; the interview took place in a shop and at times the door was opened and we were working against a background of noise of machinery.] Finally, life becomes revolting. One simply becomes pessimistic, one has no more desire to live, one does not believe that it ever will get better. But one has to. Even if one doesn’t want to, one lives, automatically. Everything is being done automatically. Yet how is a person feeling? It was especially with me that way because I had it reasonable well. It was then already my turn—they looked already for people like me, but I don’t know—I learned from some kind of a source that on a certain night there will be a razzia [a raid], and I told it to my Chief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3861.0,3939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Your own chief?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3939.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The Chief was an SA man. A great Anti-Semite. When he would see a Jew on the street, he could kill him. I had luck. I worked well and he took a liking to me. That happened right from the start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3940.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This concludes Spool 85, Abraham Kimmelmann reporting. We are going over to Spool 86. [There is apparently a break in the spool but it seems that not much has been lost. —D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,3958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Geneva, August the 28th, 1946 at the ORT Shops. Abraham Kimmelmann reporting from Spool...from Spool 84 and 85.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3958.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Now we are starting with you saying that your Chief was an SA man, who was very bad to the Jews, but who acted very good toward you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3970.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3980.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3981.0,3982.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e When I told him that there is a peril that one day I might be dragged away to Germany, so he told me to come to the night shift and to sleep in the daytime because mostly, as I already told you, the razzias occurred at night. And they really proceeded in doing it that way because one morning when I came home at six o’clock, I was told that they came looking for me. I became completely perplexed. My blood stopped functioning when they told me that. Because it dealt not only with me alone, because I was ready to work hard, I had courage and was always imagining the worst, because if one expects the worst it is much easier to stand it than when one acts in the opposite fashion. But the worst was for me the separation from my mother and my sister. And that drove me to premonitions. I endeavored to do something because I knew my mother will not be able to stand a separation from me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3982.0,4056.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Wasn’t she already reconciled with such things? Already your father has been taken before and she survived that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4056.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That is not [a sensible??] question. I told you already, one can get accustomed to things. One can get accustomed to calamities if this same calamity is frequently experienced. Such a thing I have never yet experienced, because i spite of all the misfortunes, I always was together with my mother. That [the separation from her] could happen only once, and at this one time I was afraid. And so, I had luck several times. Three times I managed to hide. I worked always on the night shift. Whenever I heard something, I would always go to work. They looked for me three times. The third time when I came home I found the door broken down, the beds all turned over, they have searched everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4066.0,4112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Didn’t your mother tell them where you were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4112.0,4114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me, but my mother and sister also worked on the night shift. They were not afraid. They did not hide, because it was not yet the turn of their shop. The arrangements in the shop were that there were two shifts. That is, one shift in the daytime and the other during the night. Each for twelve hours, so that each week the groups or the shifts were changed. There was no arrangement that one group always worked in the daytime and the other at night. But they were working interchangeably. And then my mother and my sister were also on the night shift. [There was a telephone interruption in the interview office, which, by the way happens very often.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4114.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you found that everything was turned over?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4154.0,4159.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and I only waited until my mother came home and I went away again to the plant. I was there the whole week. I had an aunt in Bensburg. There I ate, and I slept in the shop and I did not go home. Things quieted down again, and we didn’t hear anything, people were not telling anything. With people it is this way. They tell—they always tell something, whether they know or whether they don’t. And this something causes fears. But that was a quiet time, nobody came with tales and I went back home to sleep. [There was again some interruption in the interview and I reminded him of the topic of which he was talking—that he was coming home to sleep.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4159.0,4212.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [continues] One evening when my sister was gone for the night shift, that was about seven o’clock when she went to the night shift, and until nine o’clock the jews were permitted to go out. So five minutes before nine, she comes home and tells me I should dress immediately; she has heard that there will be again a raid, I must hide. Besides, [they are after] boys of my age and with the same identity cards as mine. I didn’t think long, I dressed with whatever came into my hands. I went to a comrade of mine, and we hid in an attic; it was rather unrecognizable and we slept there. It was winter, it was cold, you can imagine that we couldn’t sleep from sheer cold, but we passed the night. I tell you that only to give you an example. To give people kind of general review of the horrors in which we lived. We were never sure of the moment nor of the hour. We never felt at home. Always there was the fear that an SS man, a Gestapo man, may come, or the Jewish militiamen who could fetch us. Again some time passed; I worked, I earned normally, and one day we heard again that such a thing will happen. Again I went to the night shift and I was sleeping in the daytime. It so happened that my mother also worked on the night shift. My sister was on the day shift and the two of us worked during the night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4212.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you sleep?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4302.0,4303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e At home. Because in the daytime it was not so dangerous to sleep at home. Twelve o’clock noon, somebody knocked. I had a very hard sleep. I did not hear a thing. My mother was also very tired from the work, and she also slept. But then it appeared to her, as if in a dream, that somebody has knocked. And with us it was that customers were always coming because my mother had to work also at home because [from her earnings at the shop,] one couldn’t buy even bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4303.0,4338.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So what was she—a dressmaker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4338.0,4339.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, she was a girdle maker, such as corsets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4339.0,4345.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [I did not understand the meaning of the German word Muedermacherin, so he explained it.] She was a corset maker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4345.0,4345.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, a corset maker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4345.0,4348.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who, in those times, wore corsets?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4348.0,4350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In those times it was like this. There was already a ghetto. That is, the Jews had to live in a concentrated fashion, in certain section, but they were not permitted to go out—could not go on the streets where non-Jews lived. On the other hand, the Poles could come in [to the ghetto]. She worked for Christians. That was not permitted—to work for Christians. But, as the Poles could move through those streets, they could take walks through those streets, so it was possible to work for them. As long as I talk about it I will tell you how that work would proceed. When my mother worked in the daytime, she would return home by five o’clock and work then until one or two o’clock at night. When she was through with her work, her sewing machine was hidden, because it was not permitted to us to have sewing machines. The machines had to be surrendered. But on the machine depended her life. If we have nothing to eat, we have to die anyway. This risk we had to take, whether we wanted to or not. So after work, we would hide the machine in the attic or in the cellar. And so at that time, too, my mother thought that it was possibly a customer who is calling for some work, or wants to order something—and we wanted to earn something—so she quickly opened the door and asked, “Who is there?” But she did not see anybody outside. But the policeman who was outside heard a voice calling, he was glad he came on time, and so he entered the house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4350.0,4446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What that a Jewish policeman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4446.0,4447.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was a German policeman. I will tell you why it happened to be the German Police. He comes in and asks for me, where Kimmelmann Abram lives, and my mother was already not anymore[??] a human being. She already did not know what was happening to her, because she knew that the last minute has come. The minute of decision. And she asked [The sequence is lost again, apparently through emotional stress]...I said, “Yes, that’s I,” and he ordered that I should dress immediately. I had my work clothes on the chair, these were clothes full of grease because I worked at the stamping machine always with oil, very dirty, just for work. Otherwise, one couldn’t wear them. One would become all greasy and dirty, from the dirty oil. I wanted to put on something else because I knew I would not return anymore home but he did not permit it. I should put on these things and so I should come with him. And while I was dressing he did something else, and that was to start searching whether we have any food. Because they were so shrewd, they knew we have a card that would give us only the utmost minimum to live on. It was as people say, not to live and not to die. And when they would find any more food, any kind of edibles put away, they inquired immediately how we managed to have it. That would give a reason to punish one or consider him a criminal. And then they had reason to send one to the lager. They found some beans in our house but my mother managed to explain, saying that we have not eaten anything [any beans] for weeks in order to cook once a real meal. I don’t know what happened afterwards. Maybe he has written it down, maybe not. I was all crazy, I didn’t think of such things at the moment; we thought only of the fact that now the time has come that I won’t see anymore my mother. I knew right away that I shall not return anymore and when I finished dressing he told me to come with him and when we left Mother began so to scream, it was something terrible. When somebody [who] doesn’t know at all about such things [and] he hears a woman so screaming, he must definitely think that she is off her mind. And it’s no wonder when one hears such hysterical screams. But even if one cannot imagine [it] one should still be able to know what it is when a child is being torn form his mother, when one knows at the time for sure that she wouldn’t see him anymore. This cannot be compared with a case when a child dies, is sick and dies in its own bed. It’s perfectly different when one knows that it is going to be together with the mother and then, all at once, being sent, so to speak, to death. And if I live today, I don’t know to this day how I was saved from all that. But then I was sure that I am going towards death. So was my mother. So one should not wonder that my mother screamed that way. He [apparently the Gestapo man] heard it, yet from the outside. And I don’t know how it affected him—it made some impression on him. He returned with me and asked my mother why she screamed so. But she was afraid to say why she screamed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4447.0,4657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that an SS man?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4657.0,4658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was a Shupo—a simple policeman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4658.0,4664.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4664.0,4665.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, a German. I also will tell you how he happened to be there. And he quieted my mother, telling that I will return, that it was just some kind of a formality, simply to investigate something, that they have to have me—they must see me. This quieted my mother a bit because as there is a saying—the drowning grabs a straw. When she heard such words, although from the German from whom she could not expect anything, in spite of that, she consoled herself within and thought that maybe he might be telling the truth. She quieted down a bit—I knew that that wouldn’t last long. It was a matter that was decided in a few hours—what was there to do? He mounted his bike and told me to run along beside him. And the faster I would run, the faster he accelerated the speed of his bike.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4665.0,4719.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So he mounted his bicycle?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4719.0,4721.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4721.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Couldn’t you run away from him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4722.0,4724.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. To run away. But he had something that could kill me at a distance—you know they all wore arms. And they only waited for a moment for an opportunity that they could shoot the Jew. And that I didn’t want, and even if I had wanted to, I said, I told you already, one doesn’t have the courage. One doesn’t have the courage. One always thinks—there is always still a spark in a human being that tells, maybe there still will happen a miracle. One tried to hold only to one thing. One thinks only of one thing. I was running and I had no strength anymore. When I came to the Police station, which was from us about a kilometer and a half, there I had to run. So he was on the bike, so he tells me I should put the bike into the stalls. I was then for the first time in the police station. I didn’t know where the stalls were. So I only asked him where, and he right away slapped my face once, and once again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4724.0,4805.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The same man who consoled your mother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4805.0,4807.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the same man. He put away the bike himself and led me into the police station. When I entered, there sat the “gentlemen,” one smoked his cigarette, as I told you already, it was twelve o’clock; I arrived there at lunch time and they were—what you call it—at the noon recess, and policemen came in for letters and packages and I just stood there. All at once one came in, looked at me, he saw that I wore the star of David so he knew that I was a Jew, so he disliked that I turned my face towards him. So he took me in a corner with my face to the wall, my hands down, just like a criminal. I was not permitted to move. At the slightest move I would get a slap in the face or a kick with a boot. So I stood for an hour and a half and then they brought in two Polish women to the police station; they were those who did business on the black. They had with them eggs, butter, and all kinds of foodstuffs, and we were sent together to Bensburg, to the lower police division.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4807.0,4869.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Which police division?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4869.0,4871.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The lower police division. The main police division was in Sosnowice. On the street car they performed such a trick. They didn’t want to transport me just in a simple fashion although they were not much ashamed or much embarrassed in any way, but still they did it better. They took all the packages which the two women brought with themselves. They made me carry them, so the people should think that I have smuggled something—that I was trading on the black. That’s why they are taking me. In spite of all that, first I was ashamed; and second, these were heavy bundles. What the two women were carrying, I had to carry by myself. When we arrived there they took the bundles away from me and they did not present me to anybody but sent me down right away into a cellar, and there were assembled many Jews, that is, several hundred Jews, and we spent there a few hours. Now I want to come back to explain how it happened that they looked for me at lunch time at home. And why. Precisely this Shupo...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4871.0,4939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is a Shupo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4939.0,4940.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e A Shupo, I told you before, is a policeman, a kind of guard. It happened like this. They looked for me at that time at night. But they looked for me in Bensburg, because I was registered as working in Bensburg. Since I did not live in Bensburg, the could not find me in Bensburg because it did not occur to them that I was at night in the plant. They have taken only those who they could find at home. And so they caught many of those who were sleeping at home, and when the Police Chief, when the Shupos would come to the Police Chief and would make the reports, and I was not among them, so they started thinking where I could be; and they looked up the registers and saw that I don’t live in Bensburg at all, that I lived in Dabrowa. So they quickly telephoned to the police in Dabrowa and they looked for me at home. [There is one word that I cannot understand.] That time I was unlucky. And they caught me. And that is how it happened; otherwise maybe I would have remained yet for some time at home until the general deportation—until the place became Jew-clean. Fate governs man and he can’t do different. One can’t fight against it, and so I arrived in time to be at the police station in Bensburg together with all the Jews. They did not give us anything to eat, they even wouldn’t let us out when one had to go to the toilet and in the evening they brought again a cordon of police which was supposed to take us to Sosnowice. Sosnowice was the transit camp. It was called for short Dulag [which meant Durchganslager] which means a transit camp. All those who were taken to Germany, that is, to the work lager, were sent to Dulag. On the other hand, those who were going to Auschwitz were sent to Bensburg, to that orphanage Sirotinez. Since I was still well and young they took me to work and I was sent to Dulag. They led us on foot. We had to run. They did not order any transport facilities, we had to run about eight kilometers and you can imagine that for every five men, we marched five abreast. There were two soldiers and one dog. That is, they marched on both sides, and for each row of five men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Two policemen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5101.0,5102.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Two policemen and one dog.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5102.0,5104.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they get so many dogs? What were they, police dogs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5104.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, police dogs. Especially large dogs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5109.0,5112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Such dogs had to be fed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5112.0,5114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e For those dogs they sooner had food than for the Jews. They would say, when they shot a Jew that they have one bread left over, and then they could feel the dog. Moreover, there was not yet any scarcity for the Germans, so to speak. They could have enough, and precisely because they could take away from us. When the Germans would run short of something the ration of the Jews would be diminished and the problem was solved. Nobody cared whether some Jew would die of starvation. That was their purpose. But they couldn’t stop giving to eat. Maybe they figured it might result in epidemics of tuberculosis or typhus which would harm them as well. That was the only reason why they gave the Jews to eat at all. Otherwise they would have let them die of starvation right away. When we arrived at the Dulag, we had not eaten all day, that means I slept during the day time and when one sleeps one doesn’t eat. At ten that night they gave us two potatoes, two potatoes in jacket and that was our whole supper. At the transit camp thing were like this. The employees of the camp were Jews. They were free. Then in Sosnowice were still many Jews. They were permitted to go home and they were simply there [in the lager] employed. They were there as employees. They took care of everything. They saw to it that there was order. There were also ten Western Jews. These were Jews who were already once in the lager, and I don’t know, I can’t remember anymore how they happened to come to this transit camp. At any rate, they became the personnel of the transit camp and it was necessary to sweep to keep things clean and take care of the kitchen, and that was done by the ten Western Jews. Otherwise, we were guarded by police of the special task force. As I told you already, the special task force was responsible for the workers. Also they were guarding us. And there was the lager chief, not the lager chief but the lager Fuehrer, a German, an officer, that was a scoundrel of a kind that I haven’t seen anybody worse until then, also a plain sadist. A sadist of the greatest order that one can imagine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you call a sadist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5261.0,5264.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e To me a sadist is a man who in general has no human feeling. From the incidents that I have seen there I can judge that person, not only as an enemy of the Jews, but as an enemy of mankind. He happened to be a lager Fuehrer where there were only Jews, but I’m sure if other people would have come there the same thing would have happened. It was a man without any feeling. A plain murderer. I shall relate to you later a certain incident. Here we were getting to eat twice a day. The conditions were such. In the morning we would get up—we could sleep rather long. We slept there on such bridges [plank-beds]. You have heard of these sleeping bridges. They were bridges that were sufficiently high, one over the other about one meter apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5264.0,5319.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many people on each bridge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5319.0,5321.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that depends on the fact how many people happened to be in the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5321.0,5326.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For example...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5326.0,5327.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e When there would be a large transport, then they would all be simply shoved in. Whether one had room where to sleep [or not], nobody bothered about that, because there we were not working. It was just a transit camp for the few days. When there were less people, they had where to sleep. We were that time only a few hundred. The hall was reasonably large so we had quite a bit of room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5327.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, quite a bit of room? How many people were on each bridge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5351.0,5354.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I can’t tell you exactly but there was enough room. Maybe there was a meter of width for each person. There were not many people so that’s what it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5354.0,5363.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did you sleep on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5363.0,5365.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e On plain boards.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5365.0,5367.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No mattresses?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5367.0,5368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No mattresses, nothing. But it was so hot, because everything was locked, we were not permitted to open the window. At nights they even locked the doors so one could not go to the toilet because the gentlemen did not want to disturb their sleep. And if somebody passes through the hall, one of course can hear it. We were there two days so all at once we hear, I don’t know how, it must have come from the personnel of the lager,—they were Jews,—they apparently must have heard it from the Germans, that tonight there would come a transport from Krakow. You have heard of Krakow. Krakow is also a Polish city. [He did not pronounce the name of the city clearly; it may not be Krakow.] There were great war plants. They manufactured locomotives. There were many Jews, most of them were occupied in those plants, and there were also shops. Now I remember, the chief of all the war plants where these uniforms were made was Rosnler [not sure exactly of the name]. Rosnler was a German.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5431.0,5432.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Rosnler. He was about twenty-five year old, limped on one leg, and that is why he didn’t go to war. He had lost a leg in the war and he was rewarded by being made a chief of all the shops and he managed them. He, as people were talking about him, they were telling that he was a very good man. He has done a great deal for the Jew, but an order came to Grenow [the previously mentioned town might be Grenow, not Kradow], that it should be made “Jew-clean” and he couldn’t do a thing about it, and so we were thinking that tonight there comes a whole transport from Grenow [could also be spelled Krenau]. Men and women, mostly young people, because in Grenow there was a selection. The old men, women and children—they were sent directly from there to Auschwitz, but the younger ones were intended for a working lager so they were sent to the transit lager in Dulag near Sosnowiec. When they arrived—and there were several hundred people—you can imagine how crowded it became. And we really didn’t have any more room to sleep. At night, when they shut the doors...and it was something terrible. There was, so to speak, no air in the hall. We were just waiting for the morning when the doors would be opened again. And when the doors were reopened the people were simply stuck in the doorway [from crowding] and they couldn’t get out anymore. Probably you will ask why? When a few people squeezed themselves into the doorway first to catch some air, and they all remained standing because it was narrow and they couldn’t get ahead and from behind they were pushing. There would not be a day when somebody wasn’t trampled or killed [kaput beaten]. They were pushing him and they were yelling, “Why don’t you go ahead?” Under such conditions one ceases to be human, one gasps for air, one wants to get it, and wants to get out, and one doesn’t consider that it is nobody’s fault but the Germans whose fault it is. But one doesn’t consider it any more. One isn’t anymore a human being. And so things happened every morning. From Grenow had come mostly young people. And so it was with all transports. Various people have crowded themselves in with them. In Grenow there was made a selection and the parents were sent to Auschwitz. There were still some small children and women who, in an unnoticeable fashion, have mingled in among those sent to the labor camps and in that way, they arrived in Sosnowiec. They would say, yes, these are saved, they will get into a work lager, but in the transit camp there was a new selection. Daily there arrived trucks from the Gestapo and transported the people to Auschwitz. Selections were something terrible. Because every day we were lined up on the square and counted, whether someone was not missing, and a man from the Gestapo would go through the lines. If he would dislike somebody he would simply send him to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Whom did he not like, what does that mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5616.0,5619.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Did not like? I couldn’t tell why he didn’t like him. Maybe he didn’t like anybody, but he simply picked, he would throw a look at the fellow and say, “Come out.” I don’t know whether he liked him or not, I simply express myself that way, because he really didn’t like any Jew...would like to kill all the Jews. Well, I have forgotten to tell you a very important fact. One cannot help missing things when one is not prepared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5619.0,5651.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5651.0,5654.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e So I am going back and later start again from here. Before I left home there was announced a law. A few weeks before I left there was made a law, the whole district including Dabrowa, Bendzin, and Sosnowiec, all the Jews on the same day should appear at definitely assigned places. There were no privileged. All people. Every living being. Every Jewish living being. A child one day old or an old man who could not stand on his feet. All had to come to the square and their photograph identification cards had to be stamped. I shall have to tell you what these photograph identification cards are. One constantly forgets to tell of things which afterwards may appear of great significance. One cannot help it. One is not prepared, one talks in a simple way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5654.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Very good, very good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5715.0,5716.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The photograph identification cards were such. At the beginning when the Germans [arrived], they were taking fingerprints of the whole Polish population, Jews or no Jews. It was right at the beginning. Then they wanted to make a distinction between the Poles and the Jews, so they made for the Jews special photograph identification cards. Everyone had to have his picture taken to get his identification card and the photograph was pasted on the identification card, so that when they demanded from a Jew his identification card, they could immediately see whether it is the corresponding person. Since with finger prints you have to make all sorts of experiments to control it—so this was for them much easier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5716.0,5774.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then the picture was just pasted on or photographed together with the identification card.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5774.0,5782.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was just pasted on in a way that it was later stamped by the police and the stamp was half on the identification card and half on the photograph, so they could not cheat on it. Now you will know what a photograph identification card is. So they played such a trick in Wolbrom [I don’t hear the name clearly] which was not far from us. There Jews still lived. They assembled all on the square and had their photograph identification cards restamped by the Gestapo by the special task force, and they were sent home again. Later it resulted to be just a trick. That is, in Wolbrom, there weren’t any Jews, but in the district of Dabrowa, Bendzin, and Sosnowiec there were still some fifty thousand Jews or more and all these they wanted to get in one day, so they let all the Jews free in Wolbrom [after the checkup] so we should not be afraid any more. And so they posted announcements on all the streets that, on such and such a day, that we should assemble in a certain place. They will only stamp the identification cards and everybody will go home afterwards. We didn’t like the idea very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you also go home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5876.0,5880.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In order to quiet us down a bit there arrived a Monek Merin of whom I talked before, that was the main director of the community council of the whole district, and he made a speech that we should not be afraid, the same thing happened in Wolbrom and everybody went free [we have here apparently a break in the wire and I do not remember when that happened, whether during the interview or during the rewinding, but it continues this way;]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5880.0,5907.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e We had to stand again before a committee [that refers apparently to a second group] and the third were supposed to go to Auschwitz. [As far as I can restore it, that short break tells that when they were assembled, the first group was to go to the lagers, the second group was to reappear before the committee and the third were assigned to Auschwitz.] He [I do not know to whom it refers, apparently the Gestapo man making the selection] didn’t say anything, he only put up the Jewish militia inside the square. Outside the square there were German police, which gathered us, and when we were inside Jewish policemen were organizing things and keeping things in order that there be quiet. And he pointed with his finger at group one, group two, group three indicating where the person had to go. I don’t want to tell much what happened until my turn came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5907.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you and your mother together?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5938.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the posters instructed us also to appear in family units. Pretty soon, it became clear why they arranged it that way. I want to tell you briefly what occurred. The screaming was terrible because the families were simply separated. Young men who had a colored card were sent there, a mother was sent to another place, and in a family where only the minority was working, the whole family was taken. It was really the reason for the rule that people were to appear in family units, so that those, even if they were working, but made up the minority in the family/that seems to be the meaning, the wire is not clear] should also get their turn [which means should also be deported, maybe he clarifies it later]. We stepped forward, my mother, my sister and I, and here my sister had a good card, my mother too, I too had a good card, but my mother looked that time very bad because we didn’t earn very much and she would not eat well [here are a few words all unintelligible but it seems to mean the Gestapo man has noticed her] and so he thought that such a woman cannot work anymore. Although she possibly has produced more than has another who was much stronger than she.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5940.0,6012.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes Spool 86 of Kimmelmann, we are going over to Spool 87. Geneva, 28th of August 1946. [Footnote 1: Spools 87 and 88, pages 51 to 88 of this manuscript, have been published as the story \"What is Man?\" narrator Abe Mohnblum, in the volume I DID NOT INTERVIEW THE DEAD (pp. 95-126) by David P. Boder, Urbana, 1949, University of Illinois Press. Reproduced here in manuscript form by permission of the University of Illinois Press. \u0026mdash;D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6012.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Geneva, August 28th, 1946 at the Shops of the ORT. Abraham Kimmelmann continues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6060.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] As you were telling me, if only the minority of the family was working, the whole family was deported.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6069.0,6076.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In our case it happened so that we all were occupied, and as I told you before, my mother and sister were working in a war plant; so when we passed before the man who had to decided about our lives, first my sister passed and he immediately set her free. They sent her to Group No. 1, but my sister somehow felt...she didn’t know, she stood waiting, she was still afraid, it was something instinctive. And a feeling of fear came to her mind and she still hesitated. She had a premonition that something will go wrong. And sure enough the mother was immediately assigned to Group 3 which meant the worst, and I went with her. [Footnote 2: He precisely used this expression, the mother, not our or my mother. Having lost his mother long ago, and not having lived in an environment composed of family units but just in concentration camp barracks, he speaks of her at times with a definite attitude of detachment. \u0026mdash;D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6076.0,6125.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6125.0,6126.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e If I now take it in retrospect, I was then very little developed, I looked more like a child; I looked very infantile and since they sent my mother in that direction, “A young boy,” he must have said to himself, “What can such a boy do?” and I was placed there, with her. But I had a very good card and when we got there the president of the Jewish Community Council was there, and he looked at me. And I still had my card in my hand. He said, in Polish, “What’s going on? Why were you sent here?” And I didn’t know myself. But I was so lucky, I am telling you that it’s undescribable; because the Jewish Militia was acting this way. He [the German] would point with the finger that one belongs to a certain group, and he wasn’t given any time, even a second, even to say goodbye to somebody. He was immediately dragged to the corresponding place and he could not show himself anymore. Whether the father was put there and the son here, they could not say anymore a word to each other. But not so with me. They looked at my card, and to some extent they were taking a chance, because if the Gestapo would have seen it they would have immediately slapped him in the face, or taken notice of it in some other fashion. But I was sent back in line again. I should stay there again. My mother was happy. She didn’t think anymore of herself, that she is in such danger, and in danger she was. She only thought how to save me from it. And when I passed again he set me free and I went to No. 1.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6126.0,6220.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then your mother remained there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6220.0,6220.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother remained there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6220.0,6223.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In no. 3?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6223.0,6224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In no. 3, and all day I didn’t hear anymore from her. We had an acquaintance among the employees of the Community Council. We told him, “If you possibly see our mother, tell her that she should console herself,” but in these times, who had a mind for somebody else? Everybody was busy with himself. Nobody was safe with his life. We stood there for a long time; it took hours to process so many people, to look at every one and to tell where he was to go. By about two o’clock it was finished. It was so hot, up to two o’clock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6224.0,6254.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the daytime?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.0,6254.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, in the daytime. All at once at two o’clock there broke out a thunderstorm. It began to thunder and to rain. It was something terrible. And children, such young children, still in their baby carriages. And here it begins to rain. And nobody had anything with them, because who thought that on such a nice day it will all at once begin to rain. But the parents simply laid themselves over the baby buggies so that the rain should not get in. And now the rain has depressed us still more. We started to wail and to scream. The screams were rising to heaven. It became like a choir, together with the rain. They started to scream in such a manner, and we all wept. All at once there gets up a man, his name was Smetana, he also was a Jew, he was once, so to speak, a council member in the central council of Sosnowiec. He made a speech and said thus, “Now this selection is over. Those who are in number one, who are free, will pass before a table, and will have their photo-cards stamped. Those who are in number two remain for the time being in the Community Council in Dabrowa. They will be re-examined again. And the third group goes to Auschwitz.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he say so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6332.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that is what he said. And he said thus, “Nobody should dare to show himself on the street, because if anyone shows up on the street he goes with No. 3; that is, he shall be evacuated.” Of course, then—although we knew it before—but when it is being put into language, it makes a still greater impression, on a person—the people started to scream to such an extent, that the Germans thought that something is going to happen, and they started to shoot in the air. Well, they calmed us down with the shooting. We had to calm down. They stamped out photo-cards and through a different street we went home. We made a kind of semicircle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6332.0,6373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And your mother remained there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6373.0,6374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My mother remained there, and I didn’t know anything more about her. Only No. 1 was set free. We were going home. We were only young people. Only strong individuals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6374.0,6384.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Your sister, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6384.0,6385.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My sister, too, yes. A fellow who was about twenty-five years old—he was so excited; maybe he was nervously sick, or maybe he became nervously sick that time...and he passed a fence, you understand, a picket fence [they were thick logs deep in the ground], and we don’t know how he got the strength...that wasn’t his strength but the strength of his nerves, I am sure of that, because there is no human strength of that could in such a moment do such a thing. We barely noticed it. He simply put his hand down, and a log was pulled out. Just out of fear and excitement. And we were walking as if from a cemetery, so we wept and we wailed. When we arrived home, the door was locked. We forgot to take the key from our mother. The door was locked, and we broke a window and got in. What could we do? One was forbidden to show himself on the street. But still we couldn’t obey. Soon I went out. I saw only a single Jew on the street, and I approached the Jewish Community Council. I don’t know. Although I knew that my mother was sent right away to Bensburg because she was in No. 3, still I went on. The police were still around and we were hiding from behind one house after the other so that they shouldn’t see us. Finally I arrived at the Jewish Community Council. Upstairs there was a balcony, they were locked up upstairs, but they did them a favor and let them out on the balcony, and all at once I hear my name being called. I turn around and see my mother. I saw my mother; she held the key in her hand, and threw it from a distance. I didn’t know what was happening to me. I didn’t know how she got into No. 2, because she was assigned to No. 3. Well, I was overjoyed because it said that No.2 will remain overnight in Dabrowa and they will be re-examined. I went home. I told it right away to my sister; I told my sister right away that she is in No. 2, and she cheered up a bit. But barely an hour passed that all these people were taken, with them my mother, and they were driven to Bensburg, on foot. As I learned afterwards they were driven like cattle. They were forced to step on each other’s feet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6385.0,6541.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Men and women?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6541.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Men and women. And when they would not do it, somebody immediately took a club and the club was their interpreter. As they used to say, “They wouldn’t dirty their mouth or their hands.” They took the club as an interpreter and when one would not fall in line, he would be clubbed. We remained home. We could not go out after ten o’clock. We did not know for sure where the people were taken. Still we had a kind of feeling that they were also taken to Bensburg, to the orphanage. Came six o’clock in the morning, and I told you before I had permission to travel to Bensburg from Dabrowa because I worked there, so I took the first streetcar and I went to Bensburg. I came to the orphanage, along the street that led to the orphanage. A Jew told me I should not go there because they may arrest me too, because there are standing Gestapo people. When they see somebody they just grab him. So I thought thus, “I want to be together with my mother, but as long as I am free I still can possibly do something; maybe I still could save her. But if we two are there, there is no more hope.” I took the streetcar and I traveled on without any consciousness of myself. And all that happened at the same time in Dabrowa, Sosnowiec, and Bensburg. And the only difference was that in Dabrowa everything was over in one day because there were only five thousand heads, but in Bensburg and Sosnowiec it still lasted until the next day. It was Wednesday and Thursday and it still continued the next morning. I took the streecar, I traveled on, without any aim. And here there was a stop. I went off without knowing what I was doing and here I stand before a house where my aunt lived. I was running as if in sleep. I come in and here my cousin was crying. I didn’t need to ask her about anything. I understood what was going on. Neither did I tell her about my mother, because how could she help me? I didn’t tell her anything. I wept with her, and I left. I left the house and all at once I was taking the streetcar on my way back. There on the streetcar I see again a girl cousin of mine, from Sosnowiec. Her parents also lived in Dabrowa. Precisely on the day of the selection her parents lived with us. They lived with us then for about a week because they were evicted from a street. They still had no apartment, and so they lived with us. I know that her parents also were assigned to No. 3. I didn’t want to tell her, but I saw right away that she knows it already because she wept terribly. I just greeted her, but we didn’t say a word. But she had great connections in the Community Council. At first I had the intention to turn to her for help, but since her parents were in the same situation, she, of course, would, and I in her place would have done the same thing, first try to do something for her parents. To save them. I didn’t say anything except I told her that my mother, too, is there in the orphanage and I went home. When I arrived home there were at the streetcar people and more people. All those who remained home. And they begged the militia, maybe one could do this and one could do that. And that same day a Jew had given twenty thousand marks to a Jewish militiaman that he should save his father. I want to tell you it was within the possibility of a militiaman to save some individuals. It was so. At night the guard was assisted by the Jewish militia; so they could pass up certain things. If somebody would escape, they wouldn’t report them. That was for money. So it was just a single case where a son saved his father with twenty thousand marks. So when we returned to Dabrowa the people were waiting for the militia. Even to transmit a letter you had to pay an awful lot of money, just to transmit a little package. What could I expect? We had no money. There was nothing for me to do but to hope. Oh, I had some hope, but I did not believe myself that I will see my mother again. So I come home, tell everything to my sister, and again I go to Bensburg. Now I go to my plant where I was employed, where I worked. As I entered there stood my boss, his assistant, and here I all at once began to scream and to weep. And he says, “What’s going on?” And so I say, “Why shouldn’t I cry if my mother was taken to her death.” So he says, “Who?” So I say, “What do you mean, who. I don’t have to tell you. You know very well.” So he says, “Wait, when Matisha come (that was his manager) he shall go with you to the special police. Maybe something could be done.” I told him if I don’t have my mother I won’t come anymore to work. “It’s all the same to me.” He didn’t do it because he was afraid of me, but possibly he took pity on me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You told me before that he was a very mean person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6887.0,6890.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, a very mean person, but to me he was very good. As I was waiting I stood before the gate. I was waiting for Matisha, his manager, as if for a Messiah, like the Jews were expecting a Messiah. I turned back again; I had no patience. And so I went back again. I went behind the plant and wept. Here was the toilet. A few women workers passed from the plant to the toilet and when they saw me they said, “Abraham, what has happened? Why do you weep?”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6890.0,6925.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they Christians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6925.0,6926.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they were Christians. I was the only Jew there. There were only Christian workers. I was the only Jew. So they say, “Why do you weep?” So I told them the whole story. And so they just shook their heads and what could they do. As they returned to the plant they told it to the foreman head. He came out right away and said, “Why do you cry? Your mother is upstairs with the Deratishes. Your mother is with the family Deratish upstairs.” Now I shall tell you who the family Deratish was. In the place where I worked, that place was formerly a barn for cattle feed. And when the war started, the owner of the place had a lot of money, and so he bought some machinery and wanted to open a shop. But the Germans came and confiscated the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6926.0,7009.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was he a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7009.0,7009.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he was not a Jew. He was a Pole. They found that the place was good for a plant. They wanted to expand it, they made wonderful plans, they wanted to build it up and put in more machinery. They confiscated the place in such a manner that the whole business was transferred in the name of the German, and the Pole remained there as some kind of a supply man. His business was to obtain materials. He had to supervise the work, see that things were properly done, well, be a sort of supervisor. But he was on a straight salary, nothing else. And in the house where he lived, also lived his in-laws. They were very nice and because I worked in the plant, and my mother frequently used to come over there, although she had no right to go to Bensburg—but people were running across the fields on foot; sometimes it was necessary—when I slept there as I told you before. Well, they got somehow acquainted so they knew each other. And the man says, “She is upstairs.” In that moment I just did not understand what he was saying. I think—well, if it would have come to my consciousness what he is telling me I would have kissed him; I don’t know myself what I would have done. And so I let him stay there and I run upstairs. Lo, there is my mother in bed, and the old man puts compresses on her knees, and the old woman is preparing some food for her, and so on, like one acts in such a situation. And then it didn’t occur to me at the moment even to ask her how she happened to be there. I let her stay there, lie there. I immediately returned home and told it to my sister, and took again the next streetcar and returned again. I brought her some food and when I got upstairs I asked her, “Mother, how did you do it? How do you happened to be here?” And she told me thus: That night she was led to the second story of the orphanage, that is, her group, No. 2. On the other hand No. 3, that is, those who were definitely assigned for deportation were on the third floor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7009.0,7155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did she get on the second floor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7155.0,7157.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Wait a minute. That’s precisely what I asked her. How did you get to No. 2? She told me this. When I was freed she began to think of herself. She knew that is is not only a question of herself, but the fact that she will be separated from us. And when the rain started and it got dark and the people began to wail, the militia was trying to create order among the people. So she took advantage of the situation and went over to No. 2. She could then even pass to No. 1, but she didn’t know yet what it really meant, 1 or 2. People didn’t know because various people were in each group. As I told you before, if only the minority of a family were working the whole family was assigned for deportation. But they didn’t know that they were selecting them according to age and general appearance and so quite different people were seen in each group. For example, in a family of which only one son was working, and the son was well developed, was good looking, he nevertheless was put, too in No. 3. And we didn’t know, that it is on account of only a minority working in the family. In other words, we didn’t know which is the best group. But my mother thought that No. 2 was good. So she went over there. So she managed to smuggle herself over to No. 2 and she thought that already she was safe and free. But she right away started wondering why I and my sister were not there. She understood that she had made a great mistake. She couldn’t do anything more and she remained in No. 2. And in this manner she meanwhile has saved herself for No. 3. So when she got to the first floor [in Europe the first floor is really the floor above the street level, what we would have called here the second floor], she tried to do everything possible to get away from there. They were sitting there all night, and people got out through the door and wanted to pass through the gate. When one was caught he was taken immediately to the third floor. So this she couldn’t do. So you see it was a great risk to attempt to get away from No. 2, because a lot of people wished that they were in No. 2 on the first floor, that is, those who were on the third floor wished it. All the things that occurred that night and the fights and the like, and so on, are not to be told here. I want to tell how my mother saved herself, was saved from there. It was five o’clock in the morning and at half past five the Gestapo was to take over the guard service. Nobody knew it, but that is how it happened. It was five o’clock and my mother noticed that a man took off his belt from his trousers, hung it at the window and jumped out of the window. He jumped down. She could not see whether he escaped or not, but the belt remained hanging. Without thinking much she got an idea which is rather unusual for a woman. She did the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7157.0,7347.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How high was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7347.0,7348.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was the first story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7348.0,7349.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it really the second story?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7349.0,7351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and it was quite high because the ground floor was very high. It wasn’t a simple building, and it was quite high. One had to have quite a bit of courage to do such a thing. And since she had no experience in such things and didn’t know how to do it, so instead of coming down in the jump on her toes she came down on the entire foot. And she dislocated the joint. She couldn’t run anymore and she couldn’t get up. The guard noticed it and went to drag her through the gate, this time into No. 3. And here appeared all at once a girl who lived with us together, a neighbor of ours, also a Jewess whose mother also was in the orphanage. She also tried to do something for her mother. When she saw that the militiaman wanted to drag my mother again into the orphange, she got inspired with courage. She was a strong and healthy girl, and she told him that if he didn’t let my mother go she would start something. I don’t know why and my mother didn’t know either, but he simply let her go free and went back to the gate and resumed his guard duty. He paid no more attention to my mother. And my mother ran on her knees (she couldn’t walk anymore on her feet and she was about a kilometer away from the place where I was working) and she went up to the Deratishes and in this way she was saved. We had to take her back to Dabrowa and she couldn’t walk. If she could walk we thought we could run through the fields and nobody would see us, but she couldn’t walk. I went to my boss and asked for some sort of certificate, if only temporary, to say that my mother is working here, and that she could pass in case somebody meets her on the street. So he told me to call the coachman, he should harness the horses to the car, pack it with hay, and hide my mother underneath. And so I did, and I brought my mother home. Five weeks my mother was lying home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7351.0,7492.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How could she remain home when she was there on the list?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7492.0,7497.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t understand what you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7497.0,7499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Your mother was put in No. 2, as a matter of fact in No. 3. Didn’t they make out a list who belonged where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7499.0,7506.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No. There was no list. Those who were held were held. They didn’t need any listing if they could watch the people so that nobody could escape. Not many did escape.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7506.0,7517.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Didn’t they have an appell there—a roll call?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7517.0,7520.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, no, nobody’s name was written down. The only thing was that my mother’s photo-card was not stamped. Now in connection with this I want to tell you one more thing about these pictures. My mother was wearing a rain coat. She was upstairs. She took off her raincoat because it was hot. In that raincoat she had all her identification papers, the special card and the photo-card. Now when we got home we were afraid to get out again without some registration papers. First of all one has to have an identification paper and second that identification paper had to be stamped. All those who were assigned to remain had their photo-cards stamped, but she had lost her raincoat (she left it upstairs; it was all so sudden she did not bother about such minor things), and without an identification one could not appear on the street. Even at home one was not safe. If somebody comes, say an official, and says: “Show me your photo-card,” and if one doesn’t have it...We tried to ask various militiamen maybe they could fetch it. But who cared? They had of course to take care of their own. My mother remained in bed for four weeks. Her leg was put in a cast.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7520.0,7594.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who did that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7594.0,7594.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was done by a physician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7594.0,7597.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e By a Jewish doctor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7597.0,7598.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it was a Polish physician. He called on us illegally. He had no right to do it. He was well paid, and so he came.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7598.0,7605.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you get the money to pay him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7605.0,7606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we were selling things. We sold our clothes, we ate less, if such a thing is at stake. One day there comes a certain Judkevitz, that was his name, also from Bensburg. He comes to my mother and says, that I or my sister should come over to Bensburg in order to fetch the photo-card and the raincoat for my mother. We opened our eyes. We just didn’t know what he was saying. Well, I went immediately to Bensburg and there my cousin tells me this: She has an acquaintance, a militiaman who visits her—she was already married; he was just a friend who would come to see her. And he tells her that he has found a photo-card and he doesn’t know to whom it belongs. So he takes out the photo-card and when my cousin saw on it my mother she recognized her and said, “That’s my aunt,” and in this way my mother got back her photo-card, and also her raincoat. But I tell you the whole story just sounds more like a fairy tale, like a legend. Things fitting together in such a way. Here her identification card all at once is being saved through a neighbor, and she gets her photo-card back. It’s just unbelievable. In my case also it was a miracle. And here such coincidences! That’s all about the evacuation. The rest were sent away to Auschwitz. You can’t imagine what happened at those times at the railroad stations when the people were being sent to Auschwitz. They were all so packed together, children, old women and men, all in the same railroad car, without space even to stand, and the whole thing was going on in such an unusual way. They didn’t get any food; it was summer still. It was the tenth month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7606.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In October?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7742.0,7744.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, in October. Well, we remained home. And things continued to happen. It was only then that we recognized how many were missing. Because until then they took them a few at a time, a few people. Although if one would have added it up, it would have made quite a large number. It is the same in case of a person. When one lives with him together one doesn’t notice how he develops. If you see a person after ten years’ absence you hardly recognize him. One sees the difference, the tremendous difference. And so it was there. All at once we noticed the difference. How many were missing! And only young people were around, because all the old ones had been sent away. The mood was terrible. And we somehow felt that things won’t last long. One saw that everything goes to naught. We just lived on. Up to then people were still trying to look kind of properly dressed, one would take care of his clothes, but from then on all the desire disappeared. One would go to work because one had to do so. People worked and people were trading because they had to live, they had to eat. But there was no special interest for it. And I already told you what happened afterwards. I was finally taken...[Here Abe returns to the story of his own deportation, started on a previous spool.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7744.0,7828.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How about the people from Renow?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7828.0,7831.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They came and it was terribly crowded, terribly dirty. We soon, excuse me, IT WAS TERRIBLE. [He apparently makes a descriptive gesture.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7831.0,7839.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Lice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7839.0,7840.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, lice. It was thus. There was a transport of girls and a transport of boys who came to Dulag. The girls lived on the ground floor and first floor. We lived on the second and third floor. We were not permitted to see the girls. One girl had there her boy friend, her betrothed, and you know that in such a case, people take chances. She took a chance. She went upstairs and the Lagerfuhrer caught her. And now I want to tell you about the sadism of that man. He did not care that it was a woman, a young girl, and he beat her until he beat out her eyes with a whip and that is the first time in my life that I saw such a beating. And I thought: “That is the worst.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7840.0,7895.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You have seen that yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7895.0,7896.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I saw that myself. And I thought, “That is the worst.” I could not imagine then that there may be something worse. Until then I always would have thought: “This is the worst.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7896.0,7907.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7907.0,7909.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was at the end of 1942, so I was fourteen years old. I thought then, “That is the worst that can be.” But I later found out that there were many steps beyond that, so many that one simply can’t imagine. Well, some other details how things happened. One was hungry and the food was not always eatable. In time one got accustomed. One would see to it that one got a second plate of soup, even if one would take a chance to get slapped in the face. It was the food that mattered. We were there seven days. Under these very bad conditions, we spent seven days. Then there came, well, we were told that one hundred twenty-nine persons are to go to Markstadt, a work camp Markstadt. If you want to know where Markstadt is, well, it is near Breslau. Near Breslau they were building a plant for Krupp. They were erecting shops. There were already two thousand Jews when I arrived. A lot more workers were needed. The work had started and they needed a lot of workers; and the Poles were already all taken so they had to take the Jews. One hundred twenty-nine people of us were sent over there, among them twenty-nine women. These women were mostly the ones who had somebody among the men. That is, they were married, or they were engaged, or they had good friends among them. There were several hundred women, but these had arrived at other times. This time twenty-nine women came. Almost all of them had some relatives among the men. That time we still traveled in passenger cars. We arrived at Markstadt. It was already winter. It was cold. When we arrived there we saw nothing. We came the square and there comes the chief of the guard. The chief of the guard didn’t look in any way terrible, we were already accustomed to these uniforms, but here comes a man with a leather jacket. And he spoke in a firm voice, a voice of command. He spoke German. And here I noticed a Jewish star. I understood that he was a Jew. He didn’t make any special speech, but he immediately called around the pushers, the Jewish capos who were appointed, and told them to which barracks they should go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you call them, “pushers”?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8106.0,8108.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Division pushers, Schieber, or division leaders. And they told us to step forward four abreast. In that lager they marched four abreast. Until then, from the railroad station to the square we marched five abreast. And when they ordered us to step forward, we didn’t know the customary orders of the lager so we stepped forward in fives. There were among us three brothers and they wanted to stand together so that they could sleep together. But since they stepped forward in fives, so it came out that every fifth person had to step aside. And so it was the lot of one of these brothers that he was separated from the other two. He wasn’t yet accustomed to the fact that one cannot contradict a capo. And he hit him, but real hard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8108.0,8180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a Jewish capo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8180.0,8182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that was a Jewish capo. But that torments a person. It makes one a revolutionary. Here he is a Jew, and he beats me. He is the same as I am, but because he has more to eat and because he is longer in the lager ha has to behave that way. And there he beats us. And I couldn’t do a thing. I couldn’t open my mouth. It does something to a person. It does something to a bystander more than to the one who is actually beaten. And to my great regret I also have to tell you, it is true, and I am still ashamed that I have to tell such a thing, but it is the pure truth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8182.0,8243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes spool 87. We are going over to 88. [Note: The audio for Spool 88\u0026mdash;the sixth of eight spools from the Bramson interview\u0026mdash;is unavailable. It is not in the collection of wire spools currently held by the Library of Congress.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8243.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [This is spool 88. Geneva, August 28, 1946.] [In German] You say that the division pusher [trusty] had beaten up the man very badly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and now a German policeman, one of those who has brought us to Markstadt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A German policeman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. He stepped forward and told to the pusher: “I brought these people up here, and I didn’t have any trouble with them...they have been here only a few minutes and already you have beaten them.”...I must tell you, I have to make here a remark.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of remark?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It is sad enough that I as a Jew have to relate about such a situation, and precisely because in this case the question involves the Jews. The floggers were Jews, and possibly when all this conversation would be later listened to, people will think that I am contradicting myself, because once I talk bad about the Germans and the next time I talk well of them, and then again I speak bad about the Jews. But I am telling the truth and I am giving the various details. It was sad to see a German put himself in our place, and have more understanding for us than the so-called “brother-man.” I don’t want to go further into that subject. I want to tell how things occurred in that lager, and the main thing that happened to me. Thus, the lager was located as I told you already in Markstadt, in a locality surrounded by barracks around and around, a place of approximately ten thousand kilometers square this apparently is a slip of tongue and should possibly mean ten thousand square meters. We were behind wire, guarded by the German Wehrmacht. In those times we were still guarded by the Germans Wehrmacht, and round and round were also barracks of civilian laborers such as Poles, Czechs, Frenchmen and also Germans. That is, from all possible regions of Europe they imported people to work there. We were exactly in the center. In the morning when they could wake us—and we were waked at about five—the appell would take place; but I didn’t yet know what an “appell” was. All I knew, I was waked early in the morning, it was completely dark because it was winter, and we were told that as soon as we hear three whistles, that is, when they whistled three times, we should present ourselves for the appell. What appell? How appell? I didn’t know. I only knew that we had to appear. Each word they were speaking to us would give me such a fright, that out of fright I didn’t know what I really should do. Because it is always that way. When one first comes there, one is not accustomed to it. It does something to a person. He doesn’t know in what kind of a world he really is. And so we stepped forward for appell. We were counted. Well, then I understood that appell means, when people line up and are being counted. They check whether anybody is missing. And we went back, we were told that at nine o’clock everybody has to be in the barracks because they will call for us. Until nine we were in the room, at nine there came the pushers. They belonged to the lager management who always stayed home; some were from the night shift, because there were pushers for the people who worked nights, and slept in the daytime. But when the pushers heard that a new transport had arrived, they wanted to know what kind of people they were. There were people who lived also near us at home and they might have known some of the people. [Footnote 3: It is hard to tell whether the German really did not appraise the situation or whether we deal again with a case of perfidity. An armed guard, a free man, wearing a uniform had certainly much less difficulty keeping order, than a fellow prisoner armed only with a club. With a new group, just brought in, the trusty apparently felt that he had to demonstrate to them the full brutal measure of his authority before he could expect them to fall in line with the intolerable ways of concentration camp routine, which was not of his making. \u0026mdash;D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, only Jews. The lager of which I am talking now was an exclusively Jewish lager. Jews only. At nine they came for us. We were told we are going to the barbers and they will shear us and clean us up. Well, we had to line up. When we marched across the lager, here and there one would get beaten, according to custom. In general, whenever a new transport arrived, I found out later, it was customary to beat them, and they were told all kinds of things so that they should be penetrated by terror. We were led into the washroom. When we arrived in the washroom there were sitting two barbers, ready with their machines and there comes in a man with a whip in his hand, beautiful boots, a good jacket, dressed warm and beautiful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this a German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was a Jew. And so, one of the pushers, one of those who works at night, that is, from the night shift...he happened to be a very nice chap...He knew...so he says: this is a kat. Do you know what a kat is? Kat is an executioner, one who performs the executions. When one is sentenced to death, and has to be executed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In what language is it, kat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e In Polish they would say kat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e An executioner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e An executioner. Well, we were told he is a kat. You know when I was a child and I read books, they contained all kinds of legends, so I heard about a kat. And I never could imagine that he could do such things. I never could imagine that I would look at a dead person. Now they tell me that his is a kat. And still I couldn’t realize what was meant by the word kat. He the pusher of course, understood it well, but I wouldn’t understand what he meant. In reality a lot of people are being executed, being killed, but I just couldn’t imagine it...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was his name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e His name was Hershel Mukh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Mukh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Mukh was really not his name. It was a kind of a—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Alias?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e An alias. That was the first one I met. I stepped back immediately so he shouldn’t look at me. I didn’t want to look at him. We were bathed, we were led fifty people at a time into a small bathing room. At the most, under normal conditions, say like in the army where they bathe together, there could have entered ten, fifteen people. But we were shoved in fifty at a time. Our things we had to leave outside and we, ready, (without even a towel, we were not permitted to dry ourselves) we had to get out an dress quickly and go to...Well, excuse me, I have forgotten. Before we had to pass through the barber. The barber sheared off all our hair and after that we went into the bath. We were led again home, into the blocks. We were told there will be again an appell, a special one for us, that is, we will be called to fetch our food cards. In this lager there was a rule that every one of the inmates was given a monthly food card on which he could get his dinner. He had the dates on it from the first to the thirtieth according to the month, every day the date was punched out. And if one would lose such a card, he would eat no dinner. We got there, if I remember, exactly the 25th of February.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you tattooed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, people were tattooed only in Auschwitz, in Blechhammer which belonged to Auschwitz. Well, I don’t know, in Treblinka. In Buchenwald we neither were tattooed. We stood in line waiting for our cards, but the question was not about cards. They were taking down what one is, where one is from, what kind of trade one has, and so on. It lasted for hours. They called out the names, and finally we got our cards, went to the counter, and fetched our dinner. When I stood in line for my dinner I saw a sick-waiter. There was an infirmary and the infirmary had some male nurses [side-waiters]. There were two kinds of sick-waiters, one kind who were stationed in the lager, and others at the construction plant. This one was a lager sick-waiter who always stayed home, treated the sick on the “revier” [ward]. And this treatment I shall take in quotation marks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, like in Polish, to make it ironical. I saw him carrying a large dish. This dish was about a liter and a half in size and he carried such a dish packed full. Well, here is what I saw: red turnips I saw, potatoes with their peelings and rotten, and something else red. And I thought, I saw there some dogs, I thought he carried it for the dogs. I couldn’t imagine that it was food for humans. But when I came to the dispense window, I was immediately convinced that that was cooked for me. You know people in general did not eat well during the war, it was so even when I was home. But still, one isn’t accustomed to such things. One cannot get immediately accustomed to such food. If one isn’t starved for a long time, and one is just simply hungry, one cannot eat just everything. At that time I couldn’t imagine that I would ever get accustomed to such kind of fare. But afterwards I learned that it is dinner to the barrack hall and we see dozens of prisoners, inmates of the camp, trudging towards our hall. We didn’t know why. Soon we had a chance to find out for ourselves. They knew (they were already a year in the lager), they knew that all the transports..that when one is worried one cannot take to such food. They knew that we won’t eat our rations. And so they waited for it. You may ask how there happened to be people during the day in the lager? What were they doing there? Well, I have already told you that there were sections that worked at night. When they heard that a transport had arrived, it was for them the greatest event. Because then they could at least gorge themselves to a fill. And then there were some sections that worked inside the lager in the barracks and so on. There was always a need for workers in the lager. Such people had the good fortune to come to us and to eat our dinner. They didn’t know how to thank us. And that did again something to me. I asked myself, what in reality is man?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How old were you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I was that time fourteen years old. A human being, who before the war sure was a human being whether he was a bit poor or not, for example, the average man, how is he today? He doesn’t look that the potatoes are rotten, whether they stink, whether the food is hard or soft. He takes it, he waits for it. They simply fight each other for the food. When two were waiting or watching one person, till he shoved away his plate, both of them would throw themselves at it. Sometimes the plate would break, and nobody had anything. So that’s how it was. It was the first day, and I just prayed to get again to work. Only not to have to remain in the lager; I shouldn’t have to look at all this. I thought maybe on the job things will be better. Well, we managed to live through the day, we imagined the worst things, we discussed various matters, like when one is new in a lager. In the evening there is appell. And it meant appell for the new transport. What was going on? Well, we will be assigned to the various firms. Tomorrow when we shall have to go to work, we shall know when to step forward, where to go. They arranged it in this way. They had made already a list and they were calling [the roll]. It could not take a second to say yes or here. And as I have told you already, we were a hundred twenty-nine. When we stepped forward and the trusty counted, all at once there is one missing. There were twenty-nine women, and twenty-nine women were exempt as they were assigned to the personnel of the lager; for the kitchen, and for the laundry. As personnel of the lager, they did not go to the shops. And there had to be one hundred of us but one man was missing. I didn’t know yet the order of this lager. I have seen that the trusty, that is the leader of the lager who was also a Jew, I told you already about the fellow who was wearing the leather coat when we arrived...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You told me that he was the kat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, that was a different one, I will tell you about him later. I’ll tell you yet later something about the kat, too. But I saw that here is a man who was maintaining discipline, and demanded that everything be just so. I saw already that he is getting excited so he said...well, he called immediately the pushers, the pushers were two whistles, and when they whistled twice it meant they were calling the pusher, the division heads. I didn’t take five minutes, imagine a large square where there were about three thousand people. It didn’t take five minutes, everybody was assembled and stood like one man.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The three thousand men?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Not the men, all the pushers. All these pushers. They were in various parts of the lager, he only whistled, how far can one hear a whistle?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were these pushers the same thing as capos?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the capos were only in concentration camps. In our place there were no capos, only division elders or pusher. The there were also group leaders. There were various categories. A division elder, for instance, was the superior of a group that worked in one firm. Then there were group leaders. These group leaders were subordinated to the pushers. One has to say that the division elder was responsible for all the Jews in his division. On the other hand the group leader could already shift his responsibility to the division elder. He had less responsibility to the division elder. This isn’t especially important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, a man was missing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and they all gathered together. Immediately, a command was given that it should not take more then five minutes for that man to appear. It didn’t take a second and the pushers all disappeared. And it didn’t take five minutes and the man was caught. What happened to that man? Among those twenty-nine women there was his wife among them. His wife and his sister-in-law, that is, the sister of his wife. He went over there for a moment to the barracks, she didn’t work that time, it was still the first day, he didn’t work yet the first day, so he went over to his wife and they sat there a bit, and he naturally didn’t hear that appell was taking place. And so he sat at his wife’s and they were talking. He didn’t think of anything and never could imagine what was in store for him. So when they came he only asked him in the dirtiest language which I heard then practically for the first time; in Jewish he asked him, and he said...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who asked him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The lager leader.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And he spoke Jewish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, all of them spoke Jewish. The inner management of the lager—that was all Jewish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And this one questioned him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, well, it is not place here to repeat what expressions he used, at any rate they were not specially nice ones. He asked him where he was, so he replied at his wife’s, that he hadn’t heard the call. A man still thought that that may be an excuse, because till then one was still accustomed to find an excuse. From then on we had to get accustomed unfortunately to something else, that is, that one immediately was to expect something, some kind of thrashing. There wasn’t much of a debate. A stool was brought, they made him take off his pants. Two men held him, and then another kat, his name was Moshe Nachtinger, that was, of course, what did you call it before—a false name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e An alias.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e He was called Moshe Phoney. That was the second kat and he had that time the honor to flog him. The first time in my life have I seen such a beating. His pants pulled down, a whip with a steel wire twisted along, it was about half a meter long so that when one would beat with it on the back it would wind itself down around the stomach, where it made large cuts. Can you imagine steel wire and covered with a piece of leather? It was then the first time in my life that I heard an older person, a grown-up person wail and cry, and ;lead in such a manner. That was for me something that I never have experienced and never expected. You can imagine what an impression it made on me, when I saw it for the first time. I...I...I then imagined different things. I had only one wish. I only wished then to get for five minutes the authority to avenge him. I was taken by such a rebellious mood, something was going on in my heart. What can one do? One has to keep his mouth shut, and see to it that one himself is not getting a beating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What happened to that man?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e He was flogged and he was told, that this time he is getting off with little because he was new and ignorant, and he should know for the next time. You can imagine, it made a bad impression on everyone. Everyone was just in fear that his name might be called. Afterwards it started. They began to assign people to various firms. Each one had to work. And they would call such and such a name, he had to reply immediately “yes” or “here” and step over to the other side. We were already accustomed. We knew that in the lager we are marching four abreast, that is, when we had to march we would march four in a row. In a moment it had to be done. One had to listen when his name was being called, run out from the line and get into another formation, and watch that there be only four in a row so that one should not happen to be the fifth, otherwise one would ge such a beating that he couldn’t assigned, told the name of the firm, and then each division elderly was told that he should check up whether we knew that name of our firm. And he asked everybody. To many it didn’t occur to remember. Nobody had such a great interest in it. So when one would have forgotten he would get “what was coming to him.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When were they checking up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Immediately after we were told. Well, and so we were assigned to the various firms. We went again to bed. We went to fetch our ration for tomorrow because in the lager Markstadt the ration was always retched in the evening for the next morning. If you are also interested what kind of rations we got I can tell you that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, so you got your rations in the evening for the following morning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The ration consisted of the following: 330 grams of bread, a piece of margarine, and once or twice a week 25 grams of sausage. About the dinners I have told you already before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. But did they give you the same thing every day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Every day the same thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Rotten potatoes and the like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Rotten potatoes and the like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you didn’t get anything liquid, hot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Only for dinner [Mittag]. In the morning we would get hot coffee, bitter coffee which one couldn’t drink anyway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e With the dinner it was this way. Suppose they brought a shipment of potatoes. They had to be cooked. Well, there was no arrangement that one day the potatoes were cooked with vegetables, and the next day with some different ingredients. He used the work “Eintopf”. That was the famous German meal at the time of scarcity, so much propagandized by Goebbels which was supposed to combine all the food available into one pot. It was what they called the one pot meal devised to save labor and fuel. Here they cooked always the same thing. Of course, with three thousand people to feed you cannot be very choosy. Still one cannot talk it into himself, one cannot create for himself the illusion that there was something good about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, one thing appeared definite. With such a ration one could not live longer than about three months. I mean, if one has been working, then consequences were such, that is, if one lived on the ration and worked for twelve hours on the job. Of course from home, one still had some muscle, [there he] still was fed and had strength. And so, first of all, one would ge thin and weak. The second consequence was that one would begin to swell, that is, first the feet, then the face, then the eyes, forming large bags under the eyes, and the third consequence was that one would go to the revier [sick barracks] and die. Or he would be killed before that at the plant because such a man, of course, cannot work any more. And at the plant they were not interested whether a fellow was sick or has no more strength; he had to produce and that was all. And so there came for us the first day to go to work. If I still remember it was the company of—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then you had to remember, isn’t that so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [As if recollecting] A few times...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, let it be. You will recall later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was near Barta, I can’t remember anymore the name of the firm. It was the first firm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a construction company that was building streets, transport facilities, and in other words, it was all just common labor. I was given a shovel for the first time, and I had to work specially with the shovel. Because, of course, one had already a shovel in his hands before, but not in a manner that one had to work all day. It was very windy. In general it was terrible there. You can imagine, a field, a big field, an even plain without any hill in sight. The wind was blowing and we were very badly dressed. It would, so to speak, throw us off our feet. We were working all day up to dinner time [midday]. I still remember the first day when I got those 330 grams of bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e 330 grams. That is 33 decas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I still could split it up. I talked it into myself that as long as I will be in the lager, I will distribute the bread so that I will eat some of it in the morning, some of it at nine o’clock and before dinner time again something. I shall not do like the others, like the other people, who devour everything all at once, and then they get swollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, they get swollen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [Impatiently] Well, I told you already before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but that wouldn’t swell immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [Still with misgivings] Yes, not immediately. Three months is, of course, not immediately, but I have told you about it already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e If I don’t want to be swollen within three months, then I have to do something about it. That’s what I thought. The first day it still could be done, one ate a piece of bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where could you keep the rest?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Then I still had pockets. I still had my civilian clothes. I only had to cut a piece from the back and from the front and sew on underneath a white rag, that is in the form of a star of David.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That is what you had to cut out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, on the back and on the front.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me again, where was that piece cut out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was like this, every piece of clothing that could be separately worn, for example, a pair of pants, a coat or an overcoat, these had to have the cutouts so that they be recognizable. First of all that there be no possibility or danger that someone would run away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you would cut out a hole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, a hole in the form of a star of David and a white rag would be put underneath so that it be well recognized from afar. One could recognize that the person was from our lager. How did I get talking about it? Oh well, I put the food again in my pocket and I worked again. And how do you think we have been eating? We had no time to eat, we would look around and see if the master doesn’t look or maybe he is at the other end of the section, then one would take a piece of bread in his mouth. So we ate. It would not happen that we specially would sit down to eat. So things happened the first day. It went on up to midday. At noon we had a half an hour “lunch” time, but we didn’t have anything to eat. Because the noon meal, the supposedly noon meal, we would get at night when we would return home and so a twelve o’clock we had nothing to eat. Now after the noontime there would come the Polier. Do you know what a polier is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No. [The dictionary translation of Polier is foreman, but the word was unfamiliar to me at the time.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That is the main master of a firm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, one shouldn’t say a master of the whole firm, but of one project. So he tells us that there have arrived several carloads of slag and they have to be unloaded and we should come immediately. And did I get black that time. The stuff was still hot. It just came out of the foundry. It was loaded immediately on trucks and driven to the highway.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What month was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in January. Oh, no, it was in February, I already told you. I got red eyes because I wasn’t accustomed to such a thing. The wind was blowing and everything got into my eyes. I almost couldn’t see anymore and finally...the hours appeared so long that the day appeared to me a year. And so it was five o’clock. We were lucky. We were working for a firm that only worked from seven to five and we came home again. We came home, it still was the first day, we fetched our dinner and before we passed the threshold of our barracks we saw a crowd of people waiting, and they waited for our dinner, because the first day we still couldn’t eat that dinner. As I told you, for seven days we didn’t eat it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You couldn’t get accustomed to it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No. We couldn’t stand yet that food. But soon we got gradually accustomed to the work and to the food as well. And then one would eat a plateful, or two, or three and if we only had it, many more. Because a man in the lager can eat so much that a normal person cannot understand it. I should tell you now of a thing that happened only much later, about a year later, but since I am talking about eating, we can just as well tell it here. It was already in Ka-zet. And here I come to...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Ka-zet means concentration camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Concentration camp. I come to the kitchen once and I see a boy sitting over a kettle which measured fifteen liters. Well, the kettle was about three quarters full and he ate. So I asked him, “How do you happen to get so much food?” And so he said, “I brought back from the construction place a puch-cart and so the cook gave me this food.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Fifteen liters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Fifteen liters, well it was so big, ten liters, [he demonstrates]. And here I had my dishes, I also brought my dishes, I also brought something and I got my food and here I had bad luck. I slipped, my pot fell out of my hands, and everything was spilled on the floor. As soon as the boy saw this, he abandoned his kettle, and started licking the stuff from the floor. He did it as fast as he could. He devoured it quickly and then returned to his kettle and finished that. Can a man believe it! Is it possible to believe it at all? Even I believe it now that a person could eat ten to fifteen liters of soup.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, tell me, Abe, what is your idea, why have people eaten so much? Is it because ordinarily one wouldn’t get enough? Was it because they worked very hard? Why were they so greedy for food?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Both circumstances contributed to it. You said it yourself. First of all, when one is so many hours in the air, in the fresh air, the climate was good, the air was good, so one has an appetite. That’s first of all. And second, if one knows that one has sufficient bread in the cupboard, as much as one wants, so one isn’t hungry. Why isn’t one hungry? One asks himself, isn’t the normal person hungry? He also eats. Fundamentally a normal person eats much more than one of those who ate here ten liters of soup at one time. Because ten liters of soup one can eat only when he didn’t have anything to eat for a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [With laughter] Do you really believe that one can eat ten liters of soup?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean? [raising his voice] The case I have told you about, I have seen it myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you estimate that there were ten liters?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And five and six liters of soup at a time I have eaten myself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e At one time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e At one time. And the same goes for three kilos of bread. Three kilos [six pounds] of fresh bread I too have eaten, at one time. I mean if one has bread in the cupboard and one knows that he can at any time go there and cut off a slice and eat, so one doesn’t crave it. One just eats it. When one wants to eat, one takes it, and precisely for that reason, that one can go to it whenever one wants to, one doesn’t realize how good it is that one can cut himself a slice. But when one doesn’t have it, then one notices it. And then one feels a much stronger hunger than a normal person, and second, if one is starved for a long time and one gets the food, one can eat it...One has as they say in Yiddish, “a gut without bottom.” It just goes in there and one doesn’t know where it goes. And when one is for a moment satiated, in five minutes one is hungry again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so, one is capable of eating ten liters of soup?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Well, I want to ask you here a question [rather timidly]. You are a professor of psychology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...Speak louder. [He apparently wanted to avoid the microphone.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Are the psychologists really so far advanced that they really know human nature so well, that they really can “imagine” the various human qualities? [Verbatim: Do they really have a picture of his various qualities?] And that they really understand so well the human qualities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Absolutely no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e You are entirely right. I didn’t ask you simply because I wanted to know, because I know it already. I just wanted to hear it from you. Because after all that what I have seen, I know that one knows nothing yet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, one never should say that one knows nothing. A science covers certain aspects. Some things are known, and some things not. There is yet much more left to be learned than what man knows already. Isn’t that so? But if one says that one knows nothing one of course tells again a falsehood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [Interrupting] No, no, I don’t mean to say that one doesn’t know anything at all. That is out of the question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [Interrupting] But one knows very little?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [Interrupting] The psychologists, well, they have said that they have ascertained something. But after this war it became apparent that they were very wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, no.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They said that they had found out. But after this war it became apparent that they were greatly mistaken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e [Continuing] That they are absolutely incapable to appraise what really can happen. And although this war has revealed such things one still cannot be sure that it may not come to much worse situations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me, Abe, you a very fine young man. Therefore, you should never argue about things you really don’t know. The psychologist never claim that they have ascertained everything. The psychologists never said that. A psychologist, a scientific psychologist, unlike writers who call themselves psychologists, always insisted that they know very little. How could a psychologist know what will happen under Hitler when such a situation has never occurred before? Isn’t that so?...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we may still have an opportunity to discuss this when I shall talk about the Buchenwald period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e One moment please...[In English] This concludes Spool 88, and in view of the fact that we had some other interviews in between, we are going over to Spool 91 on which Abe continues. August 28th, 1946, eight o’clock in the evening at 6 Rue de Prenie, across the street from the League of Nations. We were several hours together and we continue...[the wire come to an end in the middle of a sentence]. [Footnote 4: This concludes the section previously published\u0026mdash;see footnote 1. \u0026mdash;D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,8268.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [This is Spool 91, a continuation of Spool 88. Spools 89 and 90 were taken up by interviews with other individuals and with some songs which have been recorded at the dormitory occupied predominantly by “Buchenwald children”. By way of remark,one may state that the back windows of this dormitory face the sumptuous buildings of the League of Nations. —D.P.B.] This is Spool 91, an [word] continuation of Kimmelman, a report from Spool 88.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8268.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] So you have worked here for a year and gradually got accustomed to the food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8280.0,8290.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It is only a small part about the food that I have told you. Now I want to tell you something about...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8290.0,8305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You have told me about the boy who was able to eat 10 liters of soup.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8305.0,8310.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Now I want to talk about the general conditions in the lager and how we lived in the lager as well as about the food. Suddenly at five o’clock we were called, “Get up.” We had to get up that minute and had to dress very quickly and wash—that means whoever wanted to wash, at the beginning everybody would wash himself because they were still accustomed to that from home. At 5:30 there was the appell, that meant, “step forward” and appear on the appell square. So there was a custom in this lager that people had to appear in three different groups. First the groups that worked far away from the lager. I belonged to one these: we marched away at 6 o’clock. There was [??] an early shift group, that is the ones who had to start working at 6 o’clock and they left at 5. The late group went at 6:30; those who worked near the lager and did not need more than half an hour for their walk. Things [??] would take place in such a manner that we would step forward according to the firms in which we worked. [The foreman would report ??] that he has to have so many people, the leader would appear 15 minutes to 6, he quickly would give two whistles so that the pushers should assemble, calling them according to the firm. For instance he would call a firm of Basow and then the leader would report saying “twenty-two” or that many, distribute the work slips...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does it mean, “work slips”?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8418.0,8419.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e These were such slips that one had to hand in to the foreman. The foreman had to sign that everybody was at work and the pushers would approach their divisions, and exactly at 6 o’clock the lager commandant with his thick belly would come in very elegantly. The lager leader had to report, tell him, had to make a report—everybody at attention—still standing and with caps off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8419.0,8447.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And was he a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8447.0,8449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he was a Jew. He served before in the Polish Army, with the Polish Army, and he did it very efficiently—”Sir, Commander, I respectfully report so and so many Jews.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8449.0,8460.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was the lager commandant a Jew?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8460.0,8462.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, the lager commandant was a Christian, a German, the lager leader was a Jew. He would say, “Mr. Commandant, there are so and so many Jews ready for work; so many at the hospital; and so and so many for the early shift; so and so many for the day shift; and total, so and so many.” Every day it was the same report and when that was done—it took a few minutes, sometimes a little bit longer if they appeared earlier—until the guards would assemble and the chief of the guard would appear before his division; he had his assignment to lead us under guard to work. When we would come work...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8462.0,8502.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were the guards SS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8502.0,8504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, at that time, they were not yet SS, as I told you it was the Wehrmacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8504.0,8508.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the Wehrmacht—military people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8508.0,8510.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was the army, such people who came either on leave or those who were somewhat sick or could not fight any more on the front but were good for guard duty and they took over this function. When we came to our plant each one who worked in the firm went to his foreman and had to stand at attention. The foreman would come out and look at us and look at us and then assign each one to his place. There were various plants, there were plants where they looked just for skilled labor. These people...of course their work, their situation was much better. Where one works at his own profession, at his own calling, the work is more interesting in comparison with doing just common labor in which one has absolutely no interest. In the broader sense, nobody had any interest to accomplish something for the Germans, but if one is already—if one has to do the work, one feels much better if his work is more interesting. Then, though, the divisions had mostly road labor, road work. If the division was large, more guard masters would come with us and the guards had to stand all day and watch over us. I worked for quite a long time for this firm in transport and road work, road construction, another time I was assigned to another firm, of which I will tell you more. I want to tell you yet how things would occur at work; then again about the lager. We worked until 12 o’clock without any interruption, constantly being coaxed by the foreman and by the guard, listening to their yells; every mistake was immediately taken notice of and we simply were trembling at our shovel. At noon we had a half an hour; those who had such a strong will that they could have saved some bread would eat something at 12 o’clock while the others had to look on, and each one had the desire to tear out the bread from his mouth. With aching eyes they would look at the bread as I know for myself that when I had no bread for lunch, which happened often; for it was very seldom when I had some, but mostly I had none—to look only at those who were eating. Sometimes I would turn away; I couldn’t look—look on at the others eating. I was terribly hungry. At 12:30 we returned to work and worked again. During the day there would come various officers to check on the guard and at the same time they would also check up on us; and when they disliked somebody or in general to instill fear they would write down their names and a note would go to the lager and punishment would be meted out by the Jewish executioner; by the so-called hangman; they had to mete out the punishment in the presence of the lager commandant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8510.0,8718.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And for what reason would they do it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8718.0,8719.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it was like this, for example; not like it was at home, we could not live from the ration allotted to us. We had to find something to eat by some means. And so it was in the lager. There were in the lager a number of civilian workers who tried by some means to turn some tricks. If one still had a good shirt from home, one would sell it and run around without a shirt. If one managed to snatch a cigarette he would sell it for bread which was [considered] a great crime. One would get beaten for such a thing. But it didn’t work out especially good for there are all kinds of people—it was in comprehensible. The Germans didn’t understand it or they didn’t want to understand. They would come daily to the lager and for it one would be beaten for it, as I told you already it depended—I mean the quantity of strokes depended on the lager leader, as I told you before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8719.0,8785.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did something of the kind happen to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8785.0,8788.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I will tell you. I worked with a firm [the name does not come through clearly on the wire]; it was a firm that constructed railroad tracks and communications. It was very cold; one group was assigned to work in a ready built barracks when we arrived, they were there already about a year. I was assigned to a ready building where they worked on cannons. I had to repair the tracks, and I had on me a few cigarettes. So a Czech, a civilian, passed by and he asks me whether I got some cigarettes. They knew, already, that we had cigarettes. Sometimes we would get an allotment of cigarettes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8788.0,8837.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Wasn’t the Czech a prisoner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8837.0,8838.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he wasn’t a prisoner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8838.0,8841.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you get cigarettes allotted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8841.0,8843.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, not always, but sometimes. Since I didn’t smoke, I collected them. I looked around whether the guard isn’t here and I go with him to the toilet to give him the cigarettes. But the guard has observed me without me noticing it and he saw where I went with that man. He slowly followed us and quietly opened the door. The man wanted to give me bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8843.0,8878.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Czech?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8878.0,8879.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The Czech, yes, and I had my cigarettes in my pants, I had them hidden as it was not permitted to carry them on you. The guard comes in and turns towards me and say, “What are you doing here,” and I said, “I was just stepping out.” He says, “Yes, you are swindling, you are trading,” and I couldn’t say a word any more, I knew what was in store for me. He took me immediately, led me to a place where he wrote down my name, then he undressed me, asked me if I had any money on me or such things, but he found nothing, and then there went a report to the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8879.0,8913.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he find the cigarettes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8913.0,8914.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the cigarettes he found. He took them away and reported to the lager, and when I returned to the lager I was called immediately. The leader knew already about it, and he called us to the “cold food room,” that’s the place where the [uncooked] “cold food” was handed out; and there they would beat the people. The lager leader came in, a few other boys were waiting—at that time five boys had returned to the lager but without a guard, they belonged to a group which worked in a shop, but had no guard—the foreman was responsible for them. When they were through with their work, the guards with part of the division were already home; so they had no guard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8914.0,8960.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Should they have waited, what were the rules?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8960.0,8962.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The rule was that they should call for a guard or join another group or report. They didn’t do it. And there was one who had stolen at the railroad station some turnips...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8962.0,8972.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, he stole it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8972.0,8973.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e He was hungry and glad that he found the turnip, that had rolled away from a carload; there were many turnips on the ground which fell there, and also a report came in on him. When they were beaten...I saw such a thing for the first time, I became so terrified that I let down my pants and laid down [before my turn]. I struggled to such an extent that both of them—the two who held me—I threw them to the floor. The stool from under my stomach...it slipped out and we all three fell. When I got my allotment, I couldn’t get up any more. I had to get up because they continued beating me. They beat me so long until I run out of the “cold food room,” that long they have been beating me, both of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8973.0,9016.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9016.0,9021.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I had to get up. When one was beaten he would lose all his strength and he himself can’t get up; one has to remain lying for a moment; they would take advantage of the situation and continue beating him. If one doesn’t have the strength to run away immediately, one could get so many wallops that one just had to get out or one would remain lying there—that’s how it was. So they would let go of you after so and so many strokes. After the beating they would let you loose, but you couldn’t get up; and you were more beaten and finally one would get up. I had to put on my pants, and I got out and came to my barracks; the people with whom I lived together put on cold compresses; the next morning they could see what I had on my body. They called it a map, there were lines, blue and black ones, and that formed a map. Returning again to the work conditions. After lunch we worked in the firm where I worked until 5 o’clock. At 5 o’clock we had to step forward and about 6 o’clock we were home again. They fetched our dinner. It was still good enough, modern, that we had bathrooms. One could go and bathe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9021.0,9098.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Hot or cold water?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9098.0,9099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, in the winter there was some hot water. There was a special bath master who had to see to it. We bathed and back again into the cold rooms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9099.0,9111.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The rooms were not heated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9111.0,9112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The rooms were not heated. There was no coal. When we were done with the dinner, we bathed, and every day there were two other people who would go and get the “cold food,” clean up the rooms, and by 10 o’clock it was “lights out” and everyone had to be in his bed. Then it was when the real tragedy would start. After all, whether it was winter or it was cold, all night there had to be a night watch. There were 26 men in one room, so we arranged at every hour another one was holding watch. That amounted to about every third day to be on watch—about every third day one had to take over the watch for one hour. It was only one hour but imagine that in the middle of one’s sleep—and we really didn’t have too much time for sleep—so one has to get up whether it is cold or not, with nothing to wear, to watch for an hour—such an hour—if you, yourself have not experienced it, it would be to demand too much that you could imagine yourself what it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9112.0,9186.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, what was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9186.0,9188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e One had to get up—there were also division elders who had night watch and they would go through all the rooms—they would come in—one had to step forward and report. “I report, respectfully, Room such and such”—we had room number 26—I would say, “Room 26 occupied by so and so many Jews.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9188.0,9209.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You would not say “men,” you would say “Jews?”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9209.0,9211.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, “Jews.” He would look around and if he would not want to find anything, he would leave the place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9211.0,9221.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e He would go out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9221.0,9222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Mostly it was so, they were not yet the worse, these supervisors. There were many, there were all kinds of people, some of them would become division elders [?][See page 128] had good workers, so they were not specially selected; most harmful in the lager were those three kats [Polish for executioners], and as I told you already it was Hershel Moch, the second Moishel Foney, the third one was...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9222.0,9251.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9251.0,9253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e All Jews, only Jews. Every night they would go through all the rooms and would look in around anywhere, they looked for some dust and would look under the bed if there wasn’t some straw; and we had to arrange things in such a manner that we would not move because otherwise there was immediately a piece of straw under the bed, each piece of straw the room trusty—in each room there was a room trusty—he was just responsible for the room; he didn’t get anything [paid]; he was just reponsible; if things were not just so, he would be the first one to be punished. And a little piece of straw; can you imagine a piece of straw, if that was found—the room trusty was so badly beaten he would remain lying on the floor, in the place. Then they would take each one, that is, each one of us 25 and they would get their portion for the straw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9253.0,9305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e After the room was cleaned up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9305.0,9309.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, after the room was cleaned up. But imagine yourself, we had no good brooms, we had to find brooms ourselves; gather weeds in fields and make brooms of them. We had no allotment of brooms. It was impossible; it just doesn’t fit together. It was like this. The first days we were trying to do everything possible; crawl under the beds and look for a piece of straw. Then we got accustomed, one says, “Well, let them beat me,” but one can’t anymore, one doesn’t have the strength [to clean up]; can’t anymore; “I will get the beating but I am tired from work; I can’t anymore.” They would come in, two, three of them, and of course they would not look under every bed; they had no time for that; each one had to keep clean under his own bed. They would take a kind of sample and some nights they would not come in, but the fear was every night. I tell you every night until1—2 o’clock I could not sleep until I got accustomed to it, always looking for straw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9309.0,9372.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Looking for straw during the night?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9372.0,9376.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, during the night. As I have told you before, if one tuns around a piece of straw falls down. That’s how it was. When one would go to bed, he would look below to see whether by lying down I [he] didn’t in any way dirty up or that a piece of straw hasn’t fallen down. They came in the first night; we were still new; what cleanliness is concerned they didn’t find anything special; they didn’t find anything, we took care of it; then they took up something else; that one had—some had dirty feet, so they immediately beat up the room trusty that he had to be taken to the Revier [hospital] and everyone of us got twenty-five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9376.0,9417.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, everyone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9417.0,9418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Everyone in the room got twenty-five.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9418.0,9420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why? It wasn’t their fault that one had dirty feet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9420.0,9423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Was anybody asked if he was guilty? Did one have the right to defend himself? We wouldn’t dare to say a word; he would get it right away double. In the beginning we tried—we didn’t know it yet, so we tried to defend ourselves, so we would get still more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9423.0,9438.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was at night?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9438.0,9440.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was all at night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9440.0,9441.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And they would start then beating people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9441.0,9444.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Right there in the room, they would take a stool and they would beat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9444.0,9448.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 26 people? But that takes time!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9448.0,9452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but of course they would not beat in every room that many people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9452.0,9457.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But you say that they beat everybody else?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9457.0,9460.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, when they would find something or when they would want to find something. Finally it was this way, they were sometimes tired just from beating. They would get tired only from beating us and when they would get tired, they would themselves go home to sleep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9460.0,9471.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9471.0,9473.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, those leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9473.0,9475.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this under the supervision of the Germans or would they do it on their own?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9475.0,9482.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It was on their own initiative. Yes, the lager commander would demand that it be clean.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9482.0,9490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the German?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9490.0,9491.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that was the German; he demanded it from the trusties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9491.0,9494.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And when it wasn’t clean and the lager commander would find out, who was then punished?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9494.0,9498.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It never yet happened that anyone from the lager trusties was punished because they managed in such a fashion that it never happened. One can imagine, because when they were beating in another barracks, the outcries and the screams would be heard from there and at the beginning I would never fall asleep without hearing “woo—woo” and far away—the lager was very big—one would hear the outcries—the screams. It does something to a person; I am telling you—I can’t describe it to you now,—but that does something to a man and he becomes like paralyzed. It would happen at the start. They wanted to terrorize more the new ones and hit us indiscriminately; one was bleeding; the night was terrible. While at work I would think, how could the work be over so that I could get to the lager. And when I was in the lager. I would pray to get out again of the lager. There was no place for me where I could say, “Well, here I am satisfied.” Such a thing didn’t exist; not a single hour; the best moment was for me before I had eaten because when I had my ration of bread in my pocket, in my knapsack—we sewed ourselves some sacks—that was the most happy moment for me, I knew I still have something to eat and when I want to eat, I have something to eat. But as soon as it was eaten, I had no hope any more. And so time passed. We would return from work, would look at each other and often we would not recognize each other for we would remember how we looked before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9498.0,9616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they shear off your hair?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9616.0,9617.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything, everything was shorn off, we did not look any more like human beings. Our clothes which were at the beginning reasonably good, at work, you know, when one wears his clothes at work, you know when one constantly wears the same clothes they get torn, they go to naught, they become rags.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9617.0,9632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Was there no tailor to keep your things in repair?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9632.0,9635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a tailor shop, that is the women worked there, but when one has only one pair of pants and they are torn, in what can one go to work? One could give it to repair only when one wouldn’t go to work. For instance, there was a plant that did not work on Sunday, then Saturday night they would give their clothes and Sunday night call for them, 3,000 people! How much could they mend? It was rarely we could get something from the tailor shop. The tailor shop mostly worked for the lager personnel. They would make for themselves nice clothes and in the shoemaker shop...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9635.0,9675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What personnel, the SS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9675.0,9677.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, the SS and the other personnel; the block leaders, the division pushers would order themselves nice boots—the Jewish personnel would order themselves boots, all kinds of other things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9677.0,9686.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the Germans permit that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9686.0,9688.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, precisely that was the principle and the plan of the Germans; if they feed well and dress well one Jew, this person would always be afraid to lose his job; and on that depended, also, his life. If he loses his position he would go down just like the others and he was ready, rather, to kill a hundred others than to lose his position. The Germans, didn’t have to bother with the whole lager population at all; just appoint one Jew and then he would arrange everything in the best order to their satisfaction and very often, much beyond their demands. That was their basic principle in all camps. That was about how I told you in general about the lager life, from the time I went there. Sundays there was a special appell, that is, the rooms had to be specially cleaned and the lager commander would go through Sunday every hall to see whether it was clean. So up to 12 noon we had no place in our rooms, whether it was cold or not we had to remain outside and when the rooms were cleaned, nobody could enter any more. Before 12 o’clock, that is, at 11:30 there was roll call. We stepped forward, were counted, counted again, again we were standing half an hour and we continued standing until the lager commander with the trusties and some other prominent people would go through the rooms. If they disliked something, they would say, such and such room remain standing. These either would get no dinner or they would have to exercise, exercises which do not lead to physical development but are to destroy a person. Punitive exercises were ordered—that was our Sunday! There were a few hours in the afternoon we had to ourselves. When the personnel of the lager themselves wanted to rest, they would leave us in peace. That was the only case—Sunday afternoon. Otherwise we never had peace. I am speaking now about [name of the lager not recognizable—see on previous record].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9688.0,9829.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Which lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9829.0,9831.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the Jewish lager [a word is missing]. I cannot remember any more all the details. If I have to tell it in a few words, I must tell you that I never could imagine such a life. Although I have seen the Jewish militia at home—I have observed all the terrible things that they have done—I never could imagine that one Jew could do such a thing to another Jew. But in time I became convinced...I don’t know how to say it. I also cannot decide to say that these people were little conscious [had little understanding]. As I told you in the introduction, if I should imagine what I would have done in their place—I have no answer—I am by means sure today to say, “No, I would not have accepted such a position.” A man is not responsible for what he is doing, but it is a fact that it had to be so. We were beaten, so many were killed, that one can hardly count [He apparently has become very emotional and his sentences are not very coordinated]. That was a Jewish lager; one was only under Jews and still one Jew was ready to kill the other for a little bread, just so out of irritation, the other fellow was not considered a human being and the [one word is not clear] was also not a human being.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9831.0,9918.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [After a long pause in which Abe apparently could not find the words to continue] How did you get away from that lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9918.0,9921.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in this lager I was about a year, more than that—about 14 months, no 13 months, and it was in March, well, it was from 1942 to ’43. However, we got a bit accustomed to the lager, there were 26 men in one hall and the 26 men where I was, we behaved a little bit better, they were more human. There were among us people of higher intelligence of high moral character, who restrained themselves a little bit and maintained a somewhat different attitude than the total population of the camp and they lived somehow better together. It was a great misfortune for me that we had to be separated. At the beginning of March, 1943...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9921.0,9985.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you heard anything all this time from home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9985.0,9989.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that I also have forgotten to tell. The first months we received letters from home but the idea is that I had received them illegally. The civilian Poles who worked in the plant together with us would get money, a lot of money, to transmit to us some messages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9989.0,10011.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How far were you from home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10011.0,10012.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, from Breslau to Katowice, it is about 100 kilometers. It is not very clear to me, at any rate, it was not specially far and they would always travel home, they would take down the addresses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10012.0,10022.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They were Polish civilians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10022.0,10023.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Polish civilians, and in 1943, I learned a few months earlier that Dabrowa was made Jew—clean and that all of them were sent to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10023.0,10042.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Which city was made Jew—clean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10042.0,10044.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e All Zagrumbia [??], that is, Dabrowa, Bensburg and Sosnowiec.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10044.0,10047.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e All what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10047.0,10048.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e All Zagrumbia [??].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10048.0,10051.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10051.0,10052.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, from then, I have not any information about my family up to today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10052.0,10058.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who remained that time at home, your sister and your mother?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10058.0,10059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e My sister and my mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10059.0,10062.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go ahead. [There follows a long pause.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10062.0,10067.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, Meanwhile, when they were making that district Jew—clean, there arrived a transport of 50 militiamen to Markstadt, our camp. Many people took their revenge. Although many of them [the prisoners] lived under bad conditions and themselves were oppressed, they still did that what they wanted, that is, they would beat up the [former] militia people because they knew well what they have done to their families at home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10067.0,10101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e If one prisoner would beat another prisoner, was he punished for it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10101.0,10105.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e It depends, it all depended on the mood of the block trusty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10105.0,10112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The people now and then would fight?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10112.0,10114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and they were glad if people were fighting and then they would come and kill both of them. A human being was of no importance. And in March, 1943, when rumors came that all civilian lagers, ours was still called a civilian lager because we would not wear the prisoner uniforms, wearing only the star of David; word came that all those who were under the Wehrmacht—that has to be canceled and they have to be subordinated to the SS, and so the SS took over all the lagers, and of that we were still more afraid than of the Jewish camps. It happened then, that during the time while we were at the other lager, we have built a new lager, not knowing for whom the lager was built and what kind of lager it will be, we became convinced that we, ourselves, have built that lager for ourselves. It was the concentration camp of Funf Teichen [Five Lakes].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10181.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Five lakes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10181.0,10185.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of the place in Polish?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10185.0,10188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in Polish—that was a German city—it was 5 kilometers away from Markstadt. One day, I don’t know exactly any more the date, I wouldn’t know, but it was in March, there came several Storm leaders of the SS, and they started a selection. That is, there came a doctor and if one wasn’t very well, he was sent immediately to Auschwitz and the rest they sent over to the concentration camp Five Lakes, and so we were then 1,800 people who were sent over to the concentration camp. Well, there started a new life. And what happened from that day...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.0,10242.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [Interrupting] Did you continue working in the same factory?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10242.0,10247.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the plant remained the same, I continued working in the same plant because I told you it was only 5 kilometers away; that is why we built the lager nearby, so that we continued working in the same plant because they needed us; we produced a great deal. But when they made the selection, they made the following arrangement. Remember, it was in March, it snowed, it was terribly cold. There were two blocks. If I remember well, it was block 9 and block 10. In block 9 we undressed and totally naked, without shoes, without...just like when one is born, we had to run to the other block. There was a doctor and he just looked; he really didn’t examine us, he didn’t care if we had any internal illnesses, and it wasn’t their intention to cure us. So he would just see how one looks and when he—when disliked somebody he was right away crossed off from the list and was sent to Auschwitz. I did not look especially good but I was lucky—I say “lucky” because now I have thought it all over and I see that it has led, that it was to the good as I hardly believe that the other ones have survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Permit me one question, you told me before that the whole organization of the camp, of the first camp—what did you call it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10332.0,10341.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Markstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.0,10341.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Markstadt. That organization was such that nobody could live there longer than three months. How long were you there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.0,10348.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I was there a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10348.0,10350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you explain that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10350.0,10351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I remarked it before, that when one would live only from his ration, he could not stand it longer than three months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10351.0,10359.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So what did you live from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10359.0,10361.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I lived in this way, I worked with civilians, I sold my shirt...sometimes I would beg so I would get a little piece of bread, a bit of soup; I simply begged. In those times one wasn’t an important gentleman, and some people had pity—then when I would get cigarettes, I would trade them, and so it would go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10361.0,10387.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The cigarettes you would get from the lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10387.0,10390.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The cigarettes that we had, these we only would get from the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10390.0,10394.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And when could you smoke them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10394.0,10398.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e At any rate, not during working time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10398.0,10400.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So how would you sell them to the civilians? Is it possible that the civilians couldn’t get even such cigarettes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10400.0,10406.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, in Germany it was very difficult with cigarettes; even the Germans bought cigarettes [from us]. Then there were many who were—who would have applied themselves very much and the master would bring them some food; he would not question whether it was a Jew—when people live crowded together—when one is a good worker, one earned or pleases somebody, one gets something. There were many such cases. And those who had no “luck” and had to live only from their rations, they just didn’t survive, because it was just impossible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10406.0,10438.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how many of your 26 did survive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10438.0,10443.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t know any more. Those times I didn’t think any more of the 26—one thinks only of himself—and so we got to the camp, we marched in, everybody had to take a stool from the old lager; they didn’t have any stools—it was a new lager; when we marched in there, there stood the troop leader who said, “Here are Jews, ain’t that so?” He said it with some irony.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10443.0,10478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The SS man?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10478.0,10479.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. “You are still marching today but I can guarantee you that in two weeks you won’t be marching any more.” These are the words he told us. One could recognize right from his face who he was. He wasn’t very long there, he was only one day, and then he was transferred to another lager. To Gross-Rosen, there he got another job. The lager Five Lakes belonged to the command of Gross-Rosen, and then there cam another “report” leader, but the “report” leader did not play such a great role as the lager leader.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10479.0,10526.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes Spool 91. Geneva, Switzerland, August the 28th, 1946. That was Abraham Kimmelmann’s report. I think we will have to conclude tonight. I am leaving tomorrow for Milan and it is already 9 o’clock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10526.0,10554.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Spool 92, Geneva, August the 28th, 1946, 9 o’clock in the evening. At the Rue de Prenie. Kimmelmann...Abraham Kimmelmann reporting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10554.0,10573.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In German] Well, you told me how you arrived at a new lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10573.0,10584.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and we were talking about the block leader. Now things happened that way. When we arrived in this lager there were already a few Russian prisoners. There we were regular prisoners in prisoners clothes, those striped clothes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10584.0,10601.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the name of that lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10601.0,10603.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Funf Teichen, and there it was thus. 600 Jews arrived a few months later from Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10603.0,10613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10613.0,10614.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, from Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10614.0,10615.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 600 Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10615.0,10618.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They came to work here into the buildings which were already finished which we have built before. They installed immediately machinery and they were manufacturing cannons. Since much prisoners were considered dangerous they were put in shops where they appeared safer. That is, the SS were more sure that they could not escape because they were indoors, in closed shops.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10618.0,10644.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were these Jewish prisoners?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10644.0,10646.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, these 600 of whom I am talking about were Jews. But otherwise the capos, and the whole management of the lager were Poles and Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10646.0,10659.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Also prisoners?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10659.0,10660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Also prisoners. But these were “professional” criminals, or such criminals who have spent ten or twelve years in prisons yet still before the war, and the Germans took them and now they have advanced themselves, and they have become block leaders, so what can one expect from such people. People who were bandits still before the war and have been murdering before. And when we arrived and they heard that we were Jews, that a Jewish transport has arrived, so they had the best opportunity to show their morals and to deal with us just how they pleased, because they were given complete authority. And I was assigned to block 17. Here we had a Pole from the Ukraine. He was just a real bandit. Just a real criminal. And with dirty language, the only one he knew with his intelligence. And that wasn’t all that he was hollering. But he started right away to beat us and it was just terrible. I wasn’t beaten that time, but the others were beaten, and I was the same candidate, I could have been struck down just as well as the others...We brought our stools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10660.0,10754.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of stools were they? I thought you were sitting just on your beds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10754.0,10759.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No. Oh, we were also sitting on our beds, I will tell you later how that came about that we were sitting on our beds. So we brought the stools from the Jewish lager. In the Jewish lager we had tables, we had beds, and we had chairs. So these stools we brought with us. [Apparently chairs and stools are used here interchangeably.] And so we [they??] said that we had to clean them. He gave us some paper. Very small pieces. With this small piece we had to clean up the whole stool, so that it should look exactly like new lumber. But [while] we were sitting there together cleaning he grabbed a chair from one and threw it and immediately he opened two heads. Blood was streaming. One could not go to the dispensary. One could not go out. It was the first night. One could not do a thing so what did one do? He took off his coat, wrapped it around his head until the blood was dried and went to sleep. But the first night he already killed three Jews. And the next morning...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10759.0,10832.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean really killed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10832.0,10833.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Really killed. They were taken right away to the crematories to Gross-Rosen. And about 50 had to be taken to the sick quarters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10833.0,10844.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e If afterwards at the appell three people were missing didn’t the SS inquire where they were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10844.0,10851.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but to the contrary, they were glad that the block leader does such things. Because according to their opinion that was the real duty of the block leader.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10851.0,10864.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the block leaders in the other lager kill somebody?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10864.0,10869.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean in the Jewish lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10869.0,10870.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10870.0,10871.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that also happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10871.0,10874.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That the block leader killed somebody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10874.0,10875.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No. In that lager there were no block leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10875.0,10879.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What were they, pushers?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10879.0,10881.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Pushers, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10881.0,10882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And it happened that these pushers killed somebody?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10882.0,10884.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Not the pushers. They didn’t go so far but those three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10884.0,10887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, those three. Three executioners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10887.0,10891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. They have killed many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10891.0,10893.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they ordered to kill people? Or did they simply beat them until they died?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10893.0,10898.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Sometimes they had orders and sometimes they just wanted it themselves. They had the say over our life. And that did not happen only in our block. As I heard later. But everywhere around. In our block.it was so. He was such a terrible man, and he did such bad things. When we were all exhausted and there was so much blood on the floor, so he ordered to wipe off the blood, to clean up the floor, and to line up in rows inside the room and so we had to stand all night. He chose an assistant by name...he was a deputy block leader and they slept in shifts. One two hours, the other two hours, and they stood guard over us so that nobody should sit down. And when he would discover that somebody sat down, such one isn’t seeing any m ore the sunrise. Obviously one didn’t sit down. We stood all night and just shortly about a half an hour before the appell, that it was before 5 o’clock he ordered us quickly to lie down on our beds and we barely had time to lie down when the call came for appell. We went out for appell. They took away our overcoats. It was cold. And all our coats, our civilian coats were still reasonably thick. We had them yet from home. All that was taken away. Some were running around just in bars shirts and so we got out to the appell. About these things there is nothing to tell. Everybody has experienced cold and everybody can imagine it, what it is being cold. And so we were standing there for an hour, sometimes two. In general, in the beginning before we were assigned to work, we stood much longer. They ordered us then to the blocks. When we came to the blocks. we got breakfast. Well, the breakfast was better than in the Jewish lager. Because here we got hot soup, gritz soup in the morning, and that we would not get in the Jewish lager. After the soup we had to clean up the block, that is, make the beds. The beds had to be so level, like a table, just like this desk. So level had they to be. And when something was just not so the person was given some experience! When it was reported that the beds are ready he would come in and when he couldn’t find anything [wrong] he ordered all from the sleeping room...You see the block was divided into three parts, the eating room and from both sides sleeping rooms. At the start each one of us had a bed to himself. Each one slept in his own bed, a blanket; in spite of the fact that it was winter it was very cold and the beds had to be in the best order. And when he wouldn’t find any thing, each one had his bed in good order, he would chase us out all from the sleeping room, then would do something to a bed, then he would call us back, “Look what kind of beds you make.” Although we knew that he did it. One couldn’t say a thing. And from that all suffered. They were beating us so and they were not beating us just because they wanted to. And I wonder why did he have to play such dirt. He could just simply go at somebody and beat him. Nobody could defend himself, and when, thank God, we were done with the beds, we had to start to scrape the lockers. [That previous sentence about the beating isn’t exactly clear but that is how it is on the record. Abe was at times a bit emotional and what I noticed happened is the negatives or no’s would disappear from the sentence or sometimes unnecessary negatives would be put in.] We had to stand there all day. A lager would be all clean, we had to stand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10898.0,11133.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they clean it with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11133.0,11135.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e With sandpaper or with a rag. And then he said thus,—we had brought with us various eating utensils from the Jewish lager, so he threw it all out on the garbage heap and said thus—”When you go to work you have to organize dishes, you must organize, paint the block. You have to organize everything.” But then I didn’t know yet what it means organize. Well, it simply meant that we had to steal it. The block leader demanded from us that we should steal at the construction works, and when we were caught at the construction works, then they would come to the block leader and he would beat us for it. So you can imagine in what situation we were. And so it was at the beginning. We were beaten in the blocks for that what we would not bring, and we were beaten for bringing things. Whatever one did he was beaten for it. And I want to tell an episode which made a great impression on me, and in particular a good impression. There were in our block a father and a son. The father was already fifty years old and I don’t know how he got to Funf Teichen. He was already a bit swollen. [The expression swelling or swollen was a general term for conditions that would arouse the suspicion of the camp authorities that a person was hopelessly sick. As a rule people with swollen feet or swollen joints were assigned immediately for destruction.] And he had a son who was very strong. While in the Jewish lager he worked in a good plant and he knew how to take care of himself. Otherwise he worked around the Czech barracks and at the beginning, the Czechs had a lot to eat so they would throw away some moldy bread on the garbage heap and from that a person could nourish himself well. (*This is not an exaggeration). [The access to garbage heaps near kitchens or military barracks of the SS was considered a very lucky break and saved many a person from a death from starvation.] One was lucky when one could find such things. So he was sufficiently strong. And the father because he was old and couldn’t move so fast would always fall the first victim. He was beaten so badly that he really couldn’t take it any more. And on that day that the father got the first beating and the son couldn’t stand it any more. Somehow he got up courage, and he stepped forward when he approached the father to strike him again. He said, “Mr. Block Leader, why do you beat my father?” And as soon as he heard it he raised his club but he didn’t strike him yet, and he said, “What, you dare to ask me such a question? You know that I have the say over the life of the father, and your life, and over the life of the life of these 150 cursed Jews; and that I can do what I please. You dare to tell me something?” So he said, ” Mr. Block Leader, you may beat me as much as you like, I won’t say a thing and I won’t cry, but let my father alone.” And I don’t know how it made an impression on him, but he did not touch the father any more. On the contrary he gave him more soup and he gave the son an assignment inside the block and he could always scrub the floors and he would get more to eat. Of course, one can’t say that if everyone would have done that, he would get away with it, because many certainly acted in a similar manner and were killed for it. Such things were not tolerated in the lager. Because there wasn’t so much decency, but this one got away with it and it made on me a very good impression. Of the block, of the 170 men where I was, became less and less every day, many went to sick quarters, many did not return, many died, and then there again started the...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11135.0,11387.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they do with the dead?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11387.0,11390.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e With the dead it was like this. There was no crematory in this lager. But every Wednesday and Saturday there would come a truck and the dead were sent to Gross-Rosen and there they were cremated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11390.0,11404.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where were the dead lying until Wednesday or Saturday?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11404.0,11407.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was the dead room. A special room for the dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11407.0,11413.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11413.0,11415.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And so the beating wasn’t all. They wouldn’t let us sleep. Every evening when we would return he would detain us in the eating hall, one couldn’t go out to the toilet, we could go only in groups and only when one would take the responsibility for it, and every evening we were up until one, two o’clock at night, and at five o’clock we had to get up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11415.0,11441.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where was the toilet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11441.0,11442.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The toilet was far away from the block. There was a special block building for the toilet. The bathrooms and the toilets were together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11442.0,11453.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did people from the various blocks come to the same toilet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11453.0,11455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the block that was near to the toilet was of course fortunate but we were very far away. We were located near the fence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11455.0,11467.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11467.0,11470.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And so a human being, no matter how much you force him but still there is always a limit. When they were beating us, and beating us so much, and with little food, one just doesn’t have the strength to work. And when we would come to work we simply would fall asleep on the job. When one doesn’t sleep one has to sleep. The foreman had understanding. At first they were beating us, saying you don’t accomplish anything. People simply slept. They made a report to the construction authorities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11470.0,11503.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did one sleep?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11503.0,11505.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e On the job. One would hold a shovel in his hands and would fall asleep over it. So they made a report to the construction authorities that they cannot comprehend because when we were in the Jewish lager we accomplished more, we produced well, now we are unable to work. If the SS want to annihilate us, so let them not send the Jews to the construction plant. Because we cannot use that kind of workers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11505.0,11529.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was done by the construction authorities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11529.0,11532.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the construction authorities put up that demand. They interceded with the lager commander and said, “Either you keep the lager and do with them what you want to, but when you intend to send them to the plants you have to see that they would produce at least a minimal amount.” So an order was issued by the lager commander that at 9:00 everybody must be in bed and no more beating. Oh, when we returned and heard the news we were all gladdened. We said Messiah had come.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11532.0,11571.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you learn about it? Did they inform you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11571.0,11574.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e One just sensed it. Moreover there were in the lager not only block leaders but there was kitchen personnel and they managed to hear about it because they were all day in the lager and they told us about it, and so from the Auschwitz Jews were a few among the kitchen personnel and they told us about it. From the 600 Jews that have arrived, there remained less than 100. At the time we arrived, they lasted only about three months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11574.0,11600.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From the Auschwitz Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11600.0,11602.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, for the Auschwitz. They made immediately acquaintance [one word is not clear] and they got more to eat. They managed to become included in the personnel and so they survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11602.0,11620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The people who worked in the kitchen, they ate well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11620.0,11623.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Very well. In general the whole lager personnel. As I told you before, that was the policy of the Germans. They know that they had to satisfy somebody, otherwise nobody would be interested in oppressing the other, I mean to especially oppress.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11623.0,11639.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11639.0,11641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e When we heard about it, we were over-happy on the way home, nobody was beaten, but he said, thus, “Yes, I can’t beat anymore—that he admitted himself—I can’t beat anymore, but I will make louse appells, that is, the one who has lice will not go to sleep until he has no more lice.” Well, he had them by the thousands. You can’t imagine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11641.0,11669.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean to say you had lice by the thousand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11669.0,11672.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e By the thousand. And until one gets them all off that would have taken an eternity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11672.0,11678.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How would you get them off?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11678.0,11681.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we just had to squeeze them dead. Simply with our fingers. And that he made us do. And there wasn’t of course anybody who had no lice. So in spite that we had to go to bed at nine, he made us do it and so we were again up until two o’clock at night and then he took pity and let us go to sleep. Only at two o’clock. And again we went to work next morning and we slept again and we reported it so there came an order that he shouldn’t do that either and we should be able to go to sleep at nine o’clock. This lasted for a week. We had more peace in the block, and the block leaders just couldn’t stand for it. They had to beat us. That was their urge like a person has to eat, so they made a report to the chancellery that we are not conforming to the requirements of the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11681.0,11739.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of a bureau was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11739.0,11740.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e The clerical bureau, that’s what it was called, the clerical bureau. There would go all the reports. And they complained that we don’t keep any more order, that we let dirt lay around and so on; and on the other hand it is demanded from them that there be order in the blocks, so they arranged it that beating was again permitted, but not killing. Only dry blows that there be no marks afterwards. Well, the beating was permitted again, so he prepared right away at the door two clubs, so when we arrived the first two he immediately stretched over a chair and beat them. And so in three months we didn’t see anything else but beatings, killings, again killings, nothing to eat, and hard work. The morning appells were something terrible. We stepped forward daily for appell. For the block trusties we stepped forward by blocks. And after roll call we stepped forward in working platoons. That is, those who worked in the same plant stepped forward together. We marched outward in division of 100, for every hundred men there was one responsible that they should march straight, and that they behaved decently on the street. So they arranged us in three files. We were at that time 1800 men so we were 600 in each file. If they would have done it in a proper fashion, if order would have really been their aim, we would have marched from the block according to assignment; we were there in groups of 600 men. But they simply ordered “working divisions forward” and each one started running and stepped in wherever he happened to do so, because everybody wanted to get in the first row. If a large division walks, of 800 men, and they don’t march in military formation, in orderly steps so it results, if one marches a little bit slower those behind are being retarded. If those in front walk a little bit faster then it comes out that rows and rows fall behind; they have to start running, and so we were already fatigued entirely before we arrived at the plant, so it was best to walk into the shops with the first hundred. Everyone pushed forward to get into the shops first. There was no order that that is what they wanted because if there was no order they had a job to do, they could beat us. So everyday there were found dead ones, they would not arrive to work because they were simply killed. It was going on so, the first three months, that during the first three months they have taken from us 800 men to the crematory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11740.0,11943.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And that was not an annihilation camp?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11943.0,11947.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e They called it a labor camp. It was an annihilation camp, but not officially, the name designated something different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11947.0,11956.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11956.0,11958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And so we got accustomed to it again. When people live together, and for some time we have worked at different construction jobs, so we made acquaintance with the foremen and started trading again. In this lager it was better in that respect that we were getting more cigarettes. And that was in such a matter, good workers would get more[??]. Each one according to his work and it also depended upon the foreman from whom we would get some premium coupons, worth a mark or two and for these there was a canteen and he could buy for them cigarettes. Well, these cigarettes one could peddle forward, and it went so far that some did real business with the foreman and they would get premium coupons worth several hundred marks and for them they could get a lot of cigarettes, and they would give the cigarettes to the foreman and the foreman would give them chocolate in exchange, or alcohol and that they would bring to the lager and give it to the block leaders, and so they would make friends with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11958.0,12018.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The foreman was not a prisoner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12018.0,12020.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, the foreman was not a prisoner. He was just a civilian. And so they would get together with the block leaders and they started to get together and live together with the Jews. The Jews were useful to them, they gave them good things, and so a time came that nearly a half of the block trusties were Jews and in the kitchen and the majority were Jews and the office nearly the whole personnel were Jews. The Jews almost took over the lager, and it became for the whole lager much easier. We weren’t threatened any more so badly. We weren’t any more under constant danger. Oh yes, they would beat people because the Jewish block trusties would also beat people. But one was beaten not specially as a Jew. Do you understand? We were beaten and one would see that in some way one submits to the discipline although it was impossible, but at least a certain amount of beatings were omitted. One could manage to avoid them. And so I was there until 1944. In 1944, when at that time I also started some trading, I also got bonus coupons because I worked well, I told you about it before, and the foreman started to like me a bit, sometimes they would give me a bit of bread, and they started to give me premium coupons.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12020.0,12119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e At what were you working at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12119.0,12120.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time I worked in the Hellgolder. That was a Vienese company. They made roofing material. We would lay out a bit of cold and warmsheets together and from such material we made roofs. This was very dangerous work. These were like asbestos[??] sheets. The sheets were a mixture of wood shavings and some poison. We could not step on them when they were freshly laid. If one would step on them one would fall down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12120.0,12151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you actually build the roof?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12151.0,12153.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e We built the roofs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12153.0,12154.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For what buildings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12154.0,12155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e For the Krupp plants. That was the only firm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12155.0,12160.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you worked on the roof?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12160.0,12161.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Worked on the roof. And we had many cases of falls. Still many fell from the roof were dead on the spot. And it was already known that when somebody would be brought back during the day to the lager, I am still talking about the Jew lager, one knew that it was from the firm Hellgolder. Well, I got accustomed to the work. I can say I had luck. I got accustomed to run over the roofs. We were not permitted to run on the sheets but we had to run on the planks, that is, on the wooden planks that were laid. They were about 30 centimeters thick and on these we could step. I got accustomed to it and for two years I worked for the same firm. I was very much liked there and at the end I got a lot of premium coupons, I would buy for them cigarettes, in the canteen, and sometimes I would buy for it bread and sell the bread again in the lager for more, and so I would earn something. And so I managed to get a hold of some marks because in this lager money had value, because many civilians worked in the plant, and they could make use of the money. That’s how we could say that business became big. We and people were trading. And finally it came to that I have earned 100 marks, And these 100 marks I gave to an acquaintance who worked in the kitchen, that he should intervene with the chief of the kitchen so that he should take me in as kitchen help. That meant that evenings when I would come home from work I would go there to work. [Here is a break. As far as I remember the interview, it meant that by getting work in the kitchen after a full day’s work in the plant one could get more liberal quantities of food and also eat the leftovers.] And the enemy was very near us and we had to evacuate. That was in January, 1945. It would be of no value to tell about the individual cases where one was beaten again. I have given you already some inside how things were going on at this lager. To sum up at the end it was reasonably good for us. We got accustomed to minor things, and one could manage somehow. We learned to help ourselves in some manner. January there came the order to evacuate and this is the beginning of a new period. We were given for the journey 500 gms. of bread, a piece of sausage, each one took two blankets, and so we marched on. Whether one had shoes or not, nobody bothered about it. In the deepest snow we ran forward. We left on a Sunday afternoon at three o’clock under SS guard, and we ran until two o’clock at night without sleep, but then the SS got tired so they drove us into a barn. A barn where hardly 500 men could crowd in, 500 men at the maximum. We were shoved in 2,500 people. We were altogether in a transport, 5000 people, so they put at our disposal two such barns. Well, you can imagine when we got up in the morning the dead were stapled like railroad ties. So they were stapled up and abandoned. And so we marched 5 miles and we didn’t get anything more to eat, than that which was given to us for the journey, the 500 gms. of bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12161.0,12399.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was what you got before the march?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12399.0,12400.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Before the march. Well, it wasn’t a trip, an outing, and outing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12400.0,12403.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12403.0,12407.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e And so we marched. Many fell on the way and the one who couldn’t keep up any more would step aside waiting for death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12407.0,12419.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How would he wait for death?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12419.0,12420.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e That was something that one is not able to tell. A man full of his senses in whom everything is still functioning, he is feeble and can'’ run any more, he stands by himself under a tree, his eyes shining like, like reflectors. And he waits for the moment when the whole formation will have passed by till the hindmost guards will arrive with the block leader, also an SS man, who will shoot him. Can you imagine what this is? A man with his full mental abilities, who knows what is going on and he waits for death. And so every 3, 10 meters one saw somebody standing under a tree, or sitting down and such a man would be shot and thrown into the ditch. 12,000 men have left Markstadt and our destination was Gross-Rosen. Well we arrived at Gross-Rosen no more than 4,200. 800 died on the road or were shot. [The 12,000 mentioned before is probably a slip of the tongue.] In Gross-Rosen [here he interrupts himself] every night we slept in a barn for a few hours, and every night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [Interrupting] Gross-Rosen is near Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12495.0,12497.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, Gross-Rosen is in the vicinity of Breslau, about 3 kilometers from Breslau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12497.0,12499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh yes, Birkenau is near Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12499.0,12501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. In the barn it was terrible. People would kill each other so that one could sleep on top of him. If one had enough strength he killed another one so that he could sleep on top of him, so that he had more room. But because there wasn’t even enough room to stand, you can imagine if a place only holds 500 people and they stuff it full with 2500 people, five times as many. Finally we [he interrupts himself] I went through all that I don’t myself know how. When you should ask me such a question I would not be able to reply because until this day I don’t know how I survived, that is hard to conceive how people were saved. I arrived at Gross-Rosen, that is all of us, we came to Gross-Rosen, so we were taken to that so cold new lager. That was a camp where they were building new barracks, that is, they were not yet ready and it was winter. So we were shoved into the cellars where there were no doors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12501.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did the barracks have cellars?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12564.0,12566.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they had cellars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12566.0,12567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What for?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12567.0,12568.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Also for housing. They made use of the space and above there was no glass in the windows, the doors were open and so we slept. But it was warm because we were so crowded together that only those who slept at the window or at the door didn’t feel it, but the rest were much too much in the heat. And some people never got up any more on account of the terrible heat. But it was this way, there were no beds, no plank-beds, just a plain floor, but on a floor of about 25 meters length and 10 meters width, packed in 2000 men. So can you imagine how it was? And so we passed the first night. It was still disorder. One didn’t know anything about conditions, one didn’t know to which block one belongs. They haven’t taken our names well. By that time we had no more names, we had just numbers and in the KaZet [the word KaZet stands for concentration camp] we were given numbers. My number was 247093. There we slept over the first night. We were not given any nourishment and in the morning we were told we have to step forward for appell. It was 5 o’clock in the morning. Pitch dark, and we stood for appell until 12 o’clock noon, in the winter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12568.0,12661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12661.0,12662.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Just simply because it pleased them that way. Then appeared the block trusties, made the appell and distributed us in the blocks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.0,12671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they keep any notes when somebody died on the way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12671.0,12675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing was written down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12675.0,12677.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So when they were making an appell they had to see who was missing...[the conversation becomes confused]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12677.0,12680.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was the reason they made an appell, just to see how many were left alive, so that nobody should now escape. They didn’t have to bother about the dead. The dead wouldn’t rise to life again, but to the ones alive it may occur he may have the opportunity to escape, and that is what they wanted to control. And that is why they made an appell, and distributed us over the blocks, and the things that were going on in Gross-Rosen!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.0,12705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there women also with you, or were there only men?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12705.0,12707.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eAbraham Kimmelmann:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we were only men. Afterwards women arrived at Gross-Rosen also. They lived in separate barracks and I have not seen them. Under normal conditions the lager could not house even 5000 men. And here were 25,000 people, because from everywhere, from the small lagers, everybody was evacuated to Gross-Rosen. What was going onthere is not to describe. Because at the end, in 1945, we were not beaten any more so badly in the lager, but here they didn’t know anybody, and the block leaders were doing whatever they pleased. They would take out the best from the food and we wouldn’t get anything. In general, in Gross-Rosen we hardly got anything to eat. We would get 200 gms. of bread, and a half a liter of turnip soup that one couldn’t take in his mouth. That we would get a 2 o’clock at night when we were already sleeping. Because the kitchen couldn’t keep up, they worked day and night. Do you understand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes Spool 92, and we have to conclude the interview, we have no more reserve of spools. This is Kimmelmann’s report, which stops at Gross-Rosen. He will continue for me when I return. Geneva, August the 28th, 1946 at the home for boys maintained by the Swiss Government. [unintelligible] [I did return to Switzerland but here I received a telegram of my clearance to Germany and so the interview for which I specially returned could not take place. It is a pity because judging from that which we got from him so far, the description of the liberation would have been most instructive. —D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12783.0,12795.51494"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8006/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/006/original/abraham-kimmelmann_en.txt?1739895823","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/006/original/abraham-kimmelmann_en.txt?1739895823"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Geneva, August...August 27th, 1946. We are starting a new interview with Abraham Kimmelmann at eighth minute or so...seven and a half minutes of the spool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1.443,18.686"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also Herr Kimmelmann, wollen Sie mal,...also Herr Kimmelmann, wollen Sie uns wieder sagen, wie heißen Sie, wie alt Sie sind und wo sind Sie geboren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=18.686,33.183"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich heiße Kimmelmann, Abraham, geboren am Zehnten (10.), Zehnten (10) neunzehn hundert acht und zwanzig (1928).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=33.183,38.939"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In welchem was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=38.939,40.151"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Am Zehnten (10.), Zehnten (10).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=40.151,41.657"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Na ja, also, das ist am zehnten (10.) Oktober.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=41.657,42.982"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Am zehnten (10.) Oktober neunzehn hundert acht und zwanzig (1928).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=42.982,45.181"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, wo sind Sie geboren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=45.181,46.708"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich wurde geboren in Polen...In Polen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=46.708,50.737"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In welcher...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=50.737,51.099"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . in Oberschlesien in einer kleineren Stadt Dabrowa-Wolnitzek.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=51.099,55.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dabrowa-Wolnitzek?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=55.044,56.46"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dabrowa-Wolnitzek.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=56.46,57.635"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also nun wollen Sie...Sie sagten mir, Sie wollen eine kleine Einleitung machen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=57.635,63.937"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Ich sage es deshalb, weil ich weiß, worum es da eigentlich geht. Sie sind da her nicht gekommen nur um sich zu beschäftigen, was wir heute eigentlich tun, sondern ein bisschen wie es war in unserer Vergangenheit, nicht wahr?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=63.937,79.74"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja natürlich!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=79.74,80.847"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, also, wenn ich...und hauptsächlich vom Krieg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=80.847,86.1"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=86.1,87.967"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben uns gesagt, als wir beim Essen waren, dass Ihnen schon einige Jungs von dem Lager erzählt haben und zwar auf verschiedene Weise. Und zwar: Einer hat erzählt, dass es ihm ziemlich gut war, der Andere hat erzählt, dass es ihm sehr schlecht war und trotzdem haben sie beide die Wahrheit gesagt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=87.967,110.49"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=110.49,111.273"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Da müssen Sie sich klar...im Klaren sein, dass die Burschen nicht nur glauben, dass sie die Wahrheit gesagt haben, sondern dass Sie unmöglich im Stande...die sind nicht im Stande, alles so zu erzählen wie es war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=111.273,125.622"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=125.622,125.824"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Da müssen wir in die Geschichte einsehen oder wenn man ein Buch schreibt, oder etwas, da sagt man, man schreibt immer mehr als es war. Und da in diesem Falle ist es gerade umgekehrt. Man kann niemals so viel erzählen und so die Sachen herstellen, wie es in Wirklichkeit war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=125.824,143.16"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Na ja, sehen Sie, darum rede ich mit Vielen. Sehen Sie, darum will ich, dass viele die Sache erzählen sollen, dann kann man von jedem ein bisserl, das ganze Bild, das Mosaik, das ganze Bild zusammenstellen, sehen Sie. Nun verstehen Sie den Zweck, warum ich zwei hundert (200) Spulen von diesen ganzen Reden sammeln will, weil Keiner das Ganze erzählen kann. Verstehen Sie? Also erzählen Sie mir mit vielen Einzelheiten, Sie brauchen sich nicht zu sputen, wir haben genug Draht und genug Zeit, sehen Sie. Ich höre besser weniger Leute, die viel erzählen, denn viele Leute, die wenig erzählen. Also wo waren Sie, wenn der Krieg anfing und was hat Ihnen passiert? Und erzählen Sie mir, wo möglich, Tag für Tag, Woche für Woche was vorgegangen ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=143.16,195.7"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also bis zum Krieg habe...hatte ich nur die Möglichkeit—was die Volksbildung anbelangt—hatte ich nur die Möglichkeit einige Klassen zu lernen, das heißt bis zur fünften (5.) Klasse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=195.7,210.23"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bis zur fünften (5.) Klasse. In was für einer Schule waren Sie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=210.23,212.399"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also, dass...da mein Vater religiös war, hat er mir nicht erlaubt in die Volksschule zu gehen., sondern in ein Privat Cheder, ein jüdisch Cheder...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=212.399,222.201"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=222.201,222.412"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und man hatte dort einen polnischen Lehrer gehabt, der uns in diese Gegenstände unterrichtet hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=222.412,227.834"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=227.834,229.762"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und da der Krieg ausgebrochen ist, hatte ich keine Gelegenheit mehr zu lernen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=229.762,237.546"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie alt waren Sie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=237.546,238.511"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Damals war ich zwölf Jahre.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=238.511,240.071"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und warum hatten Sie keine Möglichkeit mehr zu lernen, wie der Krieg ausgebrochen ist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=240.071,243.163"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Als der Krieg ausbrach, wissen Sie bestimmt...wissen Sie ganz genau, dass schon nach Polen die Deutschen eingezogen sind. Und...und was für Gedanken sie sich schon vorher gemacht haben, und was für Pläne, das ist auch heute allen Leuten bekannt. Sowie sie eingetreten sind nach Polen, war das Erste gegen die Juden etwas zu machen. Was es nur nicht sein soll. Selbstverständlich konnten sie nicht auf einmal alle Juden erschießen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=243.163,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=271.0,271.332"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben aber alles so eingerichtet, dass sie alles systematisch gemacht haben, dass es niemand so genau merken sollte und dass niemand fliehen konnte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=271.332,280.759"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=280.759,281.874"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und so—als die Deutschen rein kamen, wurde sogleich eine...spezielle Stunden—eine Ausgangszeit für die Juden verordnet und dann durften wir nicht raus gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=281.874,293.987"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie Zeichen tragen müssen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=293.987,296.779"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war...das war noch nicht zuerst...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=296.779,299.331"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: So wie hat man gewusst, wer spät ausgeht, dass er ein Jude war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=299.331,303.777"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also in der ersten Zeit hat man gleich legitimiert, denn sie hatten Angst, vielleicht findet sich jemand von einer Partei oder so, sie haben doch solche Leute gesucht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=303.777,311.922"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=311.922,312.627"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und deswegen haben sie die Verordnung raus gegeben und da jedermann Angst hatte, dass man von ihm einen Ausweis verlangt—auf den Ausweisen waren doch immer geschrieben, was für ein Glauben man ist, ob Moses...Moses oder christlich, das hat man gleich bemerkt. Die zweite Sache war, dass man...wie heißt.. das?...dass man das Ritual verboten hat, man darf nicht schlachten...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=312.627,339.352"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, man hat das Schlachten verboten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=339.352,341.701"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . ja, man hat das Schlachten verboten. Und dann durfte, ein Jeder durfte nicht mehr haben als tausend (1000) Mark, das heißt zwei tausend (2 000) Zloty. Den Rest muss er abgeben. Was Gold und Silber anbelangt, das ist schon selbstverständlich, dass man das abgeben muss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=341.701,356.082"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das ist nicht selbstverständlich! Man hat bekannt gemacht, dass man was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=356.082,359.515"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat bekannt gemacht, dass man das Gold und Silber abgeben muss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=359.515,362.367"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=362.367,362.819"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war zuerst. Nun wollten sie uns den Kopf verdrehen und...[beide sprechen]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=362.819,367.138"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die Leute denn Gold und Silber abgegeben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=367.138,370.198"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das hat jeder gemacht, wie er das gefühlt hat. Wenn man sehr ängstlich war und man konnte die Dinge nicht behalten, der hat sie abgegeben. Aber wer mehr abenteuerlich war und hat es riskieren wollen, dann hat man es auch versteckt. Denn von dem ist auch...war auch abhängig das Leben von den Menschen, denn wenn man kein Geld hatte, konnte man sterben von dem Hunger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=370.198,391.867"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=391.867,392.722"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das Schlimmste was noch von Anfang an war,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=392.722,396.397"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=396.397,397.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . das war, wir haben Brot Coupons bekommen—also es war alles rationiert. Aber...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=397.15,402.21"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=402.21,402.391"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . es hat sich grundsätzlich um Brot gehandelt, andere Sachen konnte man noch so...hm, hm,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=402.391,406.939"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=406.939,407.722"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=407.722,409.53"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Weiter! Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=409.53,414.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber wenn wir auch schon die Brot Coupons hatten, war es doch nicht ganz leicht sie zu bekommen. Man konnte nicht einfach ins Geschäft rein gehen oder zum Bäcker und sagen:“ Ja, da haben sie die Coupons, geben sie mir das Brot.“ Man musste von zehn (10) Uhr nachts bis morgen um fünf (5), sechs (6) Uhr stehen und warten, ob es kalt war oder heiß, ob es geregnet hat, bis man zum Fenster endlich hin gekommen ist, um das Brot zu bekommen. Aber öfters...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=414.753,441.049"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren da auch jüdische Bäcker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=441.049,442.912"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also, ich werde alles erzählen. Öfters war es aber so, dass die Polen haben die Juden erkannt, sie haben sie noch von vor dem Krieg gekannt, und da sie das Brot...die Menge Brot haben wollen, sagten sie den Deutschen: „Ja, das ist Jude.“ Und sie haben auch mit dem Finger gezeigt: Jude. Das eine Wort, dass sie im Deutschen gelernt haben, das haben sie gesagt. Und auf diese Weise haben sie verraten den Juden, der schon zwölf (12) Stunden in der Reihe gestanden ist und als er zum Fenster kam, sagte man ihm: „Jude weg!“. Und in solchen Zuständen hat man gelebt gleich am Anfang, als die Deutschen rein kamen. Aber es war doch noch in Polen vom Anfang, es waren doch alle Juden...doch fast alle Juden und da haben sie gemacht, dass sie jüdischen Bäckern Konzessionen gegeben haben und sie haben das Brot für die Juden gebacken. Also in dieser...in dieser Hinsicht war es schon ein bisschen leichter, dass man wenigstens nur zwischen Juden gestanden ist. Die Zeit des Stehens war genau die selbe von Anfang an, aber wenn man schon endlich zum Fenster gekommen ist, hat man uns das Wort „Jude weg“ nicht gesagt, weil wir an und für sich alle Jude waren, die sich angestellt. Das war nur der Anfang—was die Deutschen gemacht haben, als sie rein kamen. Es ging aber immer weiter. Man hat uns aus verschiedenen Strassen ausgewiesen und sogar verboten, dass man...dass kein Jude darf nicht die Strasse betreten. Und so war es immer mehr und immer mehr und man hat uns immer mehr zusammen gepresst in einem Viertel, wo die Juden gewohnt haben. Nun damit war angeregt, man musste die...die Gassen putzen und dazu nimmt man, nimmt man einfach Juden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=442.912,556.371"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wieviel Juden waren hier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=556.371,558.675"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: In unserem Städtchen waren ungefähr fünf tausend (5 000) Köpfe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=558.675,567.054"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun...nun, wie hat man die genommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=567.054,570.886"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also in dieser Zeit ist schon...ist gegründet worden die jüdische Kultusgemeinde. Also die jüdische Kultusgemeinde war deswegen...haben sie deswegen gemacht, deswegen gegründet, dass sie sich nicht selber mit den Juden zu beschäftigen haben sollen. Wenn sie irgend...die Polizei oder einen besonderen Auftrag von der höheren Macht bekommen haben oder selber etwas ausführen wollten, dann haben sie einfach die Kultusgemeinde [Tonband unverständlich; starkes Rauschen, kein Ton]...und gerade diese Arbeiten hat die Kultusgemeinde gemacht. Dann haben sie der Kultusgemeinde gesagt, dass man an jedem Tag so und so viele Arbeiter haben muss; haben aber nicht gesagt in welcher Weise sie es machen würden. Die haben schon gewusst, wenn man so einen Befehl an die jüdische Kultusgemeinde gibt, dann wird es auch gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=570.886,636.038"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und war die jüdische Kultusgemeinde gerecht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=636.038,641.366"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also, wenn ich schon jetzt auf die jüdische Kultusgemeinde eingehen soll, das wäre vielleicht ein bisschen zu früh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=641.366,647.025"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Gut, wie Sie wollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=647.025,648.825"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Denn das ist nicht das Einzige, was die jüdische Kultusgemeinde gemacht hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=648.825,652.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=652.753,653.337"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ob sie gerecht waren oder nicht, das werden Sie erst später selber sehen, wenn ich meine Meinung äußere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=653.337,658.789"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=658.789,659.181"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Jetzt kann man das noch nicht beurteilen auf der Basis, was ich Ihnen bis jetzt erzählt habe. Nun die jüdische Kultusgemeinde hat bekommen so einen Aufruf von der Polizei, da haben sie genommen die Liste, die Kartothek von jedem einen Bewohner, von jedem jüdischen Einwohner und haben dem ein Papier geschickt, dass er sich an diesem und diesem Tag, zu dieser und dieser Stunde an diesem und diesem Platz stellen soll, um diese und diese Arbeit auszuführen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=659.181,693.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=693.588,694.31"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der, der viel Geld gehabt hat, der hat einen armen Juden genommen, hat ihm bezahlt für den Tag, den sie verabredet haben und der hat für ihn gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=694.31,707.519"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat die Kultusgemeinde das erlaubt? Das Einer so arbeitet für den Anderen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=707.519,710.5"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben sich darum nicht gekümmert; hauptsächlich es hat sie nur interessiert, dass die Zahlen der Arbeiter stimmen sollen. Sie haben nicht nach dem Gesicht herum geschaut, nur nach der Zahl, nach der allgemeinen Zahl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=710.5,722.567"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=722.567,723.139"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und so...die ganze Szene hat sich abgespielt in der Stadtverwaltung, dort hat man sich versammelt und dort wurden man aus...dort haben die Meister ihre Gruppen bekommen, also jeder Meister hat eine Anzahl von Juden bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=723.139,737.585"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Der Meister war jüdisch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=737.585,738.908"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, der Meister war deutsch. Also von Anfang an die meisten waren Polen. Und so hat man die härteste und die schlimmsten Arbeiten gemacht, die...welche niemand eigentlich zuvor zu machen...zu machen hatte. Denn vor dem Krieg waren solche Arbeiten auch zu machen, aber es waren keinen Mann dazu da, niemand hat sich für solche Sachen interessiert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=738.908,762.522"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zum Beispiel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=762.522,763.656"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also zum Beispiel: das Erste—irgendwo ein Feld oder eine Strasse, wo es keine Häuser gibt, ganz frei. Da musste man in dem größten Frost oder beim größten Wind musste man da Schnee abschaufeln, um den, um den Weg zu reinigen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=763.656,778.337"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=778.337,778.801"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das ist das Erste. Dann hat man, als es ein bisschen wärmer war, hat man verschiedene Kanäle und verschiedene Bassins, wo es voll Leim war oder Wasser. Aber es hat keine Rolle gespielt, es war keine [unverständlich] die schwere Arbeit,...wenn man gesagt hat die Arbeit muss gemacht werden, man hat dafür einen deutschen Meister verantwortlich gemacht und der hat schon dazu gesehen, dass es...dass es geleistet wird, wie er es eigentlich will.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=778.801,815.112"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat er das gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=815.112,818.53"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es waren verschiedene Meister. Es waren Einige, die nur geschrien haben, es durfte gar nicht so weit kommen, dass sie schlagen sollen. Denn es hat nur ein Wort gegen um schnell an die Schaufel...also die Schaufel zu ergreifen und arbeiten wie am besten, wie man nur am besten kann. Es waren aber auch Einige, die solche Sadisten waren, die gar nicht gesprochen haben, die haben einfach geschlagen. Und das war eigentlich ihr Leben. Und sie waren nicht als Meister eigentlich angestellt, deshalb weil sie das Geld verdienen wollen und nachher, um es aushalten zu können—einfach weil sie sich dort amüsiert haben—es war für sie das größte Vergnügen, das größte Erlebnis, dass sie jetzt jeden Juden schlagen können und mit ihnen machen, was sie wollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=818.53,863.085"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren das Deutsche oder Polen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=863.085,864.775"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es waren Polen und auch Volksdeutsche und am Anfang hat man noch nicht so viele Deutsche bei uns gesehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=864.775,870.962"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=870.962,872.369"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war auch ein großer Teil von die Polen, die sich als Volksdeutsche gleich ausgegeben haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=872.369,877.218"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=877.218,880.682"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun, so der erste Winter ist so immer gegangen, dass man...viel...viel Zeit für die Staatsverwaltung gearbeitet hat und zwar...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=880.682,896.245"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat man für die Arbeit bezahlt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=896.245,898.34"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also von Anfang an hat man überhaupt nicht bezahlt. Es war Zwangsarbeit und zwar „Lohnlos“. Man hat nicht bezahlt. Nachher aber, dann...hat man eine (1) Mark siebzig (70) pro Tag bezahlt einem Arbeiter, der acht (8) Stunden oder sogar zehn (10) Stunden auf diese Weise gearbeitet hat. Aber Sie können sich vorstellen, was man für eine (1) Mark siebzig (70) bekommen hat oder was man dafür auslegen kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=898.34,927.873"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wieviel hat Brot gekostet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=927.873,930.629"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das kommt darauf an was für ein Brot. Wir haben bekommen pro Tag zwei hundert fünfzig (250) Gramm Brot pro Tag...haben wir bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=930.629,937.575"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Pro Person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=937.575,938.273"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Pro Person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=938.273,939.144"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und das hat gekostet wie viel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=939.144,940.519"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das hat gekostet, hm, hm, fünf und zwanzig (25) Drachmen, fünf und zwanzig (25) Pfennig.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=940.519,947.941"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=947.941,948.224"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja das wäre schon gut, da hundert fünfzig (250) Gramm Brot genügen kann. Aber wenn man nur das Brot bekommen hat, wenn man keine Kartoffeln bekommen hat und keinen Reis und kein Fett, kann man da leben von hundert fünfzig (250) Gramm Brot täglich? Man musste es eben durchstehen und helfen. Man kann doch nicht hungern. Wenn der Mensch hungrig ist, dann macht er alles. Was machte man? Man suchte, wer so auf schwarz Brot gebracht hat oder Mehl, man hat das teurer bezahlt. Und um das teurer zu bezahlen, da muss man eben Geld haben und dafür war eine (1) Mark siebzig (70) nicht genügend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=948.224,985.767"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun—so, was hat man getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=985.767,989.878"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat...man hat angefangen sich in verschiedener Weise durchzuschlagen. Einer hat gehandelt schwarz und einer hat Überstunden gearbeitet und Einer hat...hat...man hat einfach das Leben riskiert, nur um sich durchzuschlagen. Und der, der das nicht machen konnte, weil er zu wenig Mut hat oder der, der viel...der viel Angst hat, der musste ein...leider hungern. Und so sind Viele kaputt gegangen und gestorben einfach vor unseren Augen. Also es war sozusagen, im ersten Winter vom Krieg hat man noch das Schlimme, ich meine, wenn ich jetzt...wenn ich jetzt zurück schaue, dachte ich, dass im ersten Winter vom Krieg hat man noch nicht die Grausamkeit der Deutschen noch nicht so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=989.878,1036.468"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Gesehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1036.468,1037.041"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . bemerkt. Denn man ist noch—wie gesagt, mit der Familie zu Hause, gewesen. Man hat noch manchmal Karten gespielt, man hat noch gelacht...man hat es noch nicht so...so bemerkt. Man hat noch von vor dem Krieg etwas Geld gehabt, so dass man sich doch ein wenig durchstehen konnte, aber...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1037.041,1057.158"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Man hat doch das Geld abgeben müssen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1057.158,1059.147"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat aber zum Grossteil nicht abgegeben. Denn das ist eine Sache, die man eigentlich behalten kann und im Anfang war es nicht so streng, dass man in jedes Haus suchen gegangen ist. Denn das war nicht so genau, das war eine kleine Sache, sie haben nicht gesagt, es wird raus gegeben, weil sie das Geld brauchen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1059.147,1080.123"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1080.123,1080.636"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und sie konnten so viel Geld haben, wie sie wollten. Sie haben es selbst gemacht. Aber nur deswegen, weil sie wollten die Juden wieder etwas unterdrücken mit dem Geld Abgeben. Aber es ist in erster Zeit nicht so schlimm gewesen. Der Zweck war eigentlich nicht das Geld zu nehmen, es war uns alle zu vernichten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1080.636,1099.624"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1099.624,1101.323"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: So ist es durch den ersten Winter des Krieges [unverständlich]...so hat man manchmal mehr gegessen, manchmal weniger gegessen, man ist durch gekommen. Im Sommer hat man angefangen die deutschen Städte zu bombardieren. Und trotzdem, hm, hm, haben noch viele Deutsche...haben sich bereichern wollen, das die Juden [unverständlich] haben, man hat das Vermögen weg genommen und da sind sie eben nach Polen gekommen...von verschiedene, hm, Ecken Deutschlands. Sie sind gekommen und in erster Zeit war es so, dass sie in ein jüdisches Geschäft als Treuhänder eingetreten sind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1101.323,1141.076"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1141.076,1141.467"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben das Geschäft geleitet...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1141.467,1143.917"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das nennt man in Amerika Trustee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1143.917,1146.377"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Trustee, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1146.377,1148.275"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, sie haben das Geschäft geleitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1148.275,1149.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben das Geschäft geleitet und die Firma war noch am Anfang die alte Firma. Aber es kommt doch nicht auf die Firma an, es kommt auf den, der, hm,...der davon das Geld zieht. Das waren eben die Deutschen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1149.918,1162.34"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1162.34,1163.798"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber das war von einer Seite gut, dass man die Juden noch einigermaßen in den Geschäften gelassen hat und ein Mensch...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1163.798,1172.063"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie war das? Das war ein Treuhänder, aber der Jude war im Geschäft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1172.063,1176.973"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Richtig. Der Jude war im Geschäft. Aber, aber es hat auch Einzelfälle gegeben, wo man den Juden überhaupt raus geschmissen hat und ein Deutscher hat das Geschäft übernommen. Aber zum großen Teil...zum größten Teil kann man sagen, am Anfang sind die Juden weiter geblieben, aber der Deutsche...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1176.973,1194.086"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber der Deutsche hat verwaltet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1194.086,1195.409"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . aber der deutsche Verwalter, der hat das Wort gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1195.409,1198.134"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wer hat das Geld genommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1198.134,1199.941"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der Jud...der Deutsche hat das Geld genommen. Ich bin nicht so ganz informiert, wo das eigentlich Geld hingekommen ist. Ich weiß nur, dass die Juden nur ein Gehalt,...ein monatliches Gehalt bekommen haben...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1199.941,1211.769"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das hat er bekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1211.769,1213.002"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das hat er bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1213.002,1213.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1213.918,1214.532"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber sie haben es auch bekommen nach Vorschriften, das heißt es war...es war überall—überhaupt...in Deutschland war es so, dass man einem Juden so und so viel gezahlt hat. Und das haben sie bekommen und das haben sie unterschrieben. Man hat es nicht so nach der Arbeit bezahlt, es war sehr formell geführt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1214.532,1230.798"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1230.798,1232.577"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und es war auch für eine Sache gut, denn...denn so viele Deutsche waren nicht innen Deutsche, sondern nur mehr von außen Deutsche gewesen und [unverständlich] nicht so innerlich und wenn sie mit den Juden zusammen waren, da konnten sie sich vertragen und man hat auch...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1232.577,1251.716"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat Ihr Vater auch ein Geschäft gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1251.716,1253.626"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, wir hatten kein Geschäft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1253.626,1255.658"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat Ihr Vater getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1255.658,1257.201"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Mein Vater hat mit...mit Essig gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1257.201,1261.158"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Er hat Essig gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1261.158,1262.424"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er hat Essig gemacht und in der Fabrik verkauft und in kleineren Geschäften.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1262.424,1265.236"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und das ist weiter gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1265.236,1266.831"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, seit dem Krieg hat er nicht mehr das produziert. Wir haben es in einer Fabrik gekauft und haben es kleineren Geschäften verkauft. Aber das war nicht mehr erlaubt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1266.831,1275.259"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von zu Hause?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1275.259,1275.922"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Von zu Hause. Wir haben es von Anfang des Krieges einige Zeit gemacht, dann hat es sich nicht mehr gelohnt. Man hat zu viel riskiert, also wir haben das aufgegeben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1275.922,1286.619"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1286.619,1288.005"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, also. Soll ich Ihnen alle Einzelheiten erzählen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1288.005,1293.037"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1293.037,1295.794"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Hm, da hat es wieder so eine Zeit gegeben, man hat sichergestellt, dass man so durchkommt. Dann—im Sommer—hat es wieder geheißen, dass man Arbeiter in Deutschland braucht. Und in erster Reihe sind die Jugendlichen, das heißt von achtzehn (18) bis zirka fünfzig (50) Jahre an die Reihe gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1295.794,1320.668"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben sie gesagt bis fünfzig (50)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1320.668,1321.44"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja fünfzig (50), bis fünfzig (50). Die durften nach Deutschland gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1321.44,1326.579"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dürfen oder müssen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1326.579,1327.749"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wir müssen! Sie durften, wenn sie nicht wollen, dann müssen!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1327.749,1332.159"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1332.159,1333.436"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber man hat es wieder so gemacht, dass man die jüdische Kultusgemeinde eine Mitteilung geschickt hat, oder so gesagt hat, dass man so und so viele Arbeiter nach Deutschland, denn sie hatten doch Angst, dass so eine Sache...da könnten sie der jüdischen Kultusgemeinde nicht trauen. Und da haben sie es selber durch geführt und zwar in dieser Weise, dass sie morgens früh, das war um halb fünf (5) Uhr, haben sie eine große Zahl von Polizisten—die Schupos—geschickt in die Stadt und ihnen die Adressen, jüdische Adressen, gegeben und man hat uns einfach von den Betten geholt. Ich erinnere mich noch, als sie zu uns herein kamen—mein Vater war gerade nicht zu Hause. Er war zufälligerweise und glücklicherweise war er in Sosnowiec.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1333.436,1372.675"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In Sosnowiec? Sind Sie von Sosnowiec?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1372.675,1373.05"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: In Sosnowiec.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1373.05,1373.923"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren Sie nicht weit von Sosnowiec?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1373.923,1375.305"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein zwölf (12) Kilometer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1375.305,1376.79"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, das war nicht weit von Bendzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1376.79,1377.568"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Fünf Kilometer von Bendzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1377.568,1378.984"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von Bendzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1378.984,1380.759"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, von Dabrowa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1380.759,1382.181"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nicht weit von Myslowice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1382.181,1384.436"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1384.436,1384.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, und nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1384.918,1386.78"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und da kommen sie herein und deckt mir das Überbett auf und sagt: „Wie alt bist Du denn?“ Sag ich „Neunzehn hundert acht und zwanzig (1928) geboren“. „Oh“, haben sie gesagt: „Schlaf weiter!“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1386.78,1399.152"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wann sind Sie geboren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1399.152,1400.381"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Neunzehn hundert acht und zwanzig (1928) geboren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1400.381,1403.032"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Und das war in welchem Jahr?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1403.032,1404.785"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war neunzehn hundert vierzig (1940).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1404.785,1409.672"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Da waren Sie zwölf (12) Jahre alt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1409.672,1410.921"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1410.921,1411.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und da haben sie gesagt: „Schlaf weiter!“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1411.493,1412.577"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, „Schlaf weiter!“ Denn damals sind solche Jungen nicht an die Reihe gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1412.577,1417.607"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1417.607,1418.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also das war die erste...die erste—wie heißt das...hm, Razzia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1418.3,1423.946"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, die erste Selektion?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1423.946,1428.326"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war keine Selektion, das war eine Razzia, man hat doch rund herum um die Stadt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1428.326,1432.846"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun ja, das ist gut, wir nennen es Razzia, in russisch oblawa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1432.846,1435.623"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Oblawa, ja, in polnisch heißt es auch oblawa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1435.623,1438.527"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1438.527,1439.623"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Erste...damals hat das noch einen sehr schrecklichen Eindruck gemacht, denn solche Sachen war man noch nicht gewöhnt. Man hat sozusagen...ich habe...ich habe eigentlich jetzt vergessen Ihnen was zu erzählen, aber hier in der Mitte kann ich es wieder erwähnen. Dass in die ersten Zeiten, als der Krieg aus...ausbrach, evakuiert sind wir bis nach Mekhov und es war noch viel mehr Menschen, die weiter als bis Warschau bis zur Mitte von Poland evakuiert sind. Aber es hat uns nicht interessiert weiter zu gehen und wir sind nur so weit als Mekhov gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1439.623,1474.055"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer hat Sie evakuiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1474.055,1475.43"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Selber sind wir...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1475.43,1476.395"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sind selber allein weg gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1476.395,1478.227"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, wir sind geflüchtet. Es sind tausende Leute geflüchtet, weil wir alle in der Nähe der deutschen Grenze gewohnt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1478.227,1485.343"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1485.343,1486.969"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und als die Deutschen rein kamen und wir wollten zurück, hatten wir...mussten wir laufen zu Fuß. Es war keine Bahn, es waren keine Autos, wir mussten zu Fuß laufen mit den Sachen, die wir noch mit gehabt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1486.969,1504.145"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie bald war das nachdem der Krieg angefangen hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1504.145,1507.126"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war sieben (7) Tage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1507.126,1509.047"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sieben (7) Tage. Und sind Sie nach der alten Wohnung zurück gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1509.047,1513.51"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Wir wollten...und nach sieben (7) Tagen als die Deutschen rein kamen, kamen wir wieder zurück, denn überall waren sie. Was konnten wir tun? Und als wir vor Swaskow waren, ein kleines Dorf auch in der Nähe von uns, hat man gehört, dass man alle Juden auf einer Brücke ins Wasser schmeißt. Und das ist die reine Wahrheit. Wenn man einen Juden gesehen hat, und damals waren die Juden kennbar, denn die Juden haben damals noch die Bärte getragen und waren auch jüdisch gekleidet, eben wie es in Polen war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1513.51,1553.974"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War Ihr Vater chassidisch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1553.974,1555.333"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Und man hat überhaupt...oder man hat Ausweise verlangt. Wenn er ein Jude war hat man ihn entweder erschossen oder ins Wasser geschmissen. Und wir hatten noch Glück, dass wir das vorhin gehört haben und wir haben diese Krise...hm, hm,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1555.333,1572.193"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Abgewartet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1572.193,1572.946"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . abgewartet und dann sind wir nach Hause gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1572.946,1576.332"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Haben Sie Ihre Wohnung gefunden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1576.332,1578.017"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, wir haben alles gefunden, waren nicht so sehr reich, dass man womöglich Angst haben sollte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1578.017,1584.818"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun? Ja, also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1584.818,1589.467"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also wir haben da, ja, ich komme jetzt wieder zurück auf die Razzia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1589.467,1597.1"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [unverständlich; von 26:32 Minuten bis 27:09 ist das Tonband nur unverständlicher Lärm. Dann Stille.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1597.1,1636.125"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] August...Geneva, August 27, 1946, Spool 84. Eh, Abraham Kimmelmann...Abraham Kimmelmann continues the report which we started at about the 7 minute position of Spool 83.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1636.125,1657.003"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also Abraham, gehen Sie mal weiter. Nun? Also Sie haben gesagt, man konnte sich für Geld, für zehn tausend (10 000) Mark auskaufen, dass man vom Lager zurück kommt, ja? Nun weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1657.003,1672.921"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und das haben nicht nur die reichen Leuten einreden können.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1672.921,1678.29"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Einreden können oder durchsetzen können?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1678.29,1680.72"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also sie konnten sich das einreden und durchsetzen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1680.72,1683.654"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1683.654,1684.742"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also Sie werden mich fragen, woher, woher, wir waren noch damals bei den Deutschen reiche Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1684.742,1693.117"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1693.117,1693.539"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Woher haben sie noch so viel überhaupt Deutsche Mark?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1693.539,1696.671"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1696.671,1698.087"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also wie ich Ihnen schon gesagt habe, solange die Juden in Kontakt mit den Deutschen gekommen sind, da haben sie sich so geholfen, dass sie haben auf links haben die Ware gekauft und auch auf links verkauft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1698.087,1712.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Den Deutschen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1712.998,1714.089"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Den Deutschen und auch privat verkauft, denn der Mark hat keinen Wert gehabt. Die Ware ist immer in die Höhe gegangen und die Mark ist gefallen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1714.089,1724.764"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1724.764,1725.198"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: So vielleicht zehn tausend (10 000) Mark war damals nicht so viel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1725.198,1727.951"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1727.951,1728.403"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war nur so ein Begriff. Es war nur ein Begriff von zehn tausend (10 000) Mark, es war nicht so viel. Aber...und gerade dadurch, weil man auf uns alles verkauft hat, dadurch haben manche Leute so, so erreicht, dass sie...dass sie zehnte von tausenden Mark gehabt haben, so dass sie dachten...damals haben sie gedacht, ja, wenn wir schon das Geld haben, sind wir gerettet. Denn der Mann...der Mensch konnte...er hat sich einfach das niemals vorstellen können, da hat sich niemand vorgestellt, dass es dazu kommen wird, dass das Geld und dass eine Persönlichkeit oder ein, eine Kenntnis keinen Wert haben wird. Dass man einfach alle Juden vernichten will, das hat sich damals noch niemand vorgestellt. Man hat gesagt: „Man wird einen Teil nehmen, man wird so viel nehmen, man wird eine gewisse Kapazität nehmen“. Aber später hat man gesehen, dass das alles nur so eine systematische Ordnung war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1728.403,1780.289"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat man gedacht, dass die Reichen oder die Intelligenten nicht gehen werden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1780.289,1784.018"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, es hat sich nicht nur um Geld gehandelt oder wer Geld hat und eine gute Stelle gehabt hat, zum Beispiel: ein guter Fachmann oder ein guter Ingenieur oder so weiter, der den Deutschen nützlich war, den haben sie noch bis zum letzten Moment behalten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1784.018,1796.973"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1796.973,1797.666"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und da er mit den Deutschen gelebt hat und die haben ihm immer wieder versprochen: „Ja, wir werden alles Menschliche für Dich tun, da haben sie gedacht, die Leute hier seien schon diese, die das alles zu bestimmen haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1797.666,1809.748"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1809.748,1814.426"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und es hat wieder eine Zeit gedauert so, dann hat man wieder Razzien gemacht und so weiter und so weiter. Schließlich hat sich die Polizei auch überlegt, wozu sollen sie in der Nacht auf sein und sich selber um die Juden kümmern und sie auf dem Polizeirevier zu bringen und ihnen Essen zu geben. Sie haben eine jüdische Miliz geschaffen, das heißt jüdische Ordner...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.426,1838.293"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1838.293,1845.438"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . jüdische Ordner, die über die jüdische Allgemeinheit zu sagen gehabt hat, hm, sie haben sich gekümmert über die Organisation und mit allem. Sie haben alles selber geleitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1845.438,1861.011"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1861.011,1861.415"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Jüdische Miliz war erstens, um auf den Strassen Ordnung zu halten. Zum...in erster Linie der jüdischen Kultusgemeinde zu dienen. Zum Bewachen von Allen, denn Sie wissen ja, in so einer Zeit die Menschen bewegen sich viel und man sagt, wenn Jemand etwas tut, sagt man, er ist ein schlechter Mann. Man geht nicht ein in seine Situation, ob es...ob es zu machen ist, ob er es gemacht hat, weil er will. Man sagt einfach, es ist auch kein Wunder, denn man ist eben...man ist nicht zufrieden, wenn man einen Menschen schlecht tut...man überlegt es sich. Deswegen haben sie auch die jüdische Miliz geschaffen, dass sie ein bisschen mehr [unverständlich].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1861.415,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,1903.398"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: In zweiter Linie war die jüdische Miliz, dass sie das alles übernommen haben, was die deutsche Polizei vorher machen musste. Es waren die Razzia, die haben jetzt schon die jüdische Miliz gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1903.398,1913.079"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das heißt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1913.079,1914.055"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wenn sie also eine Verordnung bekommen haben, dass so und so viele Juden nach...in ein Arbeitslager gehen müssen oder nach Auschwitz, es hat schon damals Auschwitz begonnen und wir haben über Auschwitz erzählt bekommen, dann haben sie eine Liste an die jüdische Kultusgemeinde geschickt und haben gesagt, dass diese die Liste zusammen stellen wird und sie haben das alles in bester Ordnung erledigt. Es war so eingerichtet, sie waren schon so raffiniert in einer Sache, dass wenn es zu einer Razzia gekommen ist, haben sie die Polizei, die Sonderpolizei von...von...von der Zentralleitung, von der Zentralgemeinde von Sosnowice geholt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1914.055,1951.549"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1951.549,1952.335"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . die das alles erledigt haben. Und zwar haben sie es so eingerichtet, dass sie jeden Mann, den sie geholt haben, hat eine jüdische Miliz unter dem Arm genommen und haben ihn geführt und extra ein ganzer Kordon ist mit gegangen, der die ganze Umgebung bewacht hat. Der Kordon war dazu da, dass es zu keiner Unruhe kommt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1952.335,1968.63"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein jüdischer Kordon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1968.63,1969.474"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein jüdischer Kordon, ja, damit es zu keiner Unruhe dazu kommt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1969.474,1973.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1973.389,1975.468"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun—bevor es noch dazu gekommen ist...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1975.468,1980.772"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wer hat die Stelle bekommen der Miliz? Was für Leute hat man ausgewählt für den Miliz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1980.772,1987.812"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Miliz ist nicht von der jüdischen Bevölkerung gewählt worden. Denn in so einer Zeit hält man nicht...nur man nimmt einfach den, den, den...der es passt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1987.812,1997.723"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wer hat sie genommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1997.723,1999.66"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die jüdische Kultusgemeinde hat das bestimmt. Die jüdische Kultusgemeinde hat bestimmt einen gewissen Monek Merin. Der Monek Merin, der war der Leiter vom ganzen Kreise, von der ganzen Umgebung bis Lodz. Der hat die ganze jüdische...hm,...jüdische Gemeinde verwaltet. Er war ein Jude.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1999.66,2017.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer hat ihn dazu bestimmt gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2017.15,2019.747"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er war Jude, aber ich weiß nicht, wie es dazu gekommen ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2019.747,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,2021.87"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dass er sich so, so herauf gearbeitet hat. Aber er hat eine hohen Einfluss bei der Gestapo gehabt und hat überall gehabt. Er hat sein Auto gehabt, er hat seinen Chauffeur gehabt. Und er hat so ein Leben gehat, welcher ein Mensch vor dem Krieg nicht erlauben konnte. So ein Leben hat er nicht gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2021.87,2037.108"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat ihm nachher passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2037.108,2039.066"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das weiß ich nicht. Aber seine Frau und Tochter habe ich in Buchenwald getroffen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2039.066,2044.158"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wurden die befreit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2044.158,2045.171"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2045.171,2045.821"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2045.821,2049.507"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und da schon Einer von den Deutschen bestimmt war eine jüdische Kultusgemeinde zu gründen, da hat er solche Leute herein genommen, die er noch von vor dem Krieg kannte, seine Kameraden und so weiter. Er war kein speziell intelligenter Mann, vielleicht war er ein bisschen gebildet, aber der Charakter was nicht speziell. Das hat sich nachher ausgewiesen in den Taten, die er gemacht hat und, hm, das alles was der Mann auf dem Gewissen hatte und es bis zum letzten Moment ertragen konnte, das hat...das ist ein Beweis, dass der Mensch nicht zu den...zu den Edlen gehört. Und so hat er überall...seinen besten Kameraden hat er gute Stellen gegeben, gute Posten. Und diese Kameraden haben wieder ihren Freunden, Bekannten und so weiter Protektion gegeben, und so weiter. Diese Leute haben sich, hm, hm,...in die jüdische Kultusgemeinde eingeschoben—dort haben sie gearbeitet und sie haben auch gut gearbeitet. Und das ganze Gute was für die Juden gekommen ist, in Anführungsstriche kann man sagen „von dem konnten sie gut leben“. Weil wenn eine, hm, Zuteilung für fünf tausend (5 000) Mann kommt, Essenswaren, dann kann man doch von jedem etwas runter nehmen und dann hat man viel zu viel. Und so hat eben die jüdische Kultusgemeinde gelebt. So haben sie nicht viel von Einem runter nehmen brauchen, um...um ein gutes Leben zu haben. Und mit der jüdischen Miliz war genau dasselbe. Wenn schon jüdische Beamten in der Kultusgemeinde waren, haben sie ihre Kameraden als Kandidaten auch gegeben, man hat sie nur angeschaut, ob man kräftig ist und gesund und robust und ob er sich nicht genieren würde, wenn er einen Juden auf die Strasse schleppen soll und in das Gefängnis—denn da war ein jüdisches Gefängnis auch—oder wenn er einem Juden Eine herunter hauen darf, dann soll er sich auch nicht genieren. Solche Juden, solche Leute hat man in erster Linie gesucht. Man hat auch nicht weit suchen müssen, denn solche Leute gibt es genug.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2049.507,2171.614"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und was hat dem Rabbiner dieser Stadt passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2171.614,2174.769"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der Rabbiner bei uns in der Stadt, der hat es ziemlich gut gehabt, da er noch von vor dem Krieg durch den jüdischen...durch den Kultusgemeinde-Beamten gewählt worden war. Denn die alle haben alle gehört in den [unverständlich; polnisches Wort], das war eine Arbeitsorganisation—[unverständlich; polnisches Wort]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2174.769,2190.745"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2190.745,2191.661"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und die, die haben für ihn gestimmt. Also sie haben ein bisschen [unverständlich] gehabt. Der hat...selbstverständlich moralisch, der hatte, hm, bestimmt viel gelitten. Ich kann nicht wissen welcher Massen, denn das ist seine Sache, was sich in einem selbst abspielt, das kann man nicht wissen, aber im Allgemeinen war er ziemlich gut. Er hat noch seinen Gehalt bekommen und er hat nicht so...so...von dem Krieg am Anfang so gelitten, wie die ganze Bevölkerung, die jüdische Bevölkerung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2191.661,2228.386"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2228.386,2232.013"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also wie die jüdische Miliz das übernommen hat, ist es noch viel schlimmer geworden als vorher. Es war—für diese war es am schlimmsten, die kein...die keine Bekanntschaft unter der Miliz gehabt haben und das war natürlich der größte Teil der Bevölkerung. Weil ein Militant der hat seine Familie nicht brutal behandelt, er hat dazu gesehen, sie zu verschonen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2232.013,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,2256.794"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie zu warnen und sie verstecken zu können, wie weit das nur in seinem Amt möglich ist. Aber im Allgemeinen war es für die Bevölkerung negativ.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2256.794,2263.252"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2263.252,2264.214"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein deutscher Polizist, der hat eine Adresse bekommen von einem Juden. Und das erste Mal, dass er dort hin kam, kannte er den Mann nicht, er weiß nicht wo er sich verhält und so weiter. Wenn er nur so, so formal ist, dass wenn er...wenn er einen Befehl bekommt, dann führt er es aus. Er geht hin und wenn er niemanden findet, dann kommt er wieder zurück, belegt den Rapport und damit ist Schluss. Wenn ein jüdischer Miliz Mann einen Auftrag bekommen hat, da hat er den Juden beobachtet, er hat ihn gekannt—schon vor dem Krieg und hat schon gewusst, wo...wo er ist und wo er sich verstecken kann. Und er hat ihn schneller gefunden als die Deutschen und daher war er viel schlimmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2264.214,2304.614"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2304.614,2307.216"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun also, dadurch schafft man noch einen grösseren, revolutionären Geist in jeder Person. Weil wenn man sagt, ein Deutscher schlagt mich, weiß ich die Deutschen...die Deutschen...ich...ich kann von ihnen nichts verlangen. Ich kann von ihnen so viel verlangen, wie ich von der ganzen Welt verlange. Das ist genau das Selbe, wenn man in einer Familie lebt und...und man hat auch Kameraden, auch Leute, die man von weitem kannte. Wenn man solche Leute um etwas bittet und sie es nicht machen, so kann man sagen, „er ist ein schlechter Mensch“, oder da kann man sagen, man kann für ihn Verständnis haben und man kann sagen „Er kann es nicht machen“. Und man kann auch sagen „Er ist ein schlechter Mann, er will mir diesen Gefallen nicht machen.“ Dagegen wenn ich von einer Schwester oder von meiner Mutter oder von einem Verwandten etwas verlange und er mir da nichts macht, da bin ich traurig und ich fühle, dass ich das Recht habe ihn zur Rede zu stellen. Und genau das Selbe war es bei uns. Wenn ein Deutscher etwas zu tun hatte, nun da wussten wir, wo wir uns verstecken und er hat uns nicht gefunden, da hat man gesagt „Gott lob, dass er uns nicht gefunden hat“. Wenn aber ein jüdischer Miliz so etwas machen wollte, da war man schon verstört und hat gesagt“ Ein Jude will dem Anderen das machen? Das ist doch...das ist doch etwas Grausames.“ Aber wir haben sich dazu auch gewöhnt. Wir waren vor der Miliz mehr auf der Hut als vor den Deutschen, oder vielleicht noch mehr. Ich will nicht...ich will Ihnen nicht viel mehr erzählen, aber ich will Ihnen nur eine kleine Geschichte erzählen, der ich selber beigewohnt habe. Es ist nur ein Beispiel, um zu sehen, für was...was...wozu das alles geführt hat. Die jüdische Miliz, die sich nicht nur als Beamten gefühlt haben, sondern ausführen das was man von ihnen verlangt und was man ihnen befohlen hat, sondern dass sich diese auch als bessere Herren gefühlt haben. Das war bei diesem Fall der Fall. In Dabrowa-Wolnitza...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2307.216,2446.589"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2446.589,2448.216"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . war ein „Shop“, das ist so ein Werk, wo man Schuhe...Schuhe...Schuhe zusammen gearbeitet hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2448.216,2459.536"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2459.536,2459.988"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war gegründet von einem Deutschen, das war der Chef und es haben dort nur Juden gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2459.988,2469.036"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die bezahlt bekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2469.036,2470.474"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, sie haben bezahlt bekommen, aber ich habe Ihnen schon gesagt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2470.474,2473.257"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2473.257,2473.347"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . was man bekommen hat. Man hat...man hat nur gearbeitet, um noch ein bisschen zu Hause zu bleiben. Man hat doch immer gedacht, wenn man für die Wehrmacht arbeitet zum Beispiel, dass man ihn zu Hause lässt. Also ein großer Teil ist gekommen...von Bensburg gefahren. Man hat auch speziell jüdische Trams gehabt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2473.347,2495.622"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, jüdische, elektrische Trams.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2495.622,2497.261"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, elektrische Trams. Man hat die bekommen von der Bahngesellschaft jüdischer Bahnen. Und jede zwei Stunden ist ein Tram gegangen, speziell für die Juden. Es durften keine Deutschen, keine Polen rein gehen, nur Juden. Und es waren jüdische Kondukteure und jüdische Miliz hat immer die Wagons kontrolliert, ob niemand etwas schmuggelt, ein Brot und so weiter. Denn es war immer so, dass...das der Unterschied auf dem Preis war von einer Stadt zu der Zweiten. Meistens in Dabrowa—das Essen war billiger als in Bensburg. Und daher haben sie immer die Trams kontrolliert, damit niemand etwas schmuggelt. Sie haben auch sonst Wachen gehabt auf dem Tram. Da war ein jüdischer Miliz Mann, der war hochgewachsen und ein starker Kerl—und es war morgens ganz früh, wenn die Arbeiter zur Arbeit fahren. Es ist verständlich, wenn es nur jede zwei (2) Stunden ein Tram gegeben hat, dass es war überfüllt. Der jüdische Miliz hat sich aber als besserer Herr gefühlt und wollte, dass man für ihn Platz machen sollte. Aber es war so gestopft, dass man auf die Treppen gestanden ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2497.261,2576.811"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2576.811,2578.118"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und was hat er gemacht? Er sagt Einem, er soll ein bisserl Platz machen. Der ist auf den Treppen gestanden und hat gesagt: „Ich kann doch nicht, es ist voll hier, wir sind sowieso schon so gepresst, wie die Heringe hier“. Der Milz hat nicht viel gesprochen, aber hat ihm eine runter gehauen. Nun der Mensch denkt nicht im ersten Moment, was für Konsequenzen es gab und man davon ziehen konnte und hat ihn wieder zurück gegeben. Der hat...der war aber viel kräftiger und er hat ihn so geschlagen, dass es sich eben nicht mehr gelohnt hat. Und nachher, der hat sich aber damit nicht begnügt und als sie nach Dabrowa kamen, nimmt er den einen Juden auf das jüdische Polizei Revier und man hat ihn so geschlagen, dass man den Mann hinterher nicht mehr erkannt hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2578.118,2624.113"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Juden haben das getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2624.113,2624.842"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Juden, also der, der jüdische Miliz, der Eine. Er hat ihn so geschlagen, er hat ihm blaue Augen gemacht und er war ganz geschwollen. Aber es hat sich gleich,...es sind draußen noch einige Juden gestanden. Man hat dagegen protestiert, aber was konnte man machen. Man muss nur den Mund schließen. Und der hat sich damit nicht begnügt, er ist gleich auf die Polizei in Bensburg, die jüdische Polizei gefahren und hat mich sich gebracht gleich viele Miliz und die wollten in den Shop rein und den Juden holen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2624.842,2662.257"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2662.257,2662.528"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber das Glück war, dass sie gleich den deutschen Chef angerufen haben; der hat einen Befehl gegeben, niemand hat das Recht da herein zu kommen. Und der Pförtner darf Niemanden rein lassen. Ds war ein Glück, sonst bin ich nicht sicher, dass wir den Juden nie mehr lebend gesehen hätten. Also, das ist nur ein Beispiel...ein Beispiel, was da alles dazu geführt hat. Ich meine, wenn man Leute nimmt und die haben eben nur diese genommen, die, die nicht sehr moralisch waren, die nicht sehr viel Gefühl gehabt haben. Sie haben nur für Leute geschaut, die nicht...nicht sehr viel gehabt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2662.528,2704.16"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This is Spool 85, at 10 minutes. We continue last night’s interview with Abraham Kimmelmann, who wishes to be permitted to give his evaluation of events together with the enumeration of facts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2704.16,2726.34"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also Abraham fangen Sie an. Wir haben über die jüdische Polizei gesprochen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2726.34,2731.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Eben damals, als ich das alles gesehen haben, habe ich angefangen zu denken, was eigentlich der Mensch ist. Ich habe gehört, ich habe damals etwas nur gewusst, Menschen geben...verschiedenartige Menschen und auch [unverständlich]. Und ich habe mich gefragt, eben ob es wirklich so ist, dass jemand von Geburt an einen Charakter...einen bestimmten Charakter hat und ob der Charakter sich jemals im Leben ändert. Ich bin aber dazu gekommen, dass der Grundcharakter sich niemals ändert. Aber die Nebensachen, die ändern das Bild. Ich habe zum Beispiel genommen, wie zum Beispiel einen Baum. Der Wurzel, der Baum ist immer eingebunden im Grund und der Grund vom Baum ist Baum. Aber der Baum geht aber nach dem Wind. Wenn der Wind blast von dieser Seite, da wollen sich die Zweige so biegen. Also so betrachte ich auch den Charakter des Menschen. Die Bedingungen schaffen, dass der Mensch seinen Charakter ein bisschen biegt und er neigt sich den Bedingungen das zu suchen. Da hat man gesehen Leute, intelligente Leute, gebildete Leute, gelernte Leute, die...von welchen man überhaupt nicht gedacht hätte, dass sie so was etwas machen können. Aber trotzdem die Bedingungen und der Nazi Terror hat dazu geführt, dass sie ganz anders geworden sind. Sie haben sich ganz anders aufgeführt, wie man eigentlich von ihnen erwartet hat. Und wie sie vielleicht überhaupt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2731.718,2839.355"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie man nicht von sie erwartet hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2839.355,2841.313"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wie man nicht von sie erwartet hat und sie selber haben vielleicht auch niemals früher gedacht, dass sie so etwas machen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2841.313,2849.174"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2849.174,2850.078"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich möchte noch darauf eingehen, auf das was ich im Lager gesehen habe, aber um das noch besser zu begründen, will ich auch das vermerken, dass in Dulag war genau das Selbe. Das war erst, die so was gemacht haben und manche [unverständlich] waren schlimmer als die Deutschen selber. Und kann man...kann man...wenn ich so einen Menschen beurteilen will, stelle ich mich in seine Situation. Also ich stelle mir vor, was hätte ich gemacht, wenn ich an seiner Stelle wäre. Und deshalb sage ich—ja heute kann man sagen, wenn man mir eine Frage stellt—wenn man Dich als Militär, wenn man dir angeboten wäre ein Miliz Mann zu werden, was hättest du gemacht? Es ist schwer...heute kann man sagen, wenn man nicht aufrichtig sein will, kann man sage: „Ja, ich hätte das bestimmt abgelehnt. Ich hätte mich nicht mit so einer schmutzigen Arbeit beschäftigt.“ Aber man kann niemals sicher sein, wenn es dazu gekommen wäre, dass man einfach gesagt hätte „Nein, ich will das nicht machen.“ Denn ein Mensch ist ein Mensch und wenn man...ihn vor...vor ihm mit einem Gewehr steht und man droht ihm, „wenn Du das nicht machst, verlierst Du das Leben“—ist man nicht verantwortlich für die Taten, die man macht. Und in diesem Licht muss man auch berechnen die jüdische Miliz. Es ist wahr, sie haben...sie haben Furchtbares gemacht, aber jeder Mensch, glaube ich, ist derselbe. Es gibt nur Einzelne, die den Mut haben, um das, und so einen starken Willen habe, um das nicht anzunehmen. Aber wenn man den Durchschnittsmenschen betrachtet, da ist es im Allgemeinen so, dass ihm sein Leben mehr wert ist. Wenn ich vielleicht nicht sagen soll, dass es mehr wert ist, aber er hat nicht den Mut, er hat nicht so einen starken Willen, um das abzulehnen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2850.078,2978.697"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also wollen wir jetzt zu den Fakten kommen. Was hat weiter passiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2978.697,2986.318"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2986.318,2987.926"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie waren noch zu Hause.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2987.926,2990.306"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich war noch zu Hause. Ich möchte nicht mehr eingehen auf die Einzelheiten, die jetzt weiter vorgekommen sind, ich möchte so einen Überblick machen bis ich ins Lager gekommen bin. Die Razzien haben sich immer mehr vermehrt und sie haben einen immer ärgeren Charakter angenommen. Man hat immer mehr und mehr Juden genommen und schließlich einmal ist es dazu gekommen, dass man ältere Leute, Kranke und solche, die keine Beschäftigung hatten—hat man Listen, hat man Zettel dazu gegeben, dass man sie an einem Samstag, Nachmittag war das, dass sie sich in der jüdischen Synagoge erscheinen sollen. Die Synagoge, sie war schon nicht mehr eine Synagoge damals, sie war nur ein leeres Haus, später hat man sie als Pferdestall verwendet. Und damals hat es wieder so einen schlechten Eindruck gemacht, also man hat schon gedacht jetzt kommt das Ärgste, denn man hat schon gewusst, warum die Leute nach Auschwitz fahren. Die Leute, die nix machen können—Kranke, alte Leute und Kinder—da hat man gewusst, dass man diese gleich zum Tod führt. Der, der nur eine Chance hatte, der hat sich versteckt. Aber Viele hatten Angst sich sogar zu verstecken. Soweit waren die Leute von...von der Angst übernommen, dass sie sogar wussten, dass sie in den Tod gehen, aber sie hatten Angst sich zu verstecken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2990.306,3082.272"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie hatten Angst sich zu verstecken?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3082.272,3084.319"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie hatten Angst—sie wussten wohl, dass sie auf den Tod gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3084.319,3088.084"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah so, aber warum hatten sie Angst sich zu verstecken?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3088.084,3089.884"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das kann man nicht erklären, es ist eine Gefühlssache von einem Menschen, welche man nicht übergehen kann...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3089.884,3096.83"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben sie mit den Leuten gemacht, die man gefunden hat, wenn sie sich versteckt haben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3096.83,3101.89"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es kommt darauf an. Viele hat man erschossen und viele hat man wieder auf den Platz genommen und man hat sie nach Auschwitz geführt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3101.89,3109.696"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3109.696,3110.419"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war erstens und zweitens hat man die Leute so „vermasst“ sozusagen, das heißt, es sind...man hat...man hat die jüdische...man hat den jüdischen Beamten gesagt, dass sie ein bisschen die Bevölkerung beruhigen sollen und sie sollen nicht sagen, dass sie nach Auschwitz gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3110.419,3129.009"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wieso?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.009,3129.974"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, man hat sie betrogen. Man hat gesagt, sie kommen an einen Ort, wo sie leichte Beschäftigung haben werden, die je nach dem wie er die Arbeiten ausführen kann, so werden sie interniert während des Krieges sein. Denn...denn von einer Seite wollten sie, dass...dass es ein bisschen ruhiger wäre. Und das hat auch dazu geführt, dass sich viele Leute nicht versteckt haben. Da haben sie schon gedacht auch, ich habe jetzt schon das Leben verloren; so vielleicht kann ich doch den Krieg überleben. Und so...damals an diesem Sonntag war der erste Transport...der erste Transport ist abgegangen nach Auschwitz. Von diesen Leuten hat man keine Nachrichten mehr und ich glaube kaum, dass noch jemand von diesen Leuten lebt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.974,3180.484"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3180.484,3183.243"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dann hat man wieder...dann hat man wieder...dann war es so; hat man zwei Organisationen, zwei deutsche Organisationen, die den ganzen...sich mit der ganzen jüdischen Bevölkerung beschäftigt haben. Und zwar—Eine hat geheißen die Sonderbeauftragung, Sonderauftrag und die Andere die Gestapo. In der Ersten kamen die Alten, die Kranken, wie ich schon vorher erwähnt habe. Aber da diese ausgewählt haben, sind sie auf diese Idee gefallen. Sie haben einfach jeden Mann, der nur eine Strafe oder etwas einmal gehabt hat—das heißt, wenn er auf der Strasse durchgekommen ist—nicht nach den Regeln, die für die Juden bestimmt waren, da musste man Strafe bezahlen. Wenn er, zum Beispiel, das Geld nicht an sich gehabt hat, dann ist ein Protokoll geschrieben worden und dieses Protokoll ist auf das Polizeipräsidium gegangen. Von dort aus ist eine Liste an die jüdische Kultusgemeinde geschickt worden, dass die Leute Verbrecher seien. Und an dem musste man unterschreiben, dass sie als Verbrecher nach Auschwitz gehen. Solche...so hat man die Leute...solche Tricks hat man angewendet. Die Leute einfach schikaniert sozusagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3183.243,3259.468"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3259.468,3262.161"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun hat man ja nicht gewusst, wie man sich aufzuführen hat, also das Beste war schon, also das Beste von dem Schlechten, wenn man es sagt...wenn es hat geheißen, man muss zu Hause bleiben. Man darf sich nicht auf der Strasse zeigen. Wie man das nun nicht gemacht hat, so war es schlimm. Denn wenn man etwas finden will, dann kann man es immer finden. Da hat man gesagt, der David Stern ist nicht gerade angenäht oder ein Eck ist aufgetrennt und das...und da hat man den schon als Verbrecher betrachtet und nach Auschwitz geschickt. Schließlich hat der Sonderauftrag auch gesehen, dass...dass sie werden gleich nichts zu tun haben. Sie haben sich dann auch darum gekümmert, dass sie Arbeiter haben—jüdische Arbeiter haben sollen, so dass sie nicht zurück nach Deutschland und in den Krieg gehen müssen...gehen sollen. Das wäre passiert, wenn sie alle nach Auschwitz geschickt hätten. Aber diese hat gehabt—der Sonderauftrag hat gemacht Arbeitslager [unverständlich; starkes Rauschen im Tonband]. Also wenn man nachher Nachrichten von denen allen gehabt hat, so war es sehr schlimm und es sind gleich viele Leute nur von Hunger...hat man noch gehört, dass sie leben. Aber sonst sind alle kaputt gegangen. Und ich hatte damals Glück. Zwei Tage bevor die Razzia war, wurde ich in einem Metall...in einem Metallwerk aufgenommen. Also es hat damals geheißen „auf Probe“, ob ich mich für die Arbeit eigne. Ich wollte damals arbeiten und es gibt keine Lehre, man musste leisten. Es gibt nicht zu lernen, man muss leisten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3262.161,3377.536"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3377.536,3378.048"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war ein Rüstungsbetrieb. Man hat mich damals aufgenommen und hat mir eine Bescheinigung gegeben, dass ich bin hier zur Probe aufgenommen. Und auf diese Bescheinigung hat man damals frei gelassen, da das der Betrieb von einem Deutschen war. Also mir war zugeteilt eine blaue Karte, das heißt eine Bescheinigung, dass ich bei Deutschen beschäftigt bin. Diese Personen sind zu Hause geblieben und man hat zu dieser Zeit gesagt, dass sie auch zu Hause bleiben. Und ich war glücklich, dass ich in so einem Betreib aufgenommen wurde. Dann haben die rosa Karten auch erst gefehlt und man hat alles nach Deutschland geschickt und dann kamen die Anderen wieder an die Reihe. Da hat man genommen solche Leute, die trotzdem dass sie bei Deutschen beschäftigt waren, aber es waren keine Rüstungsindustrie, sondern zum Beispiel, ein großes Geschäft, die nur für so Privatunternehmen und so weiter...die sind wir an die Reihe gekommen, man aber keine Razzia gemacht, sondern man hat gemacht in einem bestimmten Platz—das war...hm, dort war in einem Waisenheim, das war der Sammelpunkt, dort musste jeder Chef, der deutsche Chef mit seinen Arbeitern kommen und die Kommission, die von dem Sonderauftrag aufgestellt wurde, die hat das untersucht und jeder Chef musste einen gewissen Prozentsatz seiner Arbeiter abgeben, um sie nach Deutschland zu schicken. Ich glücklicherweise bin damals gerade sehr gut durch, da ich in einem Betrieb war, der ein Rüstungsbetrieb war. Und er hatte nicht mehr als einen Juden, das heißt mich, und das hat nur einige Minuten gedauert und ich gleich befreit worden. So Sie können sich vorstellen, meine Mutter war damals überglücklich, wie sie gehört hat, dass es mir so leicht war. Und der Chef sagte mir so damals: „Ja, Abraham, Du brauchst keine Angst zu haben, so lange Du bei der Firma Walter Hefke arbeiten wirst—die Firma hat so geheißen Walter Hefke—brauchst Du keine Angst zu haben, dass Du deportiert wirst. Wir haben einen guten Betrieb und Du bist ein guter Arbeiter und ich werde Dich immer gut behandeln.“ Nun ein Mensch ist ein Mensch, überhaupt, wenn man sich in einer schlechte Situation befindet und jedes gute Wort, was man von einem Menschen hört, ist etwas was man dran glaubt. Das gehört auch so zu den Eigenschaften von den Menschen. Ich glaube an das Wort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3378.048,3534.927"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, das stimmt!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3534.927,3538.132"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und ich habe noch damals, das war schon neunzehn hundert zwei und vierzig (1942), ich habe damals weiter in dem Rüstungsbetrieb gearbeitet. Ich habe mich bemüht am meisten zu leisten und ich dachte immer, das wird mir helfen, das ich zu Hause bleiben werde. Und der erste Transport von den blauen Karten ist da nach Deutschland abgefahren. Es hat sich alles ein bisschen beruhigt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3538.132,3567.859"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo war in dieser Zeit Ihr Vater?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3567.859,3570.417"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der Vater war noch damals zu Hause. Er war krank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3570.417,3573.619"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat er getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3573.619,3574.854"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er hat nichts getan. Er war krank. Aber da meine Mutter und meine Schwester und ich beschäftigt waren, das ist die Mehrheit der Familie, da hat man ihm erlaubt zu Hause zu bleiben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3574.854,3586.436"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Mit was war Ihre Mutter beschäftigt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3586.436,3588.962"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Meine Mutter ist wieder aufgenommen worden in einem Rüstungsshop, der hat geheißen...ich habe den Namen vergessen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3588.962,3598.077"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat sie dort getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3598.077,3599.791"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben dort an Uniformen für die Wehrmacht gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3599.791,3602.751"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha! Und die Schwester?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3602.751,3603.684"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und meine Schwester auch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3603.684,3608.112"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie alt war Ihre Schwester?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3608.112,3609.252"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Meine Schwester war...geboren acht und zwanzig (28)...war damals dreizehn (13) Jahre alt, nein vierzehn (14) Jahre, ein Jahr älter als ich. Nun diese Sache hat sich wieder geregelt und man hat sich wieder zu den Mädchen genommen. Denn bis damals waren es wegen den Mädchen still. Man hat noch keine Mädchen in Arbeitslager geschickt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3609.252,3633.36"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3633.36,3633.933"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und dann haben sie begonnen, sie haben gedacht junge Mädels können auch arbeiten und es ist einmal ein Befehl ausgegeben worden, dass alle Mädels von sechzehn (16) bis fünf und zwanzig (25) Jahren—also die haben sich auf der Bundesgemeinde stellen müssen zur Untersuchung, ob sie gesund genug sind, um da in ein Arbeitslager zu kommen. Also damals hat man noch auf den Gesundheitszustand geschaut und die, die nicht ganz gesund waren, denen haben sie gesagt, sie können noch zu Hause bleiben und arbeiten. Aber nur unter der Bedingung, dass sie weiter arbeiten. Es hat...es hat sich auch niemand von der Arbeit gedrückt. Ob er es gewollt hat oder nicht, es musste jeder arbeiten, um...um eben zu Hause zu bleiben. Und damals hat dieser Shop, wo meine Mutter und Schwester gearbeitet haben, der hat schon einige Zeit existiert, aber es haben nicht viel Mädels gearbeitet. Da mein Cousin den ganzen Shop organisiert hat und er hat bei ihnen gleich als erstes meine Schwester aufgenommen. Und auf diese Weise ist sie zu Hause geblieben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3633.933,3702.36"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für ein Shop war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3702.36,3704.229"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der selbe Shop von dem Wehrmachtsbetrieb, wo man die Wehrmachtsuniformen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3704.229,3707.831"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bearbeitet hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3707.831,3709.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . bearbeitet hat. Sie ist zu Hause geblieben, denn einige hundert Mädel sind damals nach Grünberg gefahren. Grünberg das war ein Frauenlager. Von dort habe ich schon von Vielen gehört, sie sind dort gestorben. Im allgemeinen sind Frauen nicht gewöhnt an so eine Arbeit und ein Mädel kann nicht so viel aushalten, wie ein Mann und sie können sich nicht fügen diesen Bedingungen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3709.3,3734.143"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für ein Lager war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3734.143,3736.342"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also ich kann ich nicht genau sagen, was für eine Arbeit, sie haben in Werke gearbeitet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3736.342,3741.354"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3741.354,3741.836"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Was die produziert haben ist für mich nicht ganz klar. Also wir hatten noch ziemlich Glück, wir sind immer...immer von den Razzias zu Hause geblieben, weil wir die guten Karten gehabt haben. Wir haben auch immer wieder gesagt, ja, vielleicht wird es so bleiben bis zum Kriegsende. Vielleicht gelingt es doch, dass wir zusammen bleiben. Eines Tages, das war an Shibur, dem jüdischen Feiertag Shibur, es war nachts—es war vielleicht zwölf Uhr, da ist die jüdische Miliz gekommen. Sie haben [unverständlich]...dann haben sie meinen Vater aus dem Bett geholt. Und ich habe damals am Morgen gehört, dass die Kultusgemeinde in Dabrowa haben sie ihn zur polnischen Polizei im weißen Haus in Bensburg geführt. Von dort habe ich ihn durch das Fenster gesehen und ich habe ein paar Worte mit ihm gesprochen. Dann ist ein SS Mann gekommen und wir durften schon nicht mehr dort stehen, sonst hätte man uns zur Arbeit geholt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3741.836,3809.372"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zum arbeiten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3809.372,3811.781"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und im Keller ist es ja so auch...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3811.781,3814.656"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Im Keller?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3814.656,3815.56"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . wenn man in den Keller gegangen ist, da hat man morgens keine Kräfte zu arbeiten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3815.56,3820.681"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren die Keller versiegelt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3820.681,3822.893"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die Keller waren versteckt. Wir hatten das Zutritt nur von dem Zimmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3822.893,3828.638"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber warum hat man morgens nicht arbeiten können?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3828.638,3833.095"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Stellen Sie sich vor einen Keller, was für ein Keller war das? Der war entweder aus Ton oder aus Sand und wir hatten dort doch gar nichts. Wir durften die Betten vom Zimmer doch nicht raus nehmen, sonst hätte man gleich gesehen, dass da etwas vorkommt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3833.095,3848.358"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer hat diese Keller gebaut? War das ein alter Keller?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3848.358,3850.586"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war ein alter Keller noch von bevor dem Krieg. Aber man hat es so versteckt. Man hat Decken drauf gelegt, dass sie es nicht merken sollten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3850.586,3859.203"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War der Keller unter dem Boden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3859.203,3861.309"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, unter dem Boden. Aber die waren schon so raffiniert, die haben versucht, ob es hohl ist unter dem Boden. Es war kein besonderes gutes Versteck, aber der Mensch denkt immer—vielleicht doch, vielleicht doch. Es war kein besonderes Versteck. Es gab manche Leute, die spezielle Keller gebaut haben. Solche Keller, die richtig versteckt waren, aber wir konnten uns das nicht leisten. Also...so ist wiederum eine Zeit vorbei gegangen mit diesen allen Sachen. Schließlich bedeutet das Leben nichts. Man ist einfach pessimistisch und man glaubt schon niemals, dass es einmal besser gehen wird. Aber man muss, wenn man auch nicht will, man lebt automatisch. Man geht automatisch zur Arbeit, man isst automatisch...ohne dass der Mensch selber will. Bei mir besonders war es so, weil ich habe es noch relativ gut gehabt. Ich bin damals auch an die Reihe gekommen, man hat schon nach Leuten wie ich gesehen. Ich habe es—ich weiß nicht—von irgend einer Quelle habe ich erfahren, dass es in einer Nacht eine Razzia geben wird in Dabrowa und ich habe es dem Chef erzählt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3861.309,3939.981"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ihrem eigenen Chef?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3939.981,3940.978"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Der Chef war ein SA Mann, ein großer Antisemit. Wenn er einen Juden auf der Strasse gesehen hat, hat er ihn totgeschlagen. Und ich hatte Glück, ich habe sehr gut gearbeitet und mich hat er gern bevorzugt. So war es gleich am Anfang.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3940.978,3952.49"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was war Ihr Chef—ein SA Mann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3952.49,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,3958.66"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Geneva, August the 28th, 1946 at the ORT Shops. Abraham Kimmelmann reporting from Spool...from Spool 84 and 85.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3958.66,3970.996"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also, Herr Kimmelmann, Sie sagten Ihr Chef war ein SA Mann, der sehr schlecht zu die Juden war, der aber sehr nett zu Ihnen war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3970.996,3980.444"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3980.444,3981.005"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3981.005,3982.94"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und wie ich ihm erzählt habe, dass die Gefahr besteht, dass man mich eines Tages davon schleppt, hat er mir gesagt, dass ich nachts kommen soll und am Tag schlafen, denn meistens waren die Razzias, wie ich Ihnen erzählt habe, in der Nacht. Und das ist mir auch gelungen, denn eines Tages, wo ich um 6 Uhr früh nach Hause kam, erzählte man mir, dass man mich gesucht hat. Und ich...ich war damals ganz benommen davon. Und mein Blut [unverständlich], denn es handelt sich nicht um mich alleine. Ich war immer bereit schwer zu arbeiten, ich war immer mutig und habe mir immer das Schlechteste vorgestellt, weil man sich immer das Schlechte vorstellt, so ist es viel leichter auszuhalten, wenn einem das Gegenteil passiert. Aber das Schlimmste war für mich, dass ich mich von meiner Mutter und Schwester trennen sollte. Und das hat mich bewahrt von allem. Ich war bereit alles zu machen, denn ich habe gewusst dass meine Mutter wird nicht die Trennung überleben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3982.94,4056.291"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat sie sich das denn nicht gedacht, wenn sie die Dinge gesehen hat? Man hat ja schon den Vater weggenommen und sie hat es überlebt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4056.291,4066.123"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das ist keine logische Frage. Ich habe Ihnen schon gesagt, man gewöhnt sich an Sachen, gut und schlecht, vor allem wenn man das selbe Schlechte oft genug sieht. Ich habe noch nie so was Schlechtes mitgemacht [unverständlich sehr schlechter Ton, Rauschen im Tonband]. Ich war immer zusammen mit meiner Mutter. Die Trennung von ihr kann nur einmal passieren und jetzt habe ich große Angst [unverständlich]. Man hat mich drei (3) Mal gesucht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4066.123,4088.515"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4088.515,4092.256"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Drei Mal habe ich mich versteckt. Ich habe immer nachts gearbeitet. Und wenn ich bin zur Arbeit gegangen, man hat mich drei Mal gesucht. Zum dritten Mal als ich nach Hause kam, sah ich die Tür war aufgebrochen, die Betten umgekehrt, sie haben überall gesucht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4092.256,4112.389"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat nicht Ihre Mutter gesagt, wo Sie waren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4112.389,4114.386"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, entschuldigen Sie, meine Mutter und meine Schwester haben auch in der Nacht gearbeitet. Sie hatten keine Angst, sie haben sich nicht versteckt, denn damals ist ihr Shop noch nicht an die Reihe gekommen. Es war so angeordnet im Shop, dass sie zwei (2) Schichten gehabt haben, das heißt eine Schicht am Tag und eine Schicht in der Nacht. Jede zwölf Stunden, so hat man jede Woche die Gruppen wechseln können. Es hat es nicht gegeben, dass eine Gruppe immer am Tag gearbeitet hat und die Andere in der Nacht—man hat immer gewechselt. Und damals waren meine Mutter und meine Schwester waren auch nachts in der Arbeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4114.386,4154.844"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: So Sie haben gefunden, dass alles umgedreht war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4154.844,4159.38"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja und ich habe nur gewartet bis meine Mutter nach Hause kam...gekommen ist und bin wieder in die Fabrik zurück. Ich war dann dort eine ganze Woche. Ich habe eine Tante in Bensburg, bei der habe ich gegessen und ich habe in der Fabrik geschlafen und bin nicht nach Hause gekommen. Dann hat es sich wieder ein bisschen beruhigt und man hat nicht erzählt, man hat nichts gehört und niemand hat etwas gesagt. Bei Leuten ist es so. Man erzählt—man erzählt immer etwas und dieses „Etwas“ macht immer Angst. Es war aber eine ruhige Zeit und es ist niemand mit Geschichten gekommen und ich bin wieder nach Hause und habe zu Hause geschlafen. [Eine Unterbrechung]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4159.38,4202.265"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, Sie haben dann in dem Shop geschlafen und bei der Tante gegessen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4202.265,4208.169"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] We are having quite a bit of interruptions here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4208.169,4211.03"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4211.03,4212.39"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wenn es sich beruhigt hat, bin ich wieder nach Hause gekommen. Eines Abends, die Schwester ist gerade zur Nachtschicht gegangen, das war um sieben (7) Uhr ist sie zur Nachtschicht gegangen und bis neun (9) Uhr konnten die Juden raus gehen. Kommt sie fünf (5) vor neun (9) kommt sie vom Laden wieder nach Hause. Ich war schon im Bett und sagt mir, sie hat gehört es kommt wieder ein Razzia und ich muss mich verstecken. Alle solche Jungen, die so alt waren wie ich und mit den gleichen Karten, die ich habe. Ich habe nicht lange gedacht, ich habe angezogen, was mir gerade in die Hand gekommen ist. Ich bin zu einem Kameraden rauf in so einen Boden und wir haben uns versteckt in einem Heuboden hinter einem hohen Stapel. Es war [unverständlich] und wir haben dort geschlafen. Es war Winter und es war kalt, Sie können sich vorstellen, dass wir nicht schlafen konnten vor Kälte, aber die Nacht ist auch vorbei gegangen. Also ich erzähle Ihnen nur das, um ein Beispiel zu geben. Um eine Übersicht zu geben mit was für Schrecken wir gelebt haben. Sie waren niemals sicher...nicht in dem Moment, nicht in der Stunde. Wir haben uns niemals vollkommen zu Hause gefühlt, es war immer der Schreck, dass ein SS Mann oder eine Gestapo herein kommen kann oder dass ein jüdischer Miliz dich wegschleppen kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4212.39,4281.838"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4281.838,4285.031"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dann ist wieder eine Zeit vergangen; ich habe gearbeitet und Geld verdient und eines Tage höre ich wieder, dass es wieder vorkommen wird. Und ich bin wieder zu der Nachtschicht und am Tag schlafe ich. Die Mutter hat da gerade auch nachts gearbeitet. Mein Schwester war auf der Tagschicht und wir beide haben fest geschlafen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4285.031,4302.508"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo sind Sie schlafen gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4302.508,4303.707"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Zu Hause, weil am Tag war es nicht so gefährlich zu Hause zu schlafen. Es war zwölf Uhr mittags und man hat an das Haus geklopft. Ich habe einen sehr harten Schlaf, ich habe nichts gehört. Meine Mutter war auch sehr müde von der Arbeit und sie hat auch geschlafen. Und dann hat sie—sie hat aber gedacht sie träumt—hat sie gedacht, dass jemand geklopft hat. Und bei uns war es so, da sind immer die Kunden gekommen, weil meine Mutter hat auch zu Hause arbeiten müssen, denn von dem Lohn, was man bekommen hat, hat man kein Brot zu kaufen gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4303.707,4338.592"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was war sie—eine Schneiderin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4338.592,4339.732"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, sie war eine Miedermacherin, eine Miedermacherin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4339.732,4345.156"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was ist eine Miedermacherin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4345.156,4345.86"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Korsett—Korsettmacherin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4345.86,4348.044"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer in dieser Zeit hat ein Korsett getragen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4348.044,4350.882"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Damals war es so. Es war schon...es war schon ein Ghetto, das heißt, die Juden müssen konzentriert wohnen auf einem kleinen Gebiet, aber sie durften nicht auf die Strassen gehen, wo Nichtjuden gelebt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4350.882,4365.352"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4365.352,4365.665"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber die Polen konnten rein gehen ins Ghetto. Sie hat für Christen gearbeitet. Das war nicht erlaubt für Christen zu arbeiten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4365.665,4372.744"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4372.744,4373.178"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber die Polen, für die war es erlaubt, die durften spazieren durch diese Strassen und daher konnte man für sie arbeiten auch. Also während ich Ihnen alles erzähle, werde ich Ihnen auch erzählen, wie die Arbeit vor sich ging. Wenn meine Mutter tags gearbeitet hat, da ist sie nach Hause um fünf (5) Uhr gekommen und dann hat sie bis eins (1), zwei (2) Uhr in der Nacht gearbeitet. Wenn sie die Arbeit fertig gehabt hat, dann hat sie die Maschine versteckt, weil wir durften keine Nähmaschine haben. Die Maschinen mussten abgegeben werden. Aber sie hat genäht und von der Maschine war wieder abhängig unser Leben. Wenn wir nichts zu essen haben, müssen wir sowieso sterben. Das Risiko mussten wir eingehen, ob wir wollten oder nicht. Nach der Arbeit haben wir die Maschine im Boden oder im Keller versteckt. . Und damals hat meine Mutter auch gedacht, es ist vielleicht ein Kunde, der kommt und etwas abholen will oder etwas bestellen...und wir wollten doch etwas verdienen...und da hat sie schnell die Tür aufgemacht und gefragt: „Wer ist da?“ aber sie hat da niemanden gesehen. Aber der Polizist, der schon draußen war, hat gehört eine Stimme und er war froh, dass er jemanden getroffen hat und er kommt herein...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4373.178,4446.16"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das ein jüdischer Polizist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4446.16,4447.144"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war ein deutscher Polizei...Polizist. Und ich werde Ihnen sagen, warum eigentlich die Polizei gekommen ist. Er kommt herein und fragt für mich, wo Abraham Kimmelmann wohnt. Und meine Mutter war schon [unverständlich; starkes Rauschen im Tonband]. Sie hat schon gewusst, was passieren wird und dass die letzte Minute gekommen ist—die entscheidende Minute. Und dann hat er gesagt, wo ist er—„Das bin ich“ und er hat gesagt, ich soll mich sofort anziehen. Ich hatte meine Arbeitskleider noch am Stuhl, die voll Fett waren, denn ich habe an einer Stanzpressmaschine gearbeitet immer mit Öl, sehr schmutzig, nur zur der Arbeit. Sonst konnte man die nicht tragen. Man wird ganz ölig und schmutzig von dem schmutzigen Öl. Ich wollte mir was anderes anziehen, weil ich wusste, dass ich schon nicht mehr nach Hause nicht komme, aber er hat es nicht erlaubt. Ich soll das anziehen und ich soll mit ihm kommen. Und während ich mich angezogen habe, hat er was Anderes gemacht und das war, er hat gesucht, ob wir nicht etwas Lebensmittel haben. Denn die waren so raffiniert, die haben gewusst, dass wir nur die eine Karte bekommen, die uns das Minimale gibt zum Leben. Es war, wie man sagt, nicht zum Leben und nicht zum Sterben. Und wenn sie etwas mehr Speisen oder irgendwelche Lebensmittel gefunden habe, dann haben sie sofort wissen wollen, wieso wir das haben. Das hat man als Grund gegeben Einem zu bestrafen oder jemanden als Verbrecher zu betrachten und dann haben sie wieder einen Grund gehabt, jemanden nach Auschwitz zu schicken. Er hat Bohnen gefunden in unserem Haus und da hat meine Mutter erklärt, dass wir haben einige Wochen keine Bohnen gegessen haben und wir haben das gesammelt, um nachher ein richtiges Mahl zu kochen. Ich weiß nicht, was nachher passiert hat, vielleicht hat er es aufgeschrieben oder nicht, denn ich war damals ganz närrisch. Ich habe nicht an solche Dinge gedacht, wir haben nur gewusst, dass jetzt die Zeit gekommen ist, wo ich meine Mutter nicht mehr sehen werde. Ich habe gleich gewusst, dass ich nicht mehr zurück komme und als ich fertig war mit dem Anziehen, sagte er, ich soll mit kommen und wie wir gegangen sind hat meine Mutter angefangen zu schreien; also das war etwas Furchtbares. Ein Mensch, der nichts über diese Sahen weiß und eine Frau so schreien hört, der denkt sie ist einfach verrückt. Und es ist kein Wunder, wenn man so hysterisches Schreien hört. Aber wenn...wenn man es sich auch nicht vorstellen kann, sollte man sich das zu Gewissen nehmen, was das ist, wenn man ein Kind von der Mutter weg reisst und man genau weiß, dass man sein Kind nicht mehr sehen wird. Das ist nicht zu vergleichen damit, wenn ein Kind stirbt, wenn es krank ist und stirbt im eigenen Bett. Das ist ganz anders als wenn man weiß, das das Kind vollkommen gesund ist und mit der Mutter zusammen ist und dann...auf einmal...sozusagen in den Tod geschickt wird. [unverständlich; spricht zu schnell und Tonband rauscht] Und wenn ich heute lebe, weiß ich bis heute nicht, wie ich eigentlich...von dem allen gerettet worden war. Aber damals war ich...war ich überzeugt, dass ich auf den Tod gehe. Und meine Mutter auch. So soll man sich nicht wundern, dass meine Mutter so geschrien hat. Der hat es von draußen noch gehört und ich weiß nicht, wie das...wie er das übernommen hat—aber es hat einen Eindruck auf ihn gemacht. Und er ist wieder mit mir reingekommen und hat meine Mutter gefragt, warum sie so geschrien hat. Aber sie hatte Angst zu sagen, warum sie schreit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4447.144,4657.072"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das ein SS Mann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4657.072,4658.352"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war ein Schupo, es war kein SS Mann—nur ein Schupo, ein einfacher Polizist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4658.352,4664.835"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Deutscher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4664.835,4665.617"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ein Deutscher. Ich werde Ihnen auch erzählen, wie er ist dahin gekommen. Und er hat die Mutter beruhigt, dass ich wieder komme, dass das nur eine Formalität wäre, man muss etwas nachschauen, man muss mich sehen. Und das hat ein bisschen die Mutter beruhigt, weil da gibt es einen Spruch: Wenn man im Wasser ist und ertrinkt und man sieht ein Stroh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4665.617,4685.81"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wenn man ertrinkt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4685.81,4686.846"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . wenn man ertrinkt, dann greift man nach einem Stroh. Und sie hat diese Worte gehört von dem Deutschen, von dem sie konnte gar nichts erwarten, und trotzdem hat sie das ein bisschen getröstet, weil sie geglaubt hat, vielleicht sagt er ihr doch die Wahrheit. Sie hat sich ein bisschen beruhigt...ich habe gewusst, dass es nicht lange dauern wird. Es war eine Sache, die sich in ein paar Stunden ent...ent...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4686.846,4708.376"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Entscheiden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4708.376,4708.888"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . entscheiden kann—was kann man da machen? Er hat sich auf sein Fahrrad drauf gesetzt und hat mir gesagt, ich muss daneben laufen. Je schneller ich gelaufen bin, desto schneller hat er sein Fahrrad gefahren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4708.888,4719.177"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Er ist auf dem Fahrrag gesessen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4719.177,4721.034"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4721.034,4722.392"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie nicht weglaufen können von ihm?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4722.392,4724.732"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja...weglaufen, aber er hatte da so eine Waffe, die mich von Weitem töten konnte, Sie wissen ja, dass sie alle Gewehre getragen haben. Und sie haben nur gewartet auf den Moment eine Gelegenheit auszunützen, dass sie einen Juden erschießen konnten. Das habe ich gerade nicht gewollt. Auch wenn ich gewollt hätte, ich habe Ihnen schon gesagt, man hat nicht den Mut—man hat nicht den Mut. Man hat immer die Hoffnung—vielleicht doch...vielleicht wird doch ein Wunder geschehen. Man denkt nur an eines, man denkt nur an ein Ding. Ich bin gelaufen und ich habe schon keine Kraft mehr gehabt. Wenn ich zur Polizeirevier gekommen bin, das war ungefähr ein ein halb (1 ½ ) Kilometer von uns, da bin ich gerannt. Er war auf dem Fahrrad und hat mir gesagt, ich soll das Fahrrad abstellen. Ich war das erste Mal auf dem Polizeirevier. Ich habe nicht gewusst, wo ich soll das Fahrrad abstellen und er hat mich sofort eine Ohrfeige gegeben und dann noch eine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4724.732,4768.379"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das der selbe Mann, der Ihre Mutter beruhigt hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4768.379,4769.674"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, der selbe Mann, der meine Mutter beruhigt ist. Und er hat das Fahrrad dann dahin gestellt und hat mich in das Polizeirevier rein geführt. Wie ich rein kam, sind sie da gesessen diese Herren—Einer hat geraucht eine Zigarette, wie ich Ihnen schon gesagt habe, es war zwölf (12) Uhr. Also ich bin zur Mittagszeit gekommen und sie hatten—wie soll ich sagen Mittagszeit bis zwei (2) Uhr. Die Polizisten sind herein gekommen für Briefe und Pakete und ich stehe da. Dann kommt Einer herein und schaut mich so an und sah den David Stern und da hat er gleich gewusst, dass ich Jude bin. Und es hat ihm nicht gefallen , dass ich mein Gesicht zu ihm gedreht habe. Dann hat er mich in einen Winkel gestellt—mit dem Gesicht zu der Wand und Hände nach unten, genau wie ein...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4769.674,4805.74"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Verbrecher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4805.74,4807.36"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . ja, wie ein Verbrecher, stimmt. Und ich durfte mich nicht rühren. Wenn ich nur eine kleine Bewegung gemacht habe, habe ich eine Ohrfeige bekommen oder einen Fußtritt mit einem Schuh. So bin ich ein ein halb (1 ½ ) Stunden gestanden und dann haben sie zwei (2) polnische Frauen herein geführt in das Revier, das waren solche die schwarz gehandelt haben. Die haben Eier und Butter und verschiedene Sachen mitgebracht—Essenwaren—und mit denen zusammen sind nach Bensburg, also auf das untere Polizeirevier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4807.36,4869.619"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Welches Polizeirevier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4869.619,4871.055"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das untere Polizeirevier. Es war—das Hauptrevier war in Sosnowice. Auf dem Tram, da haben sie noch so einen Trick gemacht. Sie wollten mich nicht führen in einfacher Weise und weil sie sich nicht geniert haben, aber sie haben es noch besser gemacht. Sie haben genommen alle Pakete, die die zwei (2) Frauen gebracht haben und haben sie mir zum Tragen gegeben, dass die Leute meinen sollen, ich hab etwas geschmuggelt, ich habe schwarz gehandelt. Und deswegen haben sie mich verhaftet. Ich war trotz allem...ich mich geschämt und zweitens waren es ziemlich schwere Pakete, die die zwei (2) Frauen getragen haben [unverständlich]. Als wir dorthin kamen, hat man mir die Pakete abgenommen und man hat mich nicht Jemandem vorgestellt, sondern gleich in einen Keller. Dort waren viele hundert Juden versammelt, also einige hundert Juden und wir waren dort einige Stunden. Jetzt möchte ich zurück gehen und erklären, wie es kommt eigentlich dazu, dass sie mich in der Mittagszeit zu Hause abgeholt haben und warum. Gerade der Schupo...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4871.055,4939.674"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was ist ein Schupo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4939.674,4940.518"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein Schupo, das habe ich Ihnen schon gesagt, ist ein Polizist, ein Wachmann. Und es war so: man hat mich damals in der Nacht gesucht, aber es war niemand...Aber mich hat man gesucht in Bensburg, weil ich war registriert, weil ich in Bensburg arbeite. Aber da ich in Bensburg nicht gewohnt hab, haben sie mich in Bensburg nicht gefunden, weil es ist ihnen nicht eingefallen, dass ich nachts im Werk schlafe. Sie haben nur solche genommen, die zu Hause waren, die geschlafen haben. Als aber der Polizist zum Polizeipräsident...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.518,4977.303"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zum was? Wen haben sie genommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4977.303,4982.454"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . die, die zu Hause geschlafen sind. Also die Polizisten, die Schupos zum Polizeipräsidenten kamen und ich dazwischen nicht war, so haben sie nachgedacht, wo ich sein kann und sie haben in den [unverständlich] nachgeschaut und haben gesehen , dass ich gar nicht in Bensburg wohne—ich wohne in Dabrowa. Da haben sie schnell telefonisch das Polizeirevier in Dabrowa angerufen und man hat mich tagsüber zu Hause gesucht. Und ich hab damals gerade Pech gehabt, denn ich habe geschlafen. Und das war, was passiert ist, denn sonst wäre ich noch geblieben ein Zeit zu Hause...bis zur allgemeinen Deportation—bis es Juden-frei war. Ja, das Schicksal lenkt die Menschen und man kann nichts dagegen tun. Und dann bis ich damals auf den Polizeirevier ins Bensburg gewesen—zusammen mit allen Juden. Sie haben uns nicht zu essen gegeben und auch gar nicht raus gelassen, wenn man zur Toilette musste. Und abend haben sie ein Polizei Kordon gebracht, das uns nach Sosnowice bringen sollte. In Sosnowice war ein...Durchgangslager, in der Abkürzung so hat man es genannt Dulag, ein Durchgangslager. Alle die nach Deutschland gefahren wurden, das ist in ein Arbeitslager, wurden ins Dulag geschickt. Andererseits die nach Auschwitz gegangen sind, sind nach Bensburg gegangen in das Waisenhaus Sirotinez. Da ich noch gesund war und jung, haben sie mich zur Arbeit genommen und ich bin eben ins Dulag gekommen. Man hat uns zu Fuß geführt, man musste laufen. Sie hatten keinen Transport angefordert und wir mussten acht (8) Kilometer laufen. Und Sie können sich vorstellen, dass jede...auf jede fünf (5) Mann—wir sind zu fünft (5.) marschiert—waren 2 Soldaten und ein Hund. Das heißt von beiden Seiten, also, jede Reihe von fünf (5) Mann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4982.454,5101.412"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Zwei Polizisten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5101.412,5102.526"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Zwei Polizisten und ein Hund. Woher sind so viele Hunde gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5102.526,5104.819"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was waren die—Polizeihunde?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5104.819,5109.09"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Polizeihunde waren es, speziell große Hunde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5109.09,5112.707"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Hunde haben doch essen müssen!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5112.707,5114.782"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, für diese Hunde haben sie eher Essen gehabt als für die Juden. Sie haben gesagt, wenn sie einen Juden erschossen haben, sie haben jetzt ein Brot mehr und das könnten sie den Hunden zum Essen geben. Übrigens für die Deutschen war das damals wurscht, dass man das sagen kann, man hat etwas nicht, sie haben alles Menschenmögliche gehabt. Und Essen haben sie genug gehabt, denn sie konnten es von uns weg nehmen. Und wenn den Deutschen etwas gefehlt hat, dann hat man den Juden die Ration gekürzt und die Frage war erledigt. Niemand hat sich darum gekümmert, ob ein Jude von Hunger stirbt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.782,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,5142.761"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war ihre Aufgabe, aber sie konnten uns ganz einfach nichts zu essen geben, sonst könnte schon vielleicht eine Epidemie ausgebrochen—Tuberkulose oder Typhus, die ihnen auch schadet. . Das war der einzige...das war der einzige Grund warum sie Juden Essen gegeben haben. Sonst hätten sie gleich alle verhungern lassen. Als wir ins Dulag kamen, hatten wir den ganzen Tag kein Essen, dass heißt ich habe unter tags geschlafen und wenn man schläft, isst man doch nicht. Und zehn (10) Uhr nachts hat man uns zwei Kartoffel—zwei Pellkartoffel gegeben und das war das ganze Nachtmahl. In dem Durchgangslager war es so: Die Beamten des Lagers waren Juden. Sie waren frei, denn in Sosnowice waren noch damals viele Juden. Sie durften abends nach Hause gehen, sie waren einfach im Lager fungiert. Als Beamte sind sie dort gesessen, sie haben alles geordnet, ja sie haben gesehen, dass es Ordnung gibt. Dann gab es auch zehn (10) West Juden, das waren welche Juden, die schon einmal im Lager waren und ich weiß es nicht mehr—ich kann mich nicht mehr erinnern, warum sie in diesem Durchgangslager waren. Auf jeden Fall sind sie Angestellte im Durchgangslager geworden...man musste fegen, man musste sauber halten, man musste die Küche mit den Esswaren versehen und das wurde von dem zehn West Juden gemacht. Sonst war man gut bewacht von dem Sonderkommando der Polizei. Ich habe Ihnen schon gesagt, das Sonderkommando war verantwortlichlich für die Arbeiter—also, die haben uns bewacht. Und dort war ein Lagerleiter, nicht der Lagerführer, ein Deutscher, ein Offizier, das war ein Kerl,...damals...bis damals hab ich noch keinen Schlimmeren gesehen. Und er war auch ein Sadist, ein Sadist in der Größe, dass man es sich nicht vorstellen kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5142.761,5261.714"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was nennen Sie einen Sadisten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5261.714,5264.051"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein Sadist heißt ein Mann bei mir, der überhaupt kein menschliches Gefühl hat. Ich meine, ich will mich da...ich kann von diesen Fällen, die da gesehen habe, kann ich diesen Mensch nur beurteilen als nicht nur ein Judenfeind, sondern ein Menschenfeind. Der war gerade da ein Lagerführer, wo nur Juden da waren, aber ich bin überzeugt, wenn auch andere Leute da rein gekommen wären, hätte er das Selbe gemacht. Es war ein Mensch ohne Gefühl, einfach ein Mörderer. Und ich werde Ihnen nachher erzählen von einem Fall. Dort haben wir zwei (2) Mal täglich bekommen das Essen. Die Einteilung war so: morgens sind wir aufgestanden, wir haben ziemlich lange schlafen können. Wir haben geschlafen auf solchen Buchsen, auf solche Pritschen. Haben Sie gehört von solche Pritschen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5264.051,5310.897"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5310.897,5311.5"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also dort waren sie noch ziemlich anständig die Pritschen, es war ein Abstand bis zur Zweiten, das war ein Meter vielleicht","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5311.5,5319.176"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie viele Leute auf jeder Pritsche?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5319.176,5321.079"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das ist darauf angekommen, wieviel Leute gerade damals im Lager waren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5321.079,5326.438"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zum Beispiel...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5326.438,5327.391"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wenn es ein großer Transport war, dann hat man einfach alle dort rein gestopft. Ob Einer Platz gehabt zum Schlafen, niemand hat sich darum gekümmert, denn dort haben wir nicht gearbeitet. Es war nur ein Durchgangslager für einige Tage. Wenn wieder weniger waren, dann hatte man Raum zum schlafen. Wir waren damals nur ein paar Hundert, der Saal war ziemlich gross, also wir hatten da wirklich ziemlich viel Platz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5327.391,5351.047"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt das ziemlich viel Platz? Wie viele Leute waren auf eine Pritsche?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5351.047,5354.134"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich kann Ihnen das nicht genau sagen, aber es war gut Platz...es war genug Platz, vielleicht ein Meter in der Breite für einen Mann. Es waren wenig Leute, so war das...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5354.134,5363.485"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und auf was hat man geschlafen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5363.485,5365.167"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Auf einfachen Brettern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5365.167,5367.909"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Keine Matratzen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5367.909,5368.613"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Keine Matratzen, gar nichts. Aber es war so heiß, denn alles war abgeschlossen und man durfte kein Fenster öffnen. In der Nacht hat man sogar die Tür abgeschlossen und man konnte nicht ins Abort gehen, denn die Herren wollten sich nicht den Schlaf stehlen. Denn wenn man auf den Korridor geht, hört man das unbedingt. Wir waren dort zwei (2) Tage da hört man—ich weiß nicht von woher das gekommen ist—es muss wahrscheinlich von dem Personell des Lagers—da waren Juden—wahrscheinlich haben sie das von den Deutschen vernommen, dass heute Abend ein Transport aus Grenau kommen soll. .","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.613,5406.863"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von wo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5406.863,5407.515"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Grenau ist auch ein polnische Stadt. Da war ein großer Rüstungsbetrieb, also dort hat man Lokomotiven fabriziert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5407.515,5417.51"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5417.51,5418.413"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dort waren viele Juden, die Meisten waren beschäftigt in diesen Werken und dort waren auch Shops. Jetzt habe ich mich erinnert. Der Chef aller dieser Rüstungsschoppen, wo man Wehrmachtsuniformen ausgearbeitet hat, was Rosnel. Der Rosnel war ein Deutscher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5418.413,5431.962"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat er geheißen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5431.962,5432.616"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Rosnel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.616,5433.351"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Rosnel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5433.351,5434.628"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er war ungefähr fünf und zwanzig (25) Jahre alt, er hat gehinkt auf einem Bein, deswegen ist er auch nicht zum Krieg gegangen. Er hat ein Bein im Krieg verloren, also man hat ihn belohnt, indem man ihn Leiter über alle Schoppen gemacht hat und er hat das geleitet. Wenn man an ihn überdenkt, weiß man, dass er ein sehr guter Mann war. Er hat sehr, sehr Vieles für die Juden getan. Aber dann von Grenau, Grenau ist gekommen ein Befehl, dass es Juden-rein sein muss und er konnten schon nichts mehr machen. Also man hat gedacht an diesem Abend kommt ein ganzer Transport von Grenau. Meistens junge, junge Männer und Frauen, denn in Grenau hat man gleich sortiert die einzelnen—die alten Frauen, Männer und Kinder, die wurden gleich nach Auschwitz geschickt. Aber die Jüngeren, die waren sortiert für ein Arbeitslager und die wurden in das Durchgangslager Dulag bei Sosnowice geschickt. Als sie kamen...und es waren einige hundert (100) Personen...können Sie sich vorstellen, wie es eng...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5434.628,5498.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5498.832,5499.784"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hatte wirklich nicht genug Platz zum schlafen. Nachts hat man abgesperrt die Türen und es war furchtbar alles. Es war schon sozusagen keine gute Luft. Wir haben nur gewartet bis man die Tür öffnet wieder und als man die Tür aufgemacht hat, da sind die Leute gesteckt in der Türe und man konnte nicht mehr raus. Sie werden ich vielleicht fragen „warum“? Aber wenn die...wenn die Leute sich dort gedrängt haben, um Luft zu schnappen, dann sind sie alle stecken geblieben, denn es war eng und sie konnten nicht weiter und dann hat man von hinten gedrückt. Also es ist kein Tag vergangen, wo man nicht Einen getreten hat oder kaputt geschlagen. Sie haben ihn geschlagen und haben gesagt „Warum gehst Du nicht vorwärts, warum gehst Du nicht raus, Mensch.“ Denn unter solchen Umständen will man nur Luft, man will raus und man denkt nicht, dass es nicht ihre Schuld ist, dass doch die Deutschen an dem allem Schuld haben. Er man überdenkt das nicht, man ist kein Mensch mehr. Und solche Dinge sind jeden Morgen passiert. Nach Grenau...also von Grenau sind gekommen meistens junge Leute. Aber das es so bei jedem Transport war, haben verschiedene Leute sich mitgerissen, das heißt, wenn, zum Beispiel, in Grenau hat eine Selektion gemacht und die alten Leute nach Auschwitz geschickt, da waren noch einige kleine Kinder und Frauen, die sich unbemerkt unter die Anderen gereiht haben, die in ein Arbeitslager gegangen sind und so sind sie nach Sosnowice gekommen. Sie haben gesagt: „Ja, wir sind schon gerettet, sie werden in ein Arbeitslager kommen.“ Aber in dem Durchgangslager war eine neue Selektion geführt und tagtäglich kommen Autos von der Gestapo und man hat gleich nach Auschwitz gegeben. Diese Selektionen waren etwas Furchtbares, denn man hat uns jeden Tag...jeden Tag hat man uns raus gestellt auf den Platz und gezählt, ob jemand fehlt und dann die Gestapo...die Gestapo ist herein gegangen und hat geschaut. Und dann...wenn ihm wer nicht gefallen hat, den hat er den einfach nach Auschwitz geschickt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5499.784,5616.794"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Er hat ihm gefallen, was heißt das? Oder nicht gefallen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5616.794,5619.788"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nicht gefallen. Ich kann Ihnen nicht sagen, warum er ihm nicht gefallen hat oder nicht. Es hat ihm niemand gefallen. Er hat einfach einen Blick auf den Menschen geworfen und hat schon gesagt: „Komm raus!“ Ich weiß nicht, ob er ihm gefallen hat oder nicht, ich drücke mich nur so aus, weil es hat ihm Keiner gefallen. Er hat keine Juden mögen...Ja., ja. Ich habe noch vergessen vorhin zu erzählen eine ganz...eine ganz wichtige Sache...man kann vergessen, wenn man nicht vorbereitet ist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5619.788,5651.992"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5651.992,5654.3"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, dann komm ich zurück und ich werde nachher dann da anfangen. Bevor ich von zu Hause weg war, ist einmal ein Gesetz raus...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5654.3,5665.758"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also bevor sie weg waren...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5665.758,5667.939"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Einige Wochen vorher ist ein Gesetz raus, wir haben nicht gewusst was das heißt, der ganze Bezirk Dabrowa, Bendzin und Sosnowice, dass alle Juden an einem Tag, zur selben Stunde müssen sich alle an bestimmten Plätzen stellen. Es gibt keine Privilegierten, alle Leute, Jedes Lebewesen, jedes jüdische Lebewesen. Ein Kind, das ist einen Tag alt und ein alter Mann, der nicht auf die Beine stehen kann, der muss auf den Platz raus und die Lichtbild Identitätsausweise musste bewiesen werden...gestempelt werden.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5667.939,5703.053"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Mit Lichtbild?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5703.053,5703.686"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Ich werde Ihnen noch sagen was diese Lichtbild Ausweise sind. Man vergisst immer Sachen zu erzählen, die erst nachher eine große Bedeutung haben. Aber ich kann da nichts machen. Man ist nicht vorbereitet und man spricht einfach...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5703.686,5715.017"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sehr gut, sehr gut.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5715.017,5716.466"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also mit den Lichtbildausweisen war es so. Zur ersten Zeit als die Deutschen rein kamen, hat man die ganze polnische Bevölkerung, Juden oder Nichtjuden—man hat Fingerabdrücke gemacht. Das war das Erste. Dann haben sie aber einen Unterschied zwischen den Polen und den Juden machen wollen. Da haben sie für die Juden spezielle Lichtbildausweise gemacht. Alle mussten sich fotografieren lassen und die Photographie ist auf den Ausweis geklebt worden, so dass, wenn man von einem Juden einen Ausweis verlangt hat, hat man sofort gesehen, ob es die betreffende Person ist oder nicht. Denn mit den Fingerabdrücken hat man verschiedene Experimente machen müssen, um zu kontrollieren—das war aber für sie viel leichter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5716.466,5774.584"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das Bild war nicht angeklebt, nicht wahr, es war drauf photographiert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5774.584,5782.282"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es wurde nur drauf geklebt, aber sie haben...es war so, dass es nachher von der Polizei gestempelt wurde auf dem ersten Teil der Karte und halb auf dem Bild—eben so, dass man nicht schwindeln kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.282,5794.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, ich verstehe, das heißt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5794.493,5798.842"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun dass Sie verstehen was ein Lichtbildausweis ist, kann ich Ihnen weiter erzählen, von...dem was ich tatsächlich mitgemacht habe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5798.842,5813.963"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5813.963,5814.246"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Da haben sie so einen Trick gemacht. In Wolbronn, das war nicht weit von uns, waren noch...haben dort noch Juden gewohnt. Da haben sich alle zusammen versammelt auf einem Platz und haben die Lichtbildausweise noch einmal abstempeln lassen von der Gestapo—von einem Sonderkommando und die haben sie wieder nach Hause geschickt. Und nachher hat sich das ausgewiesen, dass das nur ein Trick war, weil in Wolbronn haben nicht viele Juden gewohnt. Aber in Dabrowa, Bendzin und Sosnowice waren damals noch zirka fünfzig tausend (50 000) Juden, vielleicht noch mehr und die alle wollte sie in einem Tag bekommen. Darum haben sie von Wolbronn alle Juden frei gelassen, dass wir keine Angst mehr haben sollen. Und dann haben sie Zettel in die Strassen gehängt, dann an diesem und diesem Tag sollen sich alle Juden auf den Plätzen versammeln. Sie werden nur die Ausweise stempeln und dann können wir nach Hause gehen. Es war uns...es hat uns nicht ganz so gefallen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5814.246,5876.315"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sind Sie auch nach Hause gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5876.315,5880.197"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, ich bin dorthin gegangen und ich [unverständlich; starkes Rauschen im Tonband]. Also...—also um uns etwas zu beruhigen, ist gekommen der Monek Merin, was ich...was ich schon vorher von ihm erzählt habe, ich habe erzählt, das war der Hauptleiter der Kultusgemeinde für die ganzen Kreise da. Und er hat eine Rede gehalten, dass wir keine Angst haben sollen, in Wolbronn war das auch so und man hat alle frei gelassen [kein Ton am Tonband—Bruch oder nur übersprungen?]...dann mussten wir noch einmal vor der Kommission stehen und die Dritte war nach Auschwitz gegangen. Also der hat nicht gesprochen, der hat nur die Miliz hingestellt—es war im Platz...außen war deutsche Polizei, die haben uns bewacht und innen war die jüdische Polizei, die haben alle geordnet, dass es still sein soll. Und der hat mit dem Finger gezeigt—Gruppe eins (1), Gruppe zwei (2) und Gruppe drei (3). Ich will nicht viel sagen, was passiert hat, bis ich an die Reihe gekommen bin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5880.197,5938.662"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren Sie mit Ihrer Mutter zusammen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5938.662,5940.239"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ich war mit der Mutter zusammen, die Anzeigen haben uns auch gesagt, das sich Familien stellen sollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5940.239,5945.621"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5945.621,5947.204"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und nachher hat sich auch gezeigt, warum sie das gemacht haben. Also, ich will nur kurz da erzählen, was da vorgegangen ist. Also das Schreien war furchtbar, denn man hat einfach die Familien getrennt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5947.204,5958.767"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5958.767,5959.385"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und man hat junge Männer, die eine bunte Karte gehabt haben, dahin geschickt und die Mutter hat man dahin geschickt und die Familien, wo eine Minderheit beschäftigt war, da hat man die ganze Familie genommen. Das war auch der Grund warum man gesagt hat, dass sie sich familienweise stellen sollen, damit auch diejenigen, die Beschäftigung haben, aber in der Minderheit sind in der Familie, auch dran kommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5959.385,5981.003"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5981.003,5982.692"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und als wir drankamen, also zuerst komm ich, die Schwester hatte eine gute Karte, meine Mutter auch und ich auch, ich hatte auch eine gute Karte, aber meine Mutter hat damals sehr schlecht ausgesehen, denn wir haben nicht viel verdient und sie konnte nicht gut essen [Tonband unverständlich]...und da hat er sich gedacht, so eine Frau kann nicht mehr arbeiten, obwohl sie vielleicht mehr geleistet hat, als derjenige, der besser ausgesehen hat als sie.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5982.692,6012.795"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes Spool 86 of Kimmelmann, we are going over to Spool 87. Geneva, 28th of August 1946.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6012.795,6060.277"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Geneva, August 28th, 1946 at the Shops of the ORT. Abraham Kimmelmann continues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6060.277,6069.111"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Nun Sie haben mir erzählt, wenn in einer Familie Wenige gearbeitet haben, dann hat man die ganze Familie weg geschickt. Nun weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6069.111,6076.52"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also bei uns war es halt, dass wir alle beschäftigt waren und ich habe Ihnen schon vorhin erzählt, hm, meine Mutter und meine Schwester haben in einem Rüstungsbetrieb gearbeitet—ich auch. Als wir soweit kamen—zu demjenigen, der unser Leben bestimmt hat, hat der...als Erste ist meine Schwester vorbei und die haben sie gleich befreit. Sie haben sie geschickt zu Nummer eins (1). Aber sie ist dort gestanden, als ob sie gewusst hätte...sie ist nicht gleich dorthin gegangen, sie hatte noch immer aus...es war so instinktiv bei ihr...so ein Angstgefühl ist über sie gekommen und sie hat noch gewartet. Sie hat etwas gefühlt was nicht gut sein wird. Und eben...man hat die Mutter gleich auf Nummer drei (3) geschickt...das war das Schlimmste und mich mit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6076.52,6125.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6125.832,6126.597"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Mich mit, weil ich, wenn ich das jetzt so betrachten sollte, weil ich noch damals war...ich war noch ganz wenig entwickelt, ich habe damals so mehr als ein Kind ausgesehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6126.597,6135.175"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6135.175,6136.004"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich habe mehr kindlich ausgesehen und weil er doch damals meine Mutter hingeschickt hat, hat man gesagt, ich glaube der hat sich gedacht: ‚Was kann er schon machen?’ und man hat mich dort hin geschickt. Ich habe aber eine sehr eine gute Karte gehabt und als wir dort hin kamen ist der, der Präsident der jüdischen Kultusgemeinde gestanden und er hat mich angeschaut und ich habe noch so meine Karte in der Hand gehalten. Sagt er im Polnischen noch: „Was ist denn los? Warum bist Du da gekommen?“ Und ich habe es selber nicht gewusst, also ich hab...so viel Glück gehabt, das ist gar nicht zu beschreiben, denn die jüdische Miliz hat so gemacht. Wenn er mit dem Finger gezeigt hat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6136.004,6174.612"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6174.612,6175.336"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . dass, da jemand zu der Gruppe gehört, so hat der Mensch keine Sekunde Zeit gegeben, um sogar jemandem Ade zu sagen. Er hat ihn gleich hin geschleppt, er durfte nicht mehr schauen, ob der Vater dort hin ist und der Sohn da, sie durften nicht mehr ein Wort mit sich sprechen. Aber mich hat man gelassen, ich weiß nicht wieso. Man hat meine Karte angeschaut und sie haben [unverständlich]...die Gestapo, wenn sie das gesehen hätten, hätten sie ihm eine Ohrfeige gleich gegeben oder angeschrien oder sonst was. Aber mich hat man noch einmal zurück geschickt in der Reihe, also nochmal stehen. Und meine Mutter war damals glücklich, sie hat nicht mehr an sich gedacht, dass sie jetzt in so einer Gefahr ist...und sie ist schon in Gefahr. Sie hat nur gedacht mich zu retten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6175.336,6215.076"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6215.076,6215.618"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und als ich nochmal vorbei kam, da hat er mich befreit und ich bin zu Gruppe eins (1) gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6215.618,6220.032"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und Ihre Mutter ist dort geblieben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6220.032,6220.783"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Meine Mutter ist dort geblieben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6220.783,6223.248"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In Nummer drei (3)?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6223.248,6224.074"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: In Nummer drei (3) und ich hab den ganzen Tag nicht mehr von ihr gehört. Wir hatten dort eine Bekannte von, von den Beamten der Kultusgemeinde und wir haben sie gebeten, vielleicht sehen sie meine Mutter und dann sollen sie ihr sagen, sie soll sich trösten. Aber wer...wer hatte den Kopf für Fremde? Jeder hat mit sich zu tun. Niemand war sich sicher mit dem Leben. Wir sind gestanden dort stundenlang, es hat Stunden gedauert, so viele Leute durch zu sehen und ihnen zu sagen, wohin zu gehen. Um zwei (2) Uhr war es fertig. Es war so heiß bis zwei (2) Uhr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6224.074,6254.32"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Am Tage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.32,6254.883"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, am Tage. Und auf einmal um zwei (2) Uhr hat ein Gewitter gemacht. Es hat angefangen zu donnern und zu regnen, es war einfach furchtbar. Da hat man Kinder, solche jungen Kinder, die noch in den Kinderwagen gelegen haben und da hat es so angefangen zu regnen. Und niemand hat es etwas mitgenommen...wer hat sich gedacht, dass es an so einem schönen Tag so zu regnen anfangen wird. Aber die Eltern haben sich einfach auf den Kinderwagen rauf gelegt, damit der Regen nicht rein kommt. Und der Regen hat uns noch mehr traurig gemacht. Wir haben angefangen so zu heulen und so zu jammern und die Schreie waren bis zum Himmel. Also...also es war so wie ein Chor...alle haben plötzlich angefangen, mit dem Regen zusammen man hat angefangen so zu schreien. Und wir haben geheult. Plötzlich steht auf ein Mann, er war Jude, er hat geheißen Smetana, er war auch Einer von den sogenannten Prominenten, in der Sosnowice jüdischen Zentrale. Und er hielt eine Rede und hat gesagt: „ Nun ist die Selektion fertig. Die, die in Gruppe eins (1) sind, die noch frei sind, die gehen noch an einem Tisch durch und die lassen sich den Lichtbildausweis stempeln. Und die Anderen, die in Gruppe zwei (2), die bleiben noch vorläufig in der Kultusgemeinde in Dabrowa. Die wird man dann noch mal untersuchen. Die dritte (3.) Gruppe geht nach Auschwitz.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.883,6332.345"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat er gesagt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6332.345,6332.89"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, hat er gesagt und zwar so: „Es soll es niemand wagen, sich jetzt auf der Strasse zu zeigen und wer sich auf der Strasse zeigt, der kommt mit Nummer 3, das heißt zum Evakuieren.“ Das war aber—obwohl man es vorher auch gewusst hat—dass wenn man es zur Sprache bringt, dass man vielleicht einen grösseren Eindruck auf den Menschen macht—die Leute haben angefangen zu Schreien, aber so arg, dass die Deutsche haben gedacht, es wird etwas vorkommen und die haben angefangen zu schießen in die Luft. Nun, man hat uns beruhigt mit Schießen, man hat sich vollkommen beruhigt. Sie haben die Lichtbildausweise abgestempelt und wir sind durch eine andere Strasse nach Hause gekommen. Wir haben so einen Halbkreis gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6332.89,6373.178"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und Ihre Mutter ist dort geblieben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6373.178,6374.323"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Meine Mutter ist dort geblieben und dann habe ich nichts mehr gewusst von ihr. Nur Nummer eins (1) frei gelassen worden, wir sind nach Hause gegangen. Also wir waren nur junge Leute und nur Kräftige. Ich...ich mein...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6374.323,6384.617"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War Ihre Schwester auch dabei?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6384.617,6385.642"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, meine Schwester auch. Da war ein Junge, der vielleicht fünf und zwanzig (25) Jahre alt war, der war so aufgeregt, er ist vielleicht nervös...oder vielleicht nervös krank gewesen...und er ist vorbei an einem Zaun, verstehen Sie...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6385.642,6400.913"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: An einem Zaun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6400.913,6401.637"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: An einem Zaun, da waren längliche Pfähle an der Erde eingebaut und ich weiß nicht, woher er die Kräfte gehabt hat, aber das...aber das haben nicht seine Kräfte gemacht, sondern seine Nerven, da bin ich überzeugt, denn da gibt es keine menschliche Kraft, die das im Stande ist...so war seine Kraft, man hat gar nichts gemerkt. Er hat einfach seine Hand dort hin und er hat den Pfahl heraus gezogen...vor Aufregung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6401.637,6422.366"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6422.366,6424.19"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und wir sind so zurück gegangen, wie vom Friedhof. Wir haben so geheult. Als wir nach Hause kamen, war die Tür abgeschlossen. Wir haben vergessen den Schlüssel...von der Mutter den Schlüssel zu nehmen. Die Tür war abgesperrt. Wir haben eine Scheibe ausgeschlagen und wir sind rein. Was kann man machen, man durfte sich nicht auf der Strasse zeigen. Aber es hat uns doch, es hat uns doch nicht folgen lassen. Ich bin bald wieder raus. Ich habe nur einen einzigen Juden gehen...gehen gesehen und ich wollte zur jüdischen Gemeinde laufen. Ich weiß nicht warum, denn ich habe gewusst, dass meine Mutter doch nach Bensburg gekommen ist, denn sie war Nummer drei (3). Aber ich habe es versucht und ich bin gegangen. Die Polizei war überall und wir haben uns versteckt...sind von einem Haus zum Zweiten gelaufen, so dass sie uns nicht gesehen haben. Endlich war ich bei der jüdischen Kultusgemeinde. Oben war so ein Balkon und da waren sie alle abgesperrt, aber man hat ihnen den Gefallen gemacht, man hat sie auf den Balkon raus gelassen. Und plötzlich höre ich meine Mutter rufen meinen Namen. Ich schaue hoch und ich seh meine Mutter. Und ich sah meine Mutter. Sie hielt den Schlüssel in der Hand und schmeißt ihn von der Weite. Ich habe nicht gewusst, was mir passiert. Ich habe nicht gewusst was passiert ist. dass sie in Nummer zwei (2) kommt, denn sie war doch Nummer drei (3). Also ich war wirklich—man hat doch gesagt, dass die Nummer zwei (2) über Nacht in Dabrowa bleiben wird und danach werden sie nochmal untersucht. Ich bin nach Hause gegangen, ich habe das gleich meiner Schwester gesagt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6424.19,6512.857"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dass sie in Nummer zwei (2) ist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6512.857,6515.088"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Das habe ich gleich meiner Schwester erzählt, weil ich wusste, dass sie Nummer zwei (2) ist und dass sie ein bisschen Freude hätte. Aber es hat keine Stunde gedauert und da hat man sie alle...alle Leute genommen und meine Mutter war auch dabei und man hat sie zu Fuß nach Bensburg getrieben. Als wie ich nachher erfahren habe, hat man sie wie...wie Vieh getrieben. Sie mussten Einer dem Zweiten auf die Beine treten. Und so hat, was ich gehört...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6515.088,6541.11"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Männer und Frauen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.11,6541.63"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Männer und Frauen. Und wenn sie es nicht gemacht haben, da haben sie gleich den Stock mit genommen...mit welchem...also das war ihr Dolmetscher. Sie wollten sich nicht, hm...sie haben gesagt: „Sie würden weder das Maul noch die Hand schmutzig machen.“ Sie haben den Stock als Dolmetscher genommen und wenn jemand sich nicht ordentlich unterworfen hat, dann hat er es mit dem Stock bekommen. Wir sind zu Hause geblieben, wir durften doch nicht raus gehen. Und wir haben auch nicht genau gewusst wohin man die Leute geführt hat. Doch haben wir vermutet, dass sie doch auch nach Bensburg geschafft wurden...in die...das Waisenheim. Als es morgens sechs (6) Uhr...ich habe Ihnen vorhin erzählt, dass ich eine Erlaubnis nach Bensburg gehabt habe—um dorthin zu gehen, weil ich dort gearbeitet habe. Da hab ich den ersten Tram genommen und ich bin nach Bensburg gefahren. Ich komme hin zu dem Waisenhaus, also eine Strasse,die zu dem Waisenhaus geführt hat. Da hat mir ein Jude gesagt, ich soll nicht hin zu dem Waisenhaus, denn dort stehen die Gestapo Leute und wenn die mich sehen, dann werd ich mitgenommen. So habe ich gedacht: ,Ich will mit meiner Mutter zusammen sein, aber wenn ich frei bin, kann ich vielleicht doch etwas tun, um sie zu retten. Wenn wir beide drin sind, dann haben wir keine Hoffnung’. Ich hab die Tram genommen und bin weiter gefahren, ohne dass ich an mich gedacht hätte. Und das alles hat zur gleichen Zeit in Dabrowa, Sosnowice und Bensburg stattgefunden. Der einzige Unterschied war der, dass in Dabrowa ist es in nur einem Tag erledigt worden, weil es nur fünftausend (5 000) Köpfe waren, in Bensburg und Sosnowice hat es noch bis morgen auch gedauert. Es war am Mittwoch und am Donnerstag hat es noch immer gedauert...nachdem die Selektion hat stattgefunden, hat es noch immer gedauert. Ich habe die Tram genommen und bin gefahren—ohne dass ich ein Ziel habe. Und da war eine Haltestelle und ich steige aus, ohne dass ich wusste, was ich mache und ich gehe und da stand ich vor einem Haus, wo meine Tante gewohnt hat. Also ich bin gelaufen, als ob ich geschlafen hätte. Und ich komme hinauf und meine Kusine weint. Ich durfte sie nicht mehr fragen über gar nichts. Ich habe ihr auch nicht erzählt über meine Mutter, [unverständlich; starkes Rauschen im Tonband]. Ich habe ihr gar nichts erzählt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.63,6680.624"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [unverständlich]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6680.624,6684.514"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich habe ihr nichts erzählt, ich habe nicht geweint und ich ging hinaus. Ich ging hinaus, da ich selbst nicht [unverständlich; Tonband sehr schlecht] und ich habe wieder die Tram genommen. Da habe ich wieder eine Kusine von mir gesehen, aus Sosnowice. Also ihr Eltern haben auch in Dobrowa Konijia gewohnt. Genau an dem Tag der Selektion haben sie bei uns gewohnt. Bis eine Woche zurück haben sie bei uns gewohnt, weil man sie von einer Strasse ausgewiesen hat . Und sie hatten keine Wohnung mehr und da haben sie mit uns gewohnt. Ich habe gewusst, dass ihre Eltern auch zu Nummer drei (3) gekommen sind. Ich habe nichts erzählen wollen, aber ich hab gleich gesehen, dass sie schon davon weiß, weil sie hat schrecklich geweint. Ich habe sie nur begrüßt, aber wir haben kein Wort mehr gesprochen. Sie hat aber große Protektion der Kultusgemeinde gehabt. Und ich habe gedacht nun eigentlich sie zu fragen um Hilfe, aber da ihre Eltern auch in der selben Lage waren, hätte sie doch bestimmt...und das hätte ich auch an ihrer Stelle gemacht, zuerst ihre Eltern zu retten versucht. Ich habe nichts gesagt, nur dass meine Mutter auch dort ist in dem Waisenhaus und ich bin wieder nach Hause gefahren. Als ich nach Hause kam, stand beim Tram alle...alle Juden, die zu Hause geblieben sind. Und die haben gebeten die Miliz vielleicht kann man das machen und vielleicht kann man das machen. Und am selben Tag hat ein...ein, ein Jude hat zwanzig tausend (20 000) Mark gegeben...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6684.514,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,6781.822"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . einen jüdischen Miliz, dass er seinen Vater retten soll. Also, ich muss Ihnen sagen, es war die Möglichkeit eines [unverständlich] nur einzelne Personen zu retten. Das heißt, dass nachts hat die jüdischen Miliz Wache gehabt. Nachts, so dass man...dass man, dass sie nicht Jedem auf die Finger geschaut haben. Wenn jemand [unverständlich], dann haben sie nichts gesagt. Also das war für Geld. Aber das war nur ein einzelner Fall, wo der Sohn den Vater gerettet hat mit zwanzig tausend (20 000) Mark. Und so wenn ich wieder nach Dobrowa kam, haben die Leute auf die Miliz gewartet, wo die haben das gemacht. Wenn man einen Brief aufgegeben hat, kostet das ungeheuer viel Geld oder nur um ein Paketchen abzugeben. Was kann ich erwarten? Wir hatten kein Geld. Ich hab...ich hab nichts Anderes tun können, als hoffen. Ich hab damals noch ein bisschen gehofft, aber ich hab es selber nicht glauben wollen, dass ich noch meine Mutter sehen werde. Ich komm nach Hause und erzähle alles meiner Schwester und ich werd...ich fühle...ich werd...ich gehe wieder nach Bensburg. Ich gehe hinein in die Fabrik, wo ich war, wo ich gearbeitet habe. Als ich rein kam, stand der Chef und sein Gehilfe und ich habe plötzlich nur angefangen zu schreien und zu weinen. Und er hat gesagt: „Ja, was ist denn los?“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6781.822,6854.275"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Was haben Sie gesagt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6854.275,6855.632"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sag ich: „Ja, wieso soll ich nicht weinen, wenn meine Mutter zu dem Tod genommen wird?“ Sagt er: „Wer? Sie müssen mir das verständlich sagen, sie müssen [unverständlich]. Wer?“ Sag ich: „Meine Mutter“. Sagt er: „Warte zu, wenn der Matischa kommt—das war sein Vertreter—wird er mit Dir auf die Sonderpolizei gehen. Vielleicht wird er was machen.“ Ich habe ihm gesagt: „Wenn ich meine Mutter nicht mehr hab, dann komm ich nicht mehr zur Arbeit. Es ist mir gleich!“ Er hat es nicht aus Angst vor mir,...weil er Angst vor mir gehabt hat, gemacht. Vielleicht hat er Mitleid mit mir bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6855.632,6887.959"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben mir vorher gesagt, er war ein sehr schlechter Mensch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6887.959,6890.022"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, er war auch ein sehr schlechter Mann, auch zu mir hat er sich sehr hässlich benommen. Und ich habe gewartet, ich bin vor dem Tor gestanden, ich habe auch gewartet auf den Matischa, den Vertreter a, wie die Juden auf den Messias gewartet haben. Ich bin dann wieder zurück und hab mich hin gesetzt und habe geweint. Dann ich war auf den Platz hingegangen hinter der Fabrik und ich habe geweint. Dort ist gewesen das WC und einige Arbeiterinnen von der Fabrik sind auf das WC gegangen und wenn sie gesehen haben, dass ich weine, haben sie gesagt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6890.022,6925.752"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zu der Toilette?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6925.752,6926.57"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . ja, zu der Toilette. : „Abraham, was ist los, warum weinst Du denn?“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6926.57,6931.349"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren das Christen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6931.349,6931.997"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das ware Christliche, ich war nur ein einziger() Jude. Was waren fünfzig (50) Arbeiter und ich war der eine Jude. [unverständlich; Rauschen im Tonband] Und sie haben nur den Kopf geschüttelt, was konnten sie eigentlich machen? Wie sie sind dann reingegangen, haben sie es dem Meister erzählt. Er ist sofort heraus gekommen und hat gesagt: „Warum weinst Du, Deine Mutter ist doch oben bei Derawisch bei der Familie Derawisch ist Deine Mutter oben.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6931.997,6959.169"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was hat er gesagt von Ihrer Mutter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6959.169,6963.119"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Deine Mutter ist doch oben bei Derawisch. Also ich werde Ihnen das erzählen, wer die Familie Derawisch war. In diesem Platz, wo ich gearbeitet habe, das war vorher ein Magazin für,...hm, wie heißt das, für Pferde...Essen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6963.119,6984.601"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Futter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6984.601,6985.415"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Futter für Pferde, Pferdefutter. Und dann lag natürlich alles brach. Und dieser Eigentümer dieses Magazins hatte viel Geld und hatte einige Maschinen eingekauft und wollte sich eine Werkstatt eröffnen. Aber die Deutschen sind gleich wieder gekommen und haben das konfisziert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6985.415,7009.203"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War der ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7009.203,7009.915"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er war nicht Jude, er war ein Pole. Sie haben diesen Platz gefunden, der war gut für ein Werk. Sie wollten es vergrößern, sie haben grossartige Pläne gemacht, sie wollten noch bauen und mehr Maschinen einsetzen. Also sie haben es mittlerweile konfisziert, das ist das Geschäft und zwar, dass es auf den Namen des Deutschen übertragen ist und der Pole ist dort als so ein Anschaffer geblieben, das heißt, er hat Materialien angeschafft und er hat sich um die Arbeit gekümmert, dass es geleistet wird, und so weiter. So ein Aufseher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7009.915,7042.839"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7042.839,7043.292"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber er hat nur ein Gehalt bekommen, mehr nicht. Und in diesem Haus, wo er vorher gewohnt hat, haben auch seine Schwiegereltern gewohnt. Die waren sehr ältlich und weil ich in diesem Werk gearbeitet habe und meine Mutter öfters herüber gekommen ist, obwohl sie durfte nicht nach Bensburg gehen, aber die Leute sind zu Fuß durch die Felder gelaufen. Manchmal war es nötig, wenn ich noch dazu dort geschlafen habe, wie ich Ihnen vorher erzählt habe. Also sie haben sich ein bisschen kennengelernt [unverständlich]. Und er hat gesagt: „Sie ist oben!“ Ich hab damals nicht gewusst momentan, was er zu mir spricht. Ich habe gedacht...ich wollte, wenn ich zu Bewusstsein gekommen bin, was er da gesagt hat...ich wollte ihn küssen...ich weiß einfach nicht, was ich damals machen wollte. Und ich lasse ihn da sehen und ich laufe hinauf. Als ich hinauf kam, sah ich meine Mutter da im Bett und der alte Herr legt Kompressen da auf, auf die Knie...und die alte Frau macht ihr Essen, und so. Sie können sich vorstellen, was ich damals gemacht habe...ich habe meine Mutter geküsst und eben, was man in so einer Situation macht. Und ich hab noch damals...ich bin gar nicht dazu gekommen, sie zu fragen, wieso sie eigentlich hier ist. Ich habe sie stehen gelassen, liegen gelassen. Ich bin gleich nach Hause gefahren und habe die Schwester benachrichtigt und gleich wieder die nächste Tram genommen und habe ihr etwas zu essen mitgebracht. Als ich rauf kam, habe ich sie gefragt: „Mutter, wie hast Du das gemacht? Wieso bis Du hier her gekommen, wieso?“ Und sie hat mir Folgendes erzählt. Diese Nacht hat man sie auf den zweiten (2.) Stock des Waisenhauses hinauf geführt. Also ihre Gruppe Nummer zwei (2). Dagegen Nummer 3, die bestimmt waren weg zu fahren, die waren auf dem dritten (3.) Stock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7043.292,7155.796"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie ist sie in den zweiten (2.) Stock gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7155.796,7157.973"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein Moment. Ich habe sie eben das gefragt. Wie bist Du eigentlich in Nummer zwei (2) gekommen? Sie hat mir dies gesagt. Also wenn ich befreit worden war, hat sie angefangen zu denken an sich. Sie hat gewusst, dass es nicht nur um sie geht, sondern dass sie von uns getrennt sein wird. Und als der Regen anfing...anfing und es war schon fünf (5) und die Leute begannen zu weinen, hat die Miliz geschaut, die Leute zu beruhigen. Und damals hat sie die Gelegenheit ausgenützt und sie ist zu Nummer zwei (2) rüber. Sie konnte aber damals auch in Nummer eins (1) rüber, aber sie wusste noch nicht, was das Eins und das Zwei ist. Man hat es nicht gewusst, denn es waren verschiedene Leute dort in jeder Gruppe. Denn ich habe Ihnen ja erzählt, dass wenn in einer Familie eine Minderheit nur gearbeitet hat, dann wurde die ganze Familie ausgewiesen, ja. Aber wir haben das damals noch nicht gewusst, und wir haben nicht gedacht, dass sie nach dem Alter und dem Aussehen schauen und dadurch waren viele verschiedene Leute in einer Gruppe drinnen. Zum Beispiel, in einer Familie, wo nur ein Sohn gearbeitet hat und der Sohn war ein sehr Schöner, gut entwickelt, er war trotzdem in Gruppe 3. Und wir haben damals noch nicht gewusst, dass es sich da um die Minderheit handelt. Aber meine Mutter hat gedacht zwei (2) sei gut und so ist sie dorthin gegangen. Also damals ist es ihr gelungen, sich in Gruppe zwei (2) rüber zu schmuggeln und sie hat gemeint, das wäre ich sicher, da wäre ich frei. Aber sie hat sich gewundert, warum dass die Schwester und ich nicht dort waren und sie hat gesehen, dass sie einen großen Fehler gemacht hat. Aber dann konnte sie nicht mehr weiter und sie ist in Nummer zwei (2) geblieben. Also auf diese Weise hat sie sich vorläufig von drei (3) gerettet. Also als sie...wenn sie in den ersten Stock rauf kam, versuchte sie alles zu machen, um von dort zu entrinnen...zu entkommen. Aber die ganze Nacht sie sind gesessen und die Leute sind heraus durch die Tür und wollten durch das Tor heraus. Und wenn man so Einen geschnappt hat, dann hat man ihn rauf in den dritten (3.) Stock. Also das hat auch schon [unverständlich] mitgemacht, da haben sie ihn auf den dritten (3.) Stock geführt. Also das war schon ein großes Risiko zu versuchen von Nummer zwei (2) weg zu kommen, die Leute hatten sich gewünscht Nummer zwei (2) zu sein auf dem ersten (1.) Stock, das sind alles die, die auf dem dritten (3.) Stock waren. Schließlich was sich da an diesem Abend abgespielt hat, diese Schlägereien und so weiter, das will ich nicht, das ist jetzt nicht hier zu betonen. Aber ich will Ihnen erzählen, wie meine Mutter von dort gerettet worden ist. Schließlich es war fünf (5) Uhr in der Früh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7157.973,7312.121"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Abends oder in der Früh?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7312.121,7313.267"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war fünf (5) Uhr morgens und um halb sechs (6) sollte die Gestapo die Wache übernehmen. Aber es hat kein Mensch gewusst, das hat sich erst später ausgewiesen. Es war fünf (5) Uhr und da hat meine Mutter bemerkt, dass ein Mann einen Riemen...den Riemen von den Hosen nimmt, hat den ans Fenster und schwupps—raus aus dem Fenster.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7313.267,7331.011"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Mann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7331.011,7331.967"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein Mann und er ist runter gesprungen. Und sie hat nicht gesehen, ob er entflohen ist oder nicht. sie hat nicht viel nachgedacht . Der Riemen ist aber noch hängen geblieben. Und sie hat gar nicht nach gedacht und sie hat etwas Angst bekommen, weil das gar nicht zu einer Frau gehört. Und sie hat das Selbe gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7331.967,7347.57"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hoch war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7347.57,7348.288"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war der erste (1.) Stock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7348.288,7349.582"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, aber das war wirklich der zweite...[beide sprechen]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7349.582,7351.593"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, und es war ziemlich hoch, denn der Parterre war ziemlich hoch. Es war nicht so ein einfaches Haus, der Parterre war auch so wie ein halber Stock. Es war ziemlich hoch. Man musste viel Mut haben, das zu machen. Und da sie niemals solche Sachen gemacht hat und weiß nicht, wie man das machen soll. Und statt auf die Zehen zu landen, ist sie auf den ganzen Fuß gesprungen und sie hat Fußverletzung gehabt, das Band...[unverständlich]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7351.593,7379.135"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7379.135,7379.904"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und es hat geplatzt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7379.904,7382.738"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das Gelenk?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7382.738,7383.975"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das Gelenk hat geplatzt und sie konnte schon nicht mehr laufen. Sie konnte nicht mehr aufstehen. Und das hat eine Wache—ein Miliz—bemerkt und er wollte sie wieder hinein schleppen—und zwar in Gruppe. Und da ist ein Mädel gekommen, die mit uns zusammen...die mit uns zusammenwohnt, also ein Nachbarin von uns, auch eine Jüdin, der...wo auch ihre Mutter im Waisenhaus war. Auch sie wollte etwas für ihre Mutter machen. Wenn sie sieht, dass er meine Mutter wieder in das Waisenhaus schleppt, da hat sie einfach Mut bekommen und sie war stark und da hat sie es...da hat sie gesagt zu ihm, wenn er meine Mutter nicht frei lässt, dann wird sie da etwas machen. Und ich weiß nicht wieso und meine Mutter weiß es auch nicht, aber er hat sie frei gelassen und ist wieder zum Tor gegangen und hat wieder seine Wache aufgenommen und hat sich um die Mutter nicht mehr gekümmert. Und meine, Mutter ist auf die Knie gelaufen, weil auf die Beine konnte sie nicht mehr gehen und das war einen Kilometer entfernt von der Fabrik, wo ich gearbeitet habe. Und sie ist dort hinaus und mittlerweile hat sie sich gerettet. Wir haben sie gebracht wieder zurück nach Dobrowa, sie konnte nicht gehen. Aber sie konnte nicht, denn sonst hätten wir gedacht, dass wir dort über die Felder laufen und es sieht uns niemand. Aber sie konnte nicht laufen. Ich habe mich an meinen Chef gewendet. Ich habe ihn gefragt um einen Rat. Vielleicht könnten Sie mir eine Bescheinigung geben, dass meine Mutti hier beschäftigt ist, damit sie [unverständlich] tun kann, wenn sie jemand sieht. Also sagte er, ich soll den Kutscher holen, er soll die Pferde spannen, einen vollen Wagen mit Heu und die Mutti darunter. So habe ich es gemacht und ich habe meine Mutter nach Hause gebracht. Fünf (5) Wochen ist die Mutter zu Hause gelegen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7383.975,7484.685"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie war zu Hause, obwohl sie dort auf der Liste war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7484.685,7485.499"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich versteh nicht, was sie meinen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7485.499,7499.2"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat man Ihre Mutter nicht in Nummer 2 reingenommen, ja eigentlich Nummer 3. Haben die keine Liste gehabt, wer dort war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7499.2,7506.253"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, es war gar keine Liste. Die, die man gehalten hat, die hat man gehalten. Die brauchten keine Liste, denn sie haben die Leute so bewachen können, dass fast niemand entfliehen konnte, nicht sehr Viele konnten flüchten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7506.253,7517.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber hat man dort keinen Appell gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7517.998,7520.483"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, nein, nein, kein Name war auf einer Liste. Es war nur das Einzige, dass der Lichtbildausweis meiner Mutter nicht gestempelt war. Nun in diesem Zusammenhang möchte ich Ihnen noch etwas erzählen von diesen Lichtbildausweisen. Meine Mutter hatte einen Regenmantel angehabt. Und als sie oben war, hat sie den Regenmantel ausgezogen, denn es war so heiß. In diesem Regenmantel hat sie alle ihre Ausweise gehabt, die Sonderausweise und den Lichtbildausweis. Nun wie wir nach Hause gekommen sind, haben wir immer Angst gehabt ohne die Ausweise weg zu gehen. Erstens muss man die Ausweise an sich haben...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7520.483,7550.664"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7550.664,7551.222"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und zweitens musste der Ausweis gestempelt sein. Die alle, die zu Hause geblieben sind, haben sie doch die Ausweise gestempelt gehabt. Aber sie hat den Regenmantel verloren und ohne Ausweis durfte man sich nicht auf der Strasse zeigen. Sogar zu Hause war man nicht sicher. Nur wenn ein Beamter dich angehalten hat und gesagt hat: „Zeig mir Dein Lichtbild.“ Und wenn man den nicht hat...so sind man schon ohne...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7551.222,7577.618"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7577.618,7578.13"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also wir haben versucht zu fragen verschiedene Beamten, vielleicht können sie das holen, aber er hat sich darum gekümmert. Sie hatten natürlich selber ihre Sachen zu erledigen. Die Mutter ist vier (4) Wochen im Bett gelegen und sie hat...man hat ihr das Bein gegipst.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7578.13,7594.142"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer hat das getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7594.142,7594.952"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das hat getan ein...ein Arzt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7594.952,7597.975"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein jüdischer Arzt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7597.975,7598.656"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war ein polnischer Arzt, der ist auch so illegal gekommen. Er durfte nicht. Man hat ihn gut bezahlt, er ist gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7598.656,7605.157"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Woher haben Sie das Geld gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7605.157,7606.74"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, wir haben Vieles verkauft. Man hat einfach vom Anziehen verkauft, man hat weniger gegessen und fertig, wenn es sich um so eine Sache handelt. Eines Tages kommt Einer...ein gewisser Jütkevidz hat er geheißen, auch von Bensburg, kommt zu meiner Mutter und sagt, dass ich, hm, oder meine Schwester hinkommen sollen nach Bensburg, um den Lichtbildausweis und den Regenmantel meiner Mutter...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7606.74,7634.313"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Abzuholen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7634.313,7634.871"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . abzuholen. Da haben wir die Augen aufgestellt, denn wir haben nicht gewusst, was er zu uns spricht. Also ich bin gleich nach Benzburg gefahren und als ich hinkam erzählte mir meine Kusine Folgendes: sie hat einen Bekannten, einen Miliz, der zu ihr rauf kommt—also sie war schon verheiratet—das war nur so ein Freund und der ist raufgekommen und erzählte—er sagte ihr, dass ein Lichtbild gefunden hat und er weiß nicht, wem es gehört. So nimmt er heraus den Lichtbildausweis und wie meine Kusine das Photo darauf sieht, hat sie meine Mutter erkennt und hat gesagt: „Das ist doch meine Tante.“ Also auf diese Art und Weise hat meine Mutter den Lichtbildausweis zurück bekommen. Also ich mein...und den Mantel auch. Also...die ganze Sache, es klingt mehr...als, als ein Märchen, wie eine Legende, denn es hat sich alles so zusammen gestellt...der Ausweis...und dass wirklich durch eine Nachbarin von uns, die das in den Händen der Miliz gefunden hat und dass sie ihren Ausweis zurück bekommen hat. Das ist doch unglaublich! Mir selber ist es auch so, so etwas sehr Wunderliches vorgekommen. Also ich meine, wie eine Sache sich zusammen stellen kann.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7634.871,7702.211"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7702.211,7704.141"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun ja, also das war alles von dieser Evakuation! Den Rest hat man nach Auschwitz geschickt. Und damals sind ganz große Transporte nach Auschwitz gegangen. Sie können sich nicht vorstellen, was damals am Bahnhof war, wenn man die Leute nach Auschwitz transportiert hat. Man hat, man hat so Viele zusammen gestopft—Kinder und alte Frauen und Männer...alles in einem Wagon, ohne dass man wenigstens zum Stehen Platz hat. Viele sind gleich kaputt gegangen schon während des Fahrens. Die Türen waren zugenagelt, Essen hat man ihnen nicht gegeben. Und es war noch damals zwar Sommer, es war nach der [unverständlich; polnisches Wort]—es war im zehnten (10.) Monat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7704.141,7742.897"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, im Oktober?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7742.897,7744.043"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Im zehnten Monat, ja im Oktober. Also wir sind zu Hause geblieben und man hat damals schon so...man hat so sehen können, wie Viele fehlen. Weil bis damals hat man nur Stückerlweise genommen, nicht wahr, einige Wenige. Obwohl insgesamt, wenn man es zusammen rechnet, hat man eine ganze Menge schon weg geschickt. Aber man hat...man hat es so systematisch gemacht. [unverständlich] genau wie ein Mensch. Wenn man mit ihm zusammen lebt, merkt man nicht, wie er sich entwickelt. Wenn man aber einen Menschen nach zehn (10) Jahren sieht, kann man ihn fast nicht erkennen. Man sieht den Unterschied,...den kolossalen Unterschied. So war es auch bei diesem. Man hat auf einmal gesehen den Unterschied, wie Viele gefehlt haben. Man hat nur junge Leute gesehen, weil die Alten hat man alle weg geschickt. Also die Stimmung war furchtbar und wir haben etwas bemerkt und zwar, dass das lange nicht halten wird. Man hat gesehen, dass alles schon so zugrunde geht, man hat nur so gelebt. Man hat schon keine Lust. Bis damals hat man noch das gehabt, dass man sich ein bisschen anzieht, dass man so einen guten Eindruck macht, darauf hatte man dann gar keine Lust. Man ist zur Arbeit gegangen, weil man musste, man hat gearbeitet und man hat gehandelt, weil man leben muss und weil man essen muss. Aber sonst mit jedem Interesse hat man das nicht gehabt. Und dann habe ich Ihnen schon erzählt, was nachher passiert ist. Man hat mich genommen und schließlich...war ich bei den Leuten von Renow. Die sind gekommen, es war so furchtbar eng, wir haben gleich durch den Schmutz Läuse bekommen. Es war furchtbar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7744.043,7839.631"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Läuse?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7839.631,7840.25"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Läuse. Und es war so. Es war ein Transport von Mädels und von Jungen, die gekommen sind in den Dulag. Die Mädels haben im Parterre und ersten Stock gewohnt. Wir haben im zweiten (2.) und dritten (3.) Stock gewohnt. Wir durften die Mädels nicht sehen. Und ein Mädel hatte dort einen...einen Kavalier, einen Verlobten und Sie wissen ja, dass man schon in so einem Fall resigniert. Sie hat die Chance genommen und sie ist rauf gegangen und der Lagerführer hat sie geschnappt. Und dadurch sehen Sie den Sadismus dieses Mannes. Der hat nicht geschaut, dass es eine Frau ist und zwar ein Mädel und er hat sie so lange geschlagen, er hat ihr die Augen ausgeschlagen mit einer Peitsche. Das habe ich das erste Mal in meinem Leben gesehen, so was...so ein Schlagen. Und ich habe gedacht, das sei schon das Schlimmste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7840.25,7895.135"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben das selbst gesehen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7895.135,7896.637"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das habe ich selbst gesehen. Und ich habe gedacht, das sei schon das Schlimmste. Und ich habe mir damals nicht vorstellen können, dass es etwas Schlimmeres gibt. Obwohl bis damals habe ich immer gemeint, das sei schon das Schlimmste.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7896.637,7907.837"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie alt waren Sie da?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7907.837,7909.177"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war schon Ende neunzehn hundert zwei und vierzig (1942), also ich war schon vierzehn (14) Jahre, schon vierzehn (14) Jahre.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.177,7913.956"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Vierzehn (14) Jahre.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7913.956,7916.443"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ich habe schon damals gedacht, das sei schon das Schlimmste. Aber nachher habe ich eben heraus gefunden, dass es noch so viel Stufen über diesen liegen, dass man es sich gar nicht vorstellen kann. Und von diesen Einzelheiten, die hier waren...man war schon...man hat schon Hunger bekommen und das Essen war nicht immer so, dass man es essen konnte. Dann hat man sich daran gewöhnt. Man hat immer gesehen, dass man einen zweiten Teller Suppe bekommt, man hat riskiert, dass man auch eine Ohrfeige bekommt, es hat nichts ausgemacht. Wir waren dort sieben (7) Tage. Unter diesen schrecklichen Bedingungen waren wir sieben (7) Tage. Dann ist gekommen...man hat gesagt, dass hundert...hundert neun und zwanzig (129) Mann nach Markstadt gehen, in ein Arbeitslager in Markstadt. Wenn Sie wollen wissen, wo Markstadt ist, das ist in der Nähe von Breslau. In der Nähe von Breslau da war eine Baustelle von Krupp. Man hat dort die Krupp Werke hergestellt. Dort waren schon zwei tausend Juden, als ich hin kam. Man hat noch viele Arbeiter gebraucht. Die Arbeit hatte begonnen für die Firma und man brauchte noch viel mehr. Aber da sie keine deutschen Arbeiter hatten und die Polnischen waren auch alle beschäftigt, also sie müssen Juden haben. Man hat von uns hundert neun und zwanzig (129) Mann hin geschickt, dazwischen waren neun und zwanzig (29) Frauen. Die neun und zwanzig (29) Frauen waren Deutsche zum größten Teil die, die jemand von die Männer gehabt haben. Das heißt, Verheiratete, Verlobte oder einen Bruder. Also solche waren von die Frauen, es waren einige hundert Frauen, aber die sind zu anderer Zeit angekommen, wann weiß ich nicht. Aber diese neun und zwanzig (29) Frauen sind mit uns gekommen. Also fast alle waren verwandt mit den Männern von den Übrigen. Also,...wir sind damals noch in Personenzügen gefahren, wir sind nach Markstadt gekommen. Es war...es war schon damals Winter. Es war kalt und nachts haben wir nichts gesehen. Wir haben erst gesehen, wir sind da auf einem großen Feld...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7916.443,8043.254"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sind Sie mit Zügen gefahren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8043.254,8045.018"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, mit Züge. Das ist ja ungeheuer weit, das haben sie vielleicht wegen der Entfernung gemacht. [unverständlich] Jedenfalls sind wir mit Zügen gefahren. Als wir dahin kamen, das haben wir noch nichts gesehen. Wir kommen hin auf den Platz und da kommt der Wachhabende raus. Also der Wachhabende hat nicht so schrecklich ausgesehen, man war schon gewöhnt an diese Uniformen. Und dann kommt ein Herr raus mit einem Ledermantel und hatte so eine harte, fest Stimme, so eine Befehlsstimme und spricht deutsch. Na und dann hab ich gleich...habe ich bemerkt einen Judenstern, es hat gezeigt, dass er Jude ist. Und er hat damals keine spezielle Rede gehalten, aber er hat nur gleich die Schieber, das heißt die jüdischen Capos gerufen, die dafür bestellt waren und er hat gesagt wohin und in welche Baracken wir gehen sollen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8045.018,8106.633"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie haben Sie die genannt? „Schieber“?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8106.633,8108.22"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Schieber, ja, Kolonnen-Schieber oder Kolonnenführer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8108.22,8118.185"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8118.185,8119.889"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun sagte man uns aufstellen zu...zu viert. Ja, zu viert—in diesem Lager ist man zu viert marschiert. Bis dann—vom Bahnhof zum Platz sind wir zu fünft marschiert. Und dann haben sie gesagt „Antreten!“ und wir haben das nicht gewusst, dass man da zu viert geht und wir haben uns aufgestellt zu fünft. Da waren drei (3) Brüder dazwischen, die waren in unserem Transport und die wollten zusammen in einer Reihe stehen, damit sie auch zusammen schlafen gehen sollen. Aber da wir zu fünft aufgestellt waren, ist es so gewesen, dass jeder fünfte (5.) Mann weggehen musste. Und es war auch das Schicksal von einem der drei (3) Brüder, dass er auch von den zwei (2) Brüdern getrennt werden musste. Und er war noch nicht gewöhnt, dass man so...dass man so einem Capo nicht widerreden darf. Wenn er es darf, dann muss man sich einig sein und man muss es sofort ausüben. Und er hat gesagt, das ist doch mein Bruder. Und da hat er ihm Verschiedene runter gehauen, aber so arg...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8119.889,8180.949"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War das ein jüdischer Capo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8180.949,8182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das war ein jüdischer Capo. Also das nagt auf den Menschen, das macht dass man ein [unverständlich; Tonband sehr schlecht—laut und leise und viel Rauschen]. Hier ist ein Jud und er schlägt mich. Man sagt ich, er ist ein Jude und er ist genau das selbe, wie ich, aber weil er [unverständlich]...das macht etwas, das macht Angst und das macht revolutionär—man sagt, das kann ich nicht machen, ich kann das Maul nicht halten. Das macht etwas in dem Menschen. Und den Anderen macht es noch mehr als dem, der eigentlich geschlagen wird. Und ich muss es leider bedauern, ich schäme mich direkt, dass ich so eine Sache erzählen muss, aber es war so—die reine Wahrheit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8182.0,8228.656"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8228.656,8229.59"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja und nachdem der Jüdische dem Mann eine runter gehaut hat, ist gekommen einer der Polizisten, die uns hier her geführt haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8229.59,8243.428"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes Spool 87—we are going over to 88.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8243.428,8268.141"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This is Spool 91, and is a continuation of Kimmelmann’s report from Spool 88.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8268.141,8280.433"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also Sie haben dort gearbeitet und haben sich an das Essern allmählich gewöhnt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8280.433,8290.34"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun das ist...[Tonband setzt aus]...das ich so...einen kleinen Teil...von dem Essen, was ich Ihnen bis jetzt erzählt habe. Nun will ich aber...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8290.34,8305.432"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben erzählt, von dem Jungen, der zehn (10 Liter Suppe gegessen hat, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8305.432,8310.544"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Nun will ich Ihnen aber die allgemeinen Bedingungen im Lager...wir man im Lager überhaupt gelebt hat, erzählen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.544,8316.348"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8316.348,8316.83"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Morgens, das heißt um fünf (5) Uhr früh „Wach auf!“ Um fünf (5) Uhr waren wir auf, das heißt man musste sich schnell anziehen und waschen, wer es gewollt hat, im Anfang haben wir uns noch alle gewaschen, weil wir waren das noch von zu Hause gewöhnt. Und um halb sechs (6) war Appell, das heißt antreten, wir mussten antreten auf dem Appellplatz. Es war so üblich in diesem Lager, dass drei (3) Mal Antreten war. Es waren Gruppen, die weit weg von dem Lager gearbeitet haben, ich habe auch dazu gehört. Wir sind um sechs Uhr vom Lager wegmarschiert. Da war noch vorher eine Frühschicht Gruppe, das heißt, die schon um sechs (6) Uhr zu arbeiten begonnen haben und die sind noch um fünf (5) Uhr angetreten. Und die letzte Gruppe war um halb sieben (7), also die, die in der Nähe vom Lager gearbeitet haben und nicht mehr als eine halbe ( ½ ) Stunde dort hin gebraucht haben. Der Appell ist in dieser Weise vorgekommen, dass wir uns Gruppen-...Firmenweise, je nach Kommando, haben wir angetreten. Der Schieber hat gewusst, dass er so und so viele Leute haben muss und der Vorstand ist raus gekommen auf den Platz, da war es fünfzehn (15) Minuten vor sechs (6) und er hat schnell zwei (2) Pfiffe gegeben, dass die Schieber sich versammeln und hat ausgerufen nach der Firma. Es hat zum Beispiel gerufen die Firma Basow und dann hat der Vorstand gesagt „zwei und zwanzig“ (22) oder et cetera und dann hat er die Arbeitszettel verteilt und dann sind...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8316.83,8418.697"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was heißt Arbeitszettel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8418.697,8419.934"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das heißt solche Zettel, die die Meister abgeben müssen und der Meister hat unterschrieben, dass alle zur Arbeit gekommen waren, nicht wahr. Dann sind die Schieber wieder zu ihrer Kolonne zurück gekommen und um sechs (6) Uhr, genau um sechs (6) Uhr ist der Wachhabende mit dem dicken Bauch, ist herein gekommen so ganz grossartig. Und der Vorstand hat geschrien, wenn er seine Meldung gemacht hat „Alles Achtung—still gestanden, Kappen ab“.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8419.934,8447.753"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und war er ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8447.753,8449.008"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war ein Jude, ja. Er war polnischer Offizier beim polnischen Militär und hat es sehr gut gemacht—„Herr Wachhabender, ich werde gehorsam melden, so und so viel Juden sind angetreten“.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8449.008,8460.846"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War der Lagerkommandant ein Jude?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8460.846,8462.351"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, der Lagerkommandant war ein doch Christ, ein Deutscher, der Lagerführer, der Vorstand war ein Jude. Er hat gesagt: „Herr Kommandant, wir haben so und so viele Juden zur Arbeit angetreten, so und so viel sind im Revier, so und so viel Frühschicht, so und so viel Tagschicht, insgesamt so und so viele.“ Also jeden Tag war der selbe Rapport und als das fertig war—es hat nur gedauert einige Minuten, oder vielleicht war es noch ein bisschen länger, wenn man früh angetreten ist, bis die Wache sich versammelt hat, dieser Wachmeister ist gekommen zu seiner Kolonne und er war bestimmt und hat uns geführt bewacht zu der Arbeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8462.351,8502.773"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Wachen waren SS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8502.773,8504.309"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein. Damals noch nicht, sie waren keine SS, ich habe Ihnen doch erzählt, es war die Wehrmacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8504.309,8508.421"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, die Wehrmacht, aber es war Militär.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8508.421,8510.462"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, es war Militär, Deutsche, die zu Urlaub gekommen sind oder solche, die ein bisschen krank waren und zur Front konnten sie nicht mehr gehen zum Kämpfen, aber für Bewachung waren sie gut...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8510.462,8521.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8521.15,8522.025"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und die haben dieses Amt übernommen. Als wir zu der Baustelle kamen, sind wir in der Firma zu dem Meister gegangen, haben uns gleich wieder angetreten. Der Meister ist raus gekommen und hat uns angeschaut und hat gezeigt jeden auf seinen Platz. Also es waren verschiedene Firmen, es waren Firmen wo man nur Fach...wo nur Facharbeiter gesucht wurden. Aber diese Leute, die haben schon—was die Arbeit anbelangt—die haben es besser gehabt. Denn wenn man seine Facharbeit macht, seinen Beruf, ist das mehr interessant im Vergleich, wenn man so harte Arbeit macht, wo man kein Interesse dafür hat. Obwohl im Großen und Ganzen hat niemand Interesse gehabt für die Deutschen zu leisten. Aber wenn man schon...wenn man weiß, dass man die Arbeit machen muss, dann ist es doch viel besser, wenn man...wenn man eine interessantere Arbeit hat. Aber im Allgemeinein...die Kolonnen waren Strassenarbeit und man hat immer verteilt...die Gruppe geht da und da...so verschiedene. Und wenn es eine große Kolonne war mehrere Wachmeister sind gegangen und der Wachmeister musste den ganzen Tag stehen und uns bewachen. Ich habe eine Zeitlang gearbeitet bei dieser Firma, so Transport und Straßenbau; nach einiger Zeit bin ich dann zu einer anderen Firma übergangen und ich werden Ihnen dann noch weiter erzählen. Ich möchte Ihnen jetzt erzählen, wie die Dinge bei der Arbeit waren und dann wieder im Lager. Also wir haben gearbeitet bis zwölf (12) Uhr ohne eine Unterbrechung...immer mit dem...wie heißt das...dem Geschrei von dem Meister und so weiter...und...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8522.025,8635.406"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8635.406,8636.13"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und von dem Posten, ja wir würden andauernd angeschrieen. Und wir haben einfach bei der...bei der Schaufel gezittert. Um zwölf (12) Uhr haben wir eine halbe ( ½ ) Stunde gehabt; wer...wer noch so viel starken Willen gehabt hat, um das Brot zu behalten bis zwölf (12) Uhr hat es gegessen. Und die Anderen haben zuschauen müssen und Jeder hat sich damals gewünscht, ihm das Brot auf dem Mund raus zu reißen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8636.13,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,8659.632"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und mit gierigen Augen haben sie selber geschaut auf das Brot. Ich weiß es selber, denn wenn ich kein Brot zu Mittag gehabt habe—und das ist sehr oft passiert, es hat nur manchmal passiert, wenn ich Eines gehabt habe, aber meistens sonst habe nichts gehabt—dann habe ich nur geschaut auf die Wenigen, die aßen. Und ich bin dann hinaus, ich hab nicht zuschauen können, wie Andere essen, weil ich furchtbar Hunger gehabt habe. Halb eins sind wir wieder zu der Arbeit gegangen und haben wieder gearbeitet und während dem Tag sind noch gekommen verschiedene Offiziere kontrollieren die Wache und zur gleichen Zeit haben sie auch uns kontrolliert. Und wenn es Einem nicht gepasst hat oder um uns Angst zu machen, haben sie die Namen aufgeschrieben und eine Meldung ist gekommen in das Lager und die Exekution haben—die jüdischen „Kats“—die jüdischen Henker, die sogenannten Henker, die haben das ausgeführt in Gegenwart von dem Wachhabenden haben sie haben die Exekution durchgeführt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8659.632,8718.336"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Worüber haben sie das getan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8718.336,8719.895"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also, das war so. Zum Beispiel: genau wie zu Hause als wir waren, konnten wir auch nicht leben von der Ration, die wir bekommen haben. Wir mussten uns auf irgend eine Weise Essen verschaffen. Und so war es im Lager auch. Es haben viele Zivilarbeiter gearbeitet und man hat es auf irgend eine Weise gedreht. Wenn man noch ein gutes Hemd von zu Hause gehabt hat, dann hat man es verkauft und man ist ohne Hemd gelaufen. Und so...und so, wenn man eine Zigarette eben geschnappt hat, dann hat man sie für Brot vertauscht und so weiter. Das war doch ein großes Verbrechen, dafür hat man geschlagen bekommen oder wenn jemand nicht...nicht speziell gut gearbeitet hat. Also es war auch nicht...man hat es nicht so begriffen, die Leute haben das nicht verstanden oder haben das nicht verstanden oder haben es nicht verstehen wollen. Solche Männer sind tagtäglich in das Lager gekommen und dafür hat man bekommen Schläge mit der Peitsche, was ich Ihnen schon erzählt habe—und es war abhängig, hm,...das Quantum der Schläge war abhängig von der Wache...wie viele er gedacht hat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8719.895,8785.928"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sind Sie mal so dran gekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8785.928,8788.183"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ich hab auch schon mal Schläge bekommen, als...ich habe damals bei der Firma [Name unverständlich] Blech gearbeitet. Das ist eine Firma, welche Bahngeleise...Bahngeleise und Kommunikation—und, und im Winter, es war sehr kalt hat man eine Gruppe zugeteilt in eine fertige Halle. Das war schon damals, das war schon eine Weile später, als ich ein Jahr lange da war. Da bin ich...sind wir in eine Halle zugeteilt worden, das war schon eine fertige Halle, wo man Kanonen ausgearbeitet hat, Hamatten. Dort musste man das Geleise reparieren und ich hatte einige Zigaretten bei mir und es geht vorbei ein Tscheche, ein Ziviler, und er fragte mich, ob ich Zigaretten habe. Denn die haben schon gewusst, dass wir Zigaretten haben, denn wir haben manchmal eine Zuteilung von Zigaretten bekommen und da ich nicht geraucht habe...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8788.183,8837.367"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War der Tscheche ein Häftling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8837.367,8838.961"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, nein, er war kein Häftling. Aber da ich...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8838.961,8841.675"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben Zigaretten als Zuteilung im Lager bekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8841.675,8843.961"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, also nicht immer, aber manches Mal und da ich nicht geraucht habe, habe ich eben es...es gesammelt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8843.961,8848.86"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8848.86,8849.584"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und...ich schaue mich um, ob der Wachmann nicht da ist und ich ging mit ihm auf die Toilette und ich wollte ihm die Zigaretten geben. Aber der Wachmann hat mich beobachtet und ich habe es nicht bemerkt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8849.584,8864.539"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8864.539,8865.209"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und als er sah, dass ich mit ihm rein ging, ist er gleich nach gekommen und hat so ganz langsam die Tür geöffnet...und, und er wollte mir Brot geben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8865.209,8878.792"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Der Tscheche?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8878.792,8879.315"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der Tscheche, ja. Und ich habe noch meine Zigaretten in der Hose versteckt gehabt, weil man durfte sie nicht an sich tragen. Kommt er herein und er hat zu mir gesagt: „Was machst Du da?“ und ich habe gesagt: „Ich geh nur austreten.“ Sagt er: „Ja, Du gehst schwindeln, Du gehst handeln.“ Und ich habe schon kein Wort mehr sprechen können, ich habe gewusst, was mich da erwartet. Und er hat mich gleich genommen und er hat mich auf eine Stelle geführt, dann hat er mich aufgeschrieben. Dann hat er mich ausgezogen und gesucht, ob ich Geld bei mir hätte oder so, aber er hat nichts gefunden, dann ist eine Meldung gekommen ins Lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8879.315,8913.311"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat er die Zigaretten gefunden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8913.311,8914.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die Zigaretten hat er gefunden. Er hat sie sofort zu genommen und eine Meldung in das Lager und wenn ich zurück ins Lager kam, da hat man mich gleich gerufen. Der Vorstand hat schon davon gewusst und er hat uns in gerufen in die „Kaltverpflegungsstube“, also dort von wo man die kalte Verpflegung ausgegeben hat. Dort hat man geschlagen. Der Lagerführer ist herein gekommen, dort haben auch noch andere Jungs gewartet; es waren da noch fünf (5) Jungs, die ohne Posten ins Lager gekommen sind. Sie sind ins Lager gekommen, aber ohne Posten, denn sie waren...sie waren eine Gruppe, die in einer Werkstatt gearbeitet haben und die hatten keinen Posten und der Meister war verantwortlich für sie. Als sie mit der Arbeit...als sie die Arbeit fertig hatten, war schon der Wachmeister mit der grösseren Teil der Kolonnenzahl zu Hause, sie hatten keine Wachmeister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8914.918,8960.432"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben sie warten müssen? Was war die Regel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8960.432,8962.986"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Regel war, dass sie irgendeinen Wachmeister suchen sollen oder sich anschließen oder melden. Und sie haben das nicht gemacht. Und noch Einer, der hat auf dem Bahnhof Rüben gestohlen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8962.986,8972.865"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Also was heißt gestohlen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8972.865,8973.817"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Er hat Hunger gehabt und war froh, dass er eine Rübe gefunden hatte, die rausgerollt ist von einem Wagon. Rüben haben sie...viele, viele Rüben waren auf dem Fußboden und sind verfault geworden, da ist auch eine Meldung über ihn gekommen. Also es war so ungefähr [unverständlich] und als man nach dem Essen ihn schlug, da habe ich nicht mehr zuschauen können und ich habe die Hosen ausgezogen und ich habe mich hin gelegt. Ich hab mich damals so gefürchtet...ich habe die beiden, die mich gehalten haben, habe ich runter geschmissen. Der Stuhl, er Stuhl hat sich...ist unter dem Bauch weggerutscht und wir sind alle drei (3) umgeflogen. Nachdem ich die Schläge bekommen habe, habe ich schon nicht mehr aufstehen können. Schließlich hab ich aufstehen müssen, denn sie haben mich so lange geschlagen, bis ich von der Kaltverpflegungstube raus bin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8973.817,9016.89"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben Sie gesagt??","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9016.89,9021.028"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . bis ich von der Kaltverpflegungstube raus bin, so lange haben sie mich geschlagen. Wenn man Einen geschlagen hat, dann hatte er schon keine Kraft mehr, nicht wahr. Er kann in diesem selben Moment nicht mehr aufstehen, man muss einen Moment liegen und da nützten sie weiter aus die Gelegenheit und haben weiter geschlagen. Wenn man nicht so kräftig ist, um gleich wegzulaufen, bekommt man so lange Schläge bis man einfach muss oder liegen bleiben—ja, so war es.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9021.028,9044.448"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also sie haben Sie losgelassen nach so und so viel Schläge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9044.448,9046.823"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, nach den Schlägen haben sie mich los gelassen,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9046.823,9049.13"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aber sie konnten nicht aufstehen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9049.13,9050.653"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aufstehen habe ich nicht können...aber schließlich bin ich aufgestanden. Ich hab mir nur die Hosen angezogen und ich bin raus u.nd als ich in die Stube kam, da haben mir Bekannte Kompressen gemacht. Und morgens hat man gesehen was ich habe, der Lagerarzt hat gesagt eine Mappe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9050.653,9063.241"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9063.241,9063.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Da waren verschieden Striche—Schwarze und Blaue—und die haben so eine Mappe gebildet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9063.588,9073.643"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Eine Karte gebildet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9073.643,9074.276"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, eine Karte gebildet. Nun ja, nun will ich wieder zurück zu der Arbeit. Nach Mittag haben wir wieder gearbeitet in dieser Firma, wo ich war, bis fünf (5) Uhr. Um fünf (5) Uhr haben wir wieder antreten müssen und um ungefähr sechs (6) Uhr waren wir zu Hause. Dann haben wir wieder Mittag geholt. Und es war noch in diesem Lager ziemlich gut, weil es Baderäume gegeben hat. Man konnte sich baden gehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9074.276,9098.8"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Heißes oder kaltes Wasser?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9098.8,9099.872"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, im Winter war heißes Wasser, da war ein Bademeister eingestellt, der dafür gesorgt hat. Und dann wieder zurück in kalte Zimmer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9099.872,9111.105"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Zimmer wurden nicht geheizt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9111.105,9112.592"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Zimmer wurden nicht beheizt, sie hatten keine Kohlen. Und nachdem...nachdem, als das Mittagessen fertig waren haben wir uns gebadet und jeden Tag haben zwei andere Mann Dienst gehabt, die kalte Verpflegung zu holen und das Zimmer sauber zu machen und um zehn (10) Uhr musste sein Licht aus; und jeder muss im Bett liegen. So da fing an die richtige Tragödie. Erstens, ob es Winter war, ob es kalt war, musste man die ganze Nacht im Zimmer Nachtwache halten. Also wir waren sechs und zwanzig (26) Mann auf einer Stube und wir haben es so ausgemacht, dass jede Stunde ein Anderer Nachtwache hat. Das war so ungefähr, dass jeder jeden dritten Tag Wache halten musste—jeden dritten (3.) Tag eine Stunde.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9112.592,9163.155"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie lange?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9163.155,9164.14"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Eine Stunde. Es war nur eine Stunde, aber mitten im Schlaf—und wir haben so und so nicht so viel Stunden zum Schlafen gehabt—da musste man aufstehen, ob es kalt war oder nicht, wir hatten nichts anzuziehen und so eine Stunde zu wachen. Wenn Sie das noch nicht mitgemacht haben, da kann ich Ihnen sagen, dass ich....das ist viel, viel zu lange als man sich vorstellt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9164.14,9184.401"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9184.401,9185.034"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man findet sich...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9185.034,9186.376"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sagen Sie mir, was haben Sie bewachen müssen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9186.376,9188.356"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat auf sein müssen und es waren auch Kolonnen-Älteste, die Nachtwache gehabt haben und sie sind in alle...in alle Zimmer gegangen—und wenn so ein Kolonnen Ältester herein gekommen ist, hat man sich aufstellen müssen und melden: „Ich melde gehorsam Stube die und die“—wir hatten Stube Nummer sechs und zwanzig (26) gehabt und da musste ich sagen: „Stube 26 ist belegt von so und so viel Juden und das stimmt.“","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9188.356,9209.807"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben nicht gesagt Menschen, sie haben immer gesagt Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9209.807,9211.787"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Juden, ja. Dann hat er sich umgeschaut und wenn er nichts, wenn er nichts finden wollte, dann ist er raus gegangen. Aber das—der Kolonnen Älteste, das war meistens so, die waren nicht die Schlimmsten. Und Kolonnen-Älteste, das waren verschiedene, das waren viele Leute. Diese Kolonnen Ältesten, dadurch dass sie gute Arbeiter waren und der Meister hat sie dazu ernannt, so dass es nicht speziell ausgesuchte Leute waren. Aber die am meisten im Lager geschadet haben, das waren die drei „Kats“, also Einer—ich habe schon gesagt den Namen—Einer hat geheißen Hershel Moch, der Zweite Moishel Fonyi und der Dritte war Bozak...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9211.787,9251.722"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9251.722,9253.327"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Alles Juden, nur Juden., außer die Wache. Sie sind jeden Abend durch alle Zimmer gegangen und haben geschaut, ob ein Schrank offen war, ob es Staub gibt, ob unter dem Bett kein Stroh liegt, denn wir haben auf dem Stroh geschlafen; und wir mussten es so machen, wir durften uns nicht bewegen, sonst war gleich Stroh unterm Bett. Für ein Stück Stroh hat der Stuben Älteste—in jeder Stube war ein Stuben Älteste—der für das Zimmer verantwortlich war. Er hat nix bekommen, er war nur verantwortlich. Wenn etwas nicht geklappt hat, hat er es in erster Linie bekommen. Also wenn man ein Stück Stroh, ein kleines Stück Stroh, wenn man das gefunden hat, hat man den Stuben Ältesten so geschlagen, dass er gleich am Boden liegen geblieben ist. Dann hat man genommen jeden Einen von uns fünf und zwanzig (25) und die haben ihre Portion bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9253.327,9305.669"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, hat man das Stroh gesucht, nachdem der Raum aufgeräumt war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9305.669,9309.756"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, nachdem die Stube gereinigt war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9309.756,9310.495"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9310.495,9310.962"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber stellen Sie sich vor, wir hatten keine guten Besen, Besen mussten wir uns selber verschaffen. Wir haben solche...das Unkraut ausgerissen auf die Felder und daraus haben wir Besen gemacht. Wir haben keine zugeteilten Besen gehabt. Man kann nicht, es geht nicht gut zusammen. Man...also, es ist so. In den ersten Tagen haben wir gemacht, wie es nur möglich war. Man hat sich unters Bett gelegt und man hat ein Stück Stroh gesucht. Aber schließlich, man gewöhnt sich, man sagt sich: „Ich bin fast ums Leben kommen, ich kann nicht mehr, ich hab...ich bin müde von der Arbeit, ich kann nicht mehr.“ Und so, wenn sie am Abend herein gekommen sind, zwei (2), drei (3) und sie haben natürlich nicht unter jedes Bett geschaut, denn sie hätten dazu zu viel Zeit gebraucht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9310.962,9349.674"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Jeder musste unter seinem eigenen Bett sauber machen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9349.674,9352.599"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, sie haben da so Stichproben gemacht und manches Mal sind sie nicht in alle Zimmer gekommen, aber die Angst war da jede Nacht. Also ich kann ich Ihnen sagen, dass ich jede Nacht bis eins (1) oder zwei (2) nicht geschlafen habe, bis ich mich dazu gewöhnt habe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9352.599,9368.209"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Also wenn haben die nach Stroh gesucht? Also während der Nacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9368.209,9371.013"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, während der Nacht. Also ich habe...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9371.013,9372.325"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wenn man sich rum dreht, kann doch ein Stück Stroh runterfallen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9372.325,9376.689"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Eben, wenn man sich ins Bett legt, ich habe immer geschaut, wenn ich im Bett lag, habe ich mich runter gedreht, um zu sehen, ob ich jetzt beim Liegen nicht etwas verschmutzt habe oder ob ein Stück Stroh runter gefallen ist. Also sie sind die erste Nacht reingekommen, wir waren noch neu, sie haben was anbelangt, was das, hm, was die Reinheit, hm, was die Reinheit anbelangt, haben sie nicht Besonderes gefunden. Sie haben gesucht und die haben nichts Besonderes gefunden. Aber sie haben etwas Anderes gefunden—dass Einer ein bisschen schmutzige Beine gehabt hat, und deswegen haben sie gleich den Stuben Ältesten so geschlagen, dass er ins Revier gebracht werden musste und jeder von uns hat Fünf und Zwanzig (25)bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9376.689,9417.054"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was meine Sie—jeder?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9417.054,9418.227"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Jeder einer von der Stube, das heißt Jeder hat Fünf-und-Zwanzig (25) bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9418.227,9420.93"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum? Was haben sie Schuld gehabt, dass er schmutzige Beine gehabt hat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9420.93,9423.217"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Weil man hat nie Jemanden gefragt, ob er Schuld hat und durfte man sich dann überhaupt verteidigen? Wenn Jemand nur ein Wort gesprochen hat, hat man ihn gleich verdoppelt. Wir haben versucht—in der ersten Zeit haben wir nichts gewusst davon. Wir haben versucht uns zu verteidigen, aber dann haben wir noch mehr bekommen. Dann haben wir eingesehen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9423.217,9438.792"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das war in der Nacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9438.792,9440.068"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also das war alles in der Nacht. Man kann sagen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9440.068,9441.852"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und man hat angefangen die Leute dann zu schlagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9441.852,9444.203"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, auf dem Zimmer—man hat einen Stuhl genommen und man hat geschlagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9444.203,9448.175"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sechs und zwanzig (26) Leute...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9448.175,9449.098"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sechs und zwanzig (26) Leute...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9449.098,9449.731"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: . . . aber da nimmt doch auch Zeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9449.731,9452.534"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja eben, aber sie haben doch nicht in jedem Zimmer so viele Leute geschlagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9452.534,9457.629"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, aber Sie sagen doch, sie haben auch alle Übrigen geschlagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9457.629,9460.421"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, wenn man gefunden hat...wenn man etwas finden wollte. Schließlich ist es so, sie waren manchmal müde nur vom Schlagen. Wenn sie schon müde waren, sind sie nach Hause schlafen gegangen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9460.421,9471.159"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9471.159,9471.754"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die, die, die...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9471.754,9473.313"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Helfer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9473.313,9474.136"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die Helfer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9474.136,9475.873"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, und waren dies...war das unter Aufsicht der Deutschen oder die haben das von selbst gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9475.873,9482.245"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war von ihrer eigenen Initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9482.245,9484.99"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9484.99,9486.438"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war so: der Wachhabende hat verlangt, das es soll sein...dass es soll sein sauber.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9486.438,9490.513"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das war der Deutsche?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9490.513,9491.951"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das war der Deutsche, das hat er verlangt von den Lager Ältesten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9491.951,9494.221"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wenn es nicht sauber war, wenn der Wachhabende etwas gefunden hat, wer wurde bestraft?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9494.221,9498.6"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Bestraft, es hat noch niemals passiert, dass jemand von den Lager Ältesten bestraft wurde, denn sie haben es so gemacht, dass es niemals dazu gekommen ist. Nun und so können Sie sich vorstellen, dass wenn man, zum Beispiel, in einer anderen Baracke geschlagen hat, so hat man doch das Jammern und das Geschrei im Bett gehört und in der ersten Zeit bin ich niemals früher eingeschlafen, als um zwei (2) Uhr. Ich habe gehört „uh...uh“ von ganz weit. Das Lager war kolossal gross...hat man, hat man das Jammern die Schreie gehört. Das macht etwas...das macht etwas. Ich kann Ihnen sagen, ich es macht etwas auf den Menschen und man...man wird wie paralysiert. Es hat es bei uns allen öfters gegeben Schläge—überhaupt in den ersten Zeiten. Sie wollten uns mehr Angst machen—die Neuen und man hat uns geschlagen, bis Einer hat geblutet...und also...die Nacht war furchtbar. Wenn ich bei der Arbeit war, habe ich gedacht, ich bin bald mit der Arbeit fertig und ich komme ins Lager. Wenn ich im Lager war, habe ich wieder gebetet, ich soll vom Lager wieder heraus. Also es war kein Platz für mich, wo ich sagen konnte, ja, da bin ich zufrieden. Es hat das überhaupt nicht gegeben, es hat keine Stunde gegeben, wo ich...wirklich der Moment war bei mir bevor ich gegessen habe, das heißt, wenn ich meine Portion Brot im Beutel gehabt hab, in dem Rucksack—wir haben uns solche Rucksäcke selber genäht—das war der—für mich der glücklichste Moment. Ich habe gewusst, ich hab noch zu essen...wenn ich essen will, habe ich zu essen. So bald ich es aufgegessen habe, da hatte ich schon verloren die Hoffnung. Und so ist es zeitenlang. Wir sind gekommen von der Arbeit und wir haben uns angeschaut und wir haben uns gar nicht mehr erkannt, weil wir uns erinnert haben, wie wir vorher ausgesehen haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9498.6,9616.121"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat man Ihre Haare abgeschoren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9616.121,9617.475"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Alles, alles hat man uns abgeschoren, wir haben nicht mehr wie Menschen ausgesehen. Die Kleider, die von Anfang an noch ziemlich gut waren, bei der Arbeit...wissen Sie, wenn man immer die selben Kleider trägt, die nützen sich ab, die gehen kaputt und so weiter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9617.475,9632.579"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: War dort nicht ein Schneider, der sie repariert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9632.579,9635.294"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war eine Schneiderei, es war...die Frauen haben dort gearbeitet, aber wenn man nur eine Hose gehabt hat und die war zerrissen, mit was soll man zur Arbeit gehen? Man hat es nur damals abgeben können, wenn man nicht zur Arbeit gegangen ist. Zum Beispiel, es waren Firmen, die sonntags nicht gearbeitet haben. Da haben sie Samstag abends in die Schneiderstube die Hosen gegeben und Sonntag abends haben sie sie wieder abgeholt. Aber...drei tausend (3,000) Mann! Wieviel können sie flicken?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9635.294,9664.103"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9664.103,9664.555"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man, man...es hat fast niemand was in die Schneiderstube gegeben. In der Schneiderstube ist nur gearbeitet worden für das Lager Personal. Sie haben sich dort schöne Kleider gemacht und die Schusterei ist auch...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9664.555,9675.111"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Welches Personal? Die SS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9675.111,9677.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die SS und die Anderen, das andere Personal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9677.207,9679.178"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: . . . und die Block Ältesten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9679.178,9680.505"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja,. Die Block Ältesten und die Kolonnen Schieber, die haben sich Stiefeln machen lassen und alles Mögliche, also...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9680.505,9686.268"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die Deutschen ihnen das erlaubt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9686.268,9688.61"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das war das Prinzip und die Ausrechnung der Deutschen, sie haben gewusst so: wenn sie einem Juden gut zu essen geben und gut zu kleiden, und damit der Jude...und die betreffende Person wir dann immer Angst haben, dass er seinen Job nicht verlieren soll und von dem war auch abhängig sein Leben. Wenn er seinen Posten verloren hat, dann mus er auch zu Grunde gehen—gleich wie die Anderen. So war er bereit hundert Andere tot zu schlagen, dass er nicht seinen Posten verlieren soll. So dass sich die Deutschen überhaupt nicht um die ganze Lagerbelegschaft kümmern mussten. Sie haben nur einen Juden dafür eingesetzt und die haben schon die beste Ordnung hergestellt und wie sie es nur gewollt haben und manchmal besser als sie es gewollt haben. Das war...das war ihr Konzept in alle Lagern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9688.61,9737.807"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9737.807,9741.018"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das ist so ungefähr ein Überblick—was ich Ihnen schon erzählt habe—über das Lagerleben, wie es gegangen ist. Sonntags...sonntags war ein spezieller Appell, die Zimmer müssen noch speziell gereinigt werden und der Wachhabende ist jeden Sonntag herum gegangen...schauen gegangen in jedes Zimmer, ob es sauber ist. Also bis zwölf (12) Uhr hatten wir kein Zimmer mehr. Ob es kalt war oder nicht, wir mussten draußen stehen und wenn sie sauber waren, dann durfte niemand mehr hinein oder betreten. Vor zwölf (12) Uhr, das heißt um halb zwölf war Appell. Wir sind angetreten, wir wurden gezählt und wieder gezählt und wir sind wieder eine halbe Stunde gestanden. Da sind wir so lange gestanden bis der Wachhabende mit dem Vorstand und noch einige von den Prominenten sind durchgegangen und haben sich angeschaut diese Zimmer. Und wenn es ihnen irgendwo nicht gefallen hat, so hat man gesagt, die Mann von der Stube, sie bleiben stehen. Die haben entweder kein Mittag bekommen oder man hat die Übung gemacht—also Übung, die nicht zu der physischen Entwicklung gehört, sondern dazu den Menschen kaputt zu machen. Strafübung wurden gemacht und das haben sie für den Sonntag vorgehabt. Da waren—also sozusagen am Nachmittag hatten wir einige Stunden Ruhe für uns. Und wenn das Lager Personal sich auch ausruhen wollte, dann haben sie uns auch in Ruhe gelassen. Das war das Einzige—Sonntag Nachmittag—sonst hatten wie niemals Ruhe. Also ich spreche jetzt vom Judenlager...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9741.018,9829.847"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Welches Lager war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9829.847,9831.124"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war das Judenlager Martin. Ich kann mich jetzt nicht mehr so genau erinnern an alle Einzelheiten. Aber wenn ich das in kurzen Worten zusammenfassen soll, dann muss ich Ihnen sagen, ich hätte mir niemals im Leben vorgestellt, obwohl ich habe schon der jüdischen Miliz zu Hause zugesehen—ich habe beobachtet alle schrecklichen Sachen, die diese gemacht haben—ich hätte mir niemals vorgestellt, dass ein Jude dem Anderen so etwas machen kann. Zur Zeit und da bin ich überzeugt...also ich weiß nicht, was ich dazu sagen soll. Aber ich kann unternehmen zu sagen, dass die Leute wenig bewusst...bewusst sind. Denn ich hab...in der Einleitung hab ich gesagt, dass wenn ich mir vorstelle, was hätte ich gemacht an ihrer...an ihrer Stelle, so kann ich gar nicht antworten. Ich bin heute mir sicher zu sagen: „Nein, ich hätte nie...ich hätte so einen Posten nicht angenommen.“ Der Mensch ist damals nicht verantwortlich für das, was er macht. Aber es ist [unverständlich], dass es so passiert hat. Man hat uns geschlagen, man hat so Viele ermordet, dass man das nicht zählen kann. Und das war ein Judenlager, wo man nur unter Juden lebt und war. Und doch war ein Jude bereit den Zweiten totzuschlagen nur für ein bisschen Brot und [unverständlich] man hat den Zweiten überhaupt nicht als Mensch betrachtet und die Person selber war auch kein Mensch mehr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9831.124,9915.562"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9915.562,9916.105"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es war also...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9916.105,9918.432"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie sind Sie dann von diesem Lager weg?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9918.432,9921.057"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also in diesem Lager war ich, hm, ein Jahr lang...mehr...vierzehn (14) Monate, nein also dreizehn (13) Monate...im März bin ich...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9921.057,9931.323"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In welchem Jahr war das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9931.323,9933.313"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war neunzehn hundert zwei und vierzig (1942) bis drei und vierzig (43).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9933.313,9938.218"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9938.218,9939.123"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und...dort waren wir in diesem Lager an das ich mich schon ein bisschen gewöhnt habe, da haben—wir haben zusammen gelebt sechs und zwanzig (26) Mann in einer Stube, also die sechs und zwanzig (26) Mann wo ich war, wir haben uns ein bisschen besser verhalten, ein bisschen menschlicher. Es waren dort Leute—mehr Intelligente, mehr, die die sich ein bisschen von den Ganzen beherrscht haben und sie haben nicht alles so aufgefasst, wie die ganze Belegschaft des Lager, man hat so ein bisschen zusammen gelebt. Es war mir wirklich...ein großes Unglück war für mich, dass wir uns jetzt...dass wir uns damals trennen mussten. Nun schließlich ist der März drei und vierzig (43) eingetroffen und man hat am Anfang März...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9939.123,9985.279"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie in dieser Zeit etwas von zu Hause gehört?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9985.279,9989.365"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das habe ich auch vergessen zu erzählen. Also in den ersten Monaten habe ich noch Briefe von zu Hause bekommen. Also ich habe Briefe illegal bekommen. Es waren sehr viele zivile Polen, die in Baustelle gearbeitet haben zusammen mit uns, die haben—zu Hause haben sie Geld bekommen—viel Geld, um uns etwas zu benachrichtigen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9989.365,10011.325"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie weit waren Sie von zu Hause?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10011.325,10012.934"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also von Breslau bis Katowice—ich weiß nicht genau—ungefähr hundert (100) Kilometer. Ich weiß das nicht ganz genau, aber es war nicht so weit und sie sind immer nach Hause gefahren und haben die Adressen aufgeschrieben...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10012.934,10022.039"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das waren polnische Zivilisten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10022.039,10023.424"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Polnische Zivilisten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10023.424,10025.058"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10025.058,10028.529"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, ich kann doch...gerade habe ich vernommen—damals im Jahre drei und vierzig (43) habe ich vernommen,...nach einigen Monaten da habe ich vernommen, dass man, hm, [unverständlich; polnischer Name] Juden-rein gemacht hat und die alle sind nach Auschwitz gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10028.529,10042.702"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Welche Stadt hat man Juden-rein gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10042.702,10044.388"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ganz Zagrumbia, das heißt Dabrowa, Bensburg and Sosnowiec.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10044.388,10047.166"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ganz was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10047.166,10048.091"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Zagrumbia heißt das.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10048.091,10048.719"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Zagrumbia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10048.719,10049.534"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Zagrumbia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10049.534,10051.359"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10051.359,10052.465"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Von damals her, habe ich schon keine Nachrichten von meiner Familie bis heute...und ich weiß heute...[beide sprechen].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10052.465,10058.274"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wer ist zu Hause geblieben? Ihre Schwester und Ihre Mutter?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10058.274,10059.797"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Meine Schwester und meine Mutter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10059.797,10061.017"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10061.017,10060.896"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10060.896,10062.022"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10062.022,10067.793"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, dazwischen sind noch von dort, wo man Juden-rein gemacht hat, sind Transporte von fünfzig (50) Milizsoldaten nach Markstadt in unser Lager gekommen. Dort haben sie...viele Leute haben Rache genommen. Obwohl die unter schlechten Bedingungen gelebt haben und unterdrückt, aber sie haben wenigstens das gemacht, das was sie wollten. Da heißt sie haben die Miliz geschlagen, weil sie haben doch gewusst Bescheid, was...was sie zu Hause mit ihrer Familie gemacht haben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10067.793,10101.226"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun—wenn ein Häftling den Anderen geschlagen hat, wurde er dafür bestraft?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10101.226,10105.891"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es kommt darauf an...es ist darauf angekommen auf die Stimmung des...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10105.891,10111.121"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Block Ältesten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10111.121,10112.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, des Block Ältesten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10112.207,10112.932"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Man hat sich aber hin und dann herumgeschlagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10112.932,10114.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, und von einer Seite waren sie zufrieden, dass man sich schlägt und dann haben sie genommen...dann haben sie beide genommen und tot geschlagen. Es hat doch keine Rolle gespielt ein Mensch war doch nicht wichtig.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.588,10126.437"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10126.437,10129.093"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und im März drei und vierzig (43) hat man gehört, dass alle Zivillager—und es hat noch geheißen ein Zivillager, weil wir noch keine Häftlingskleider getragen haben, wir haben nur Davidsterne getragen—alle, die noch unter der Wehrmacht unter standen, die müssen ab und in neuester Zeit müssen sie der SS unterliegen. Die SS hat alle Lager übernommen und davor haben wir uns noch mehr gefürchtet als vor den Judenlagern. Denn damals—während der ganzen Zeit—dazwischen wo wir im Lager waren, haben sie noch ein Lager gebaut. Wir haben nicht gewusst für wen des Lager eigentlich gebaut wurde und was für ein Lager das sein wird. Und dann haben wir uns überzeugt, dass wir selber für uns das Lager gebaut haben. Das war das Konzentrationslager Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10129.093,10181.227"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wo?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10181.227,10181.821"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10181.821,10185.544"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat das geheißen in polnisch?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10185.544,10188.584"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also polnisch...das war ein deutsche Stadt...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.584,10191.228"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10191.228,10192.121"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10192.121,10194.234"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10194.234,10196.075"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war fünf (5) Kilometer weg von Markstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10196.075,10198.308"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja und?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10198.308,10199.968"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, eines Tages—ich weiß nicht mehr genau das Datum, aber ich weiß jedenfalls, dass es im März war, sind einige...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10199.968,10205.884"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Im Jahre drei und vierzig?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10205.884,10206.657"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. Da sind einige Obersturmbandführer gekommen von der SS und man hat eine Selektion durchgeführt. Das heißt, es ist gekommen ein Arzt und wer nicht sehr gesund war, den hat man gleich nach Auschwitz geschickt und der Rest...den Rest hat man in das Konzentrationslager Fünfteichen geschickt. Also wir waren damals achtzehn hundert (1800) Mann, die ins das Konzentrationslager gekommen sind. Nun da hat wieder angefangen ein anderes Leben. Was sich von dem Tag an...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10206.657,10242.114"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie noch weiter in der Fabrik gearbeitet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10242.114,10247.221"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, also die Baustelle war dieselbe. Wir haben, hm, wir haben weiter auf der selben Baustelle gearbeitet, denn ich habe Ihnen gesagt, es war nur fünf (5) Kilometer entfernt. Und deshalb haben sie ja das Lager so in der Nähe gebaut, dass wir weiter arbeiten, weiter auf dieser Baustelle arbeiten können, weil sie haben uns gebraucht. Wir haben sehr viel dort geleistet. Aber am selben Tag als sie die Selektion gemacht haben, haben sie es in dieser Weise eingerichtet. Es war, nicht wahr, im März.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.221,10275.114"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10275.114,10275.869"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es hat geschneit, es war furchtbar kalt. Da waren zwei (2)...zwei (2) Blocks. Wenn ich mich noch gut erinnere, war es Block neun (9) und Block zehn (10). Im Block neun (9) haben wir uns ausgezogen ganz nackt,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10275.869,10284.911"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10284.911,10286.118"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . und ganz nackt müssen wir...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10286.118,10288.442"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ohne Schuhe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10288.442,10288.774"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . ohne Schuhe, ohne Hemd, ganz...wie man geboren ist, so musste man da laufen bis in den zweiten (2.) Block. Dort war der Arzt und dort hat er nur so geschaut—er hat uns auch gar nicht untersucht, es liegt ihm auch gar nicht daran, ob wir innerliche Fehler haben, denn sie wollten uns ja gar nicht heilen. Aber so hat er nur gesehen...so ungefähr, wie Einer aussieht und wenn der...der, der ihm nicht gefallen hat, der ist dann gleich an die Seite und geschickt...er hat ihn gestrichen von der Liste und er ist gleich nach Auschwitz gekommen. Ich hab nicht besonders gut ausgesehen, aber ich hatte Glück und ich bin...ich sage heute, ich hatte Glück, weil ich mir das alles überlegt habe und ich sehe, dass das alles zum Guten geführt hat, denn die Anderen—glaube ich kaum, dass die alles überlebt haben.-","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10288.774,10332.991"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Erlauben Sie mir eine Frage. Sie haben zuerst gesagt, dass die ganze Einrichtung in diesem Lager, wie hat das geheißen, das erste Lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10332.991,10341.165"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Markstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.165,10341.948"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Markstadt,...so war, dass keiner mehr konnte als drei (3) Monate leben. Wie lange waren Sie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.948,10348.713"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich war dort ein Jahr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10348.713,10350.164"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie erklären Sie das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10350.164,10351.709"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich habe zuvor bemerkt, dass wenn Einer nur von der Ration gelebt hat, hat er es nicht mehr als drei (3) Monate aushalten können.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10351.709,10359.163"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo von haben Sie denn gelebt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10359.163,10361.159"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich habe...ich habe so gelebt, ich habe...ich habe mit Zivilisten gearbeitet. Und, und ich habe mein Hemd verkauft einmal...manchmal habe ich geschnorrt um ein Stück Brot oder ein bisschen Suppe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10361.159,10374.914"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das heißt gebettelt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10374.914,10376.091"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Gebettelt, einfach gebettelt. Damals war man kein Großer...und manche haben auch Mitleid gehabt. Manchmal habe ich Zigaretten bekommen, da habe ich sie umgetauscht und so habe ich...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10376.091,10387.823"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Zigaretten hat man manchmal vom Lager bekommen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10387.823,10390.363"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also die Zigaretten, die wir gehabt haben...hatten, haben wir nur vom Lager bekommen und...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10390.363,10394.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wann duften Sie diese Zigaretten rauchen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10394.718,10398.906"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Jedenfalls nicht während der Arbeit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10398.906,10400.77"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Und wie hat man die an Zivilisten verkauft? Die Zivilisten haben nicht solche Zigaretten gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10400.77,10406.068"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, in Deutschland war es schwierig mit Zigaretten, sogar die Deutschen haben welche gekauft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10406.068,10411.096"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10411.096,10411.579"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und dann waren Viele...Viele, die sich bei einem Meister beliebt gemacht haben und der Meister hat ihnen zu Essen gebracht. Also man hat damals nicht nach einem Juden gefragt, aber wenn man sich zusammen nimmt, wenn man ein guter Arbeiter ist, man verdient es und man bekommt. Es waren viele Solche . Und wenn man kein Glück hatte und nicht etwas daneben hatte und nur von den Rationen leben musste, die haben das nicht überlebt, das war unmöglich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10411.579,10438.204"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wie Viele sind von Ihren sechs und zwanzig (26) über geblieben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10438.204,10443.966"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also das weiß ich nicht mehr. Ich habe schon damals nicht mehr gedacht an diese sechs und zwanzig (26)—hm, man hat...man denkt schon damals nur an sich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10443.966,10452.012"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10452.012,10453.582"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun sind wir ins Lager rüber gekommen, man hat marschiert, jeder musste einen Sessel mit nehmen von dem alten Lager, weil dort waren keine Sessel, es war ein neues Lager. Und als wir einmarschierten, stand, stand...ein, hm, der Rapport Führer und sagt:...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10453.582,10472.698"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10472.698,10475.052"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: „Ihr seid doch alle Juden, nicht wahr?“ So mit Ironie hat er das gesagt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10475.052,10478.535"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Der SS Mann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10478.535,10479.173"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. „Ihr marschiert noch heute, aber ich garantiere Euch, in zwei Wochen werdet Ihr nicht so marschieren.“ Diese Worte hat er gesagt. Man konnte sehen auf seinem Gesicht, dass er sehr, sehr [unverständlich] war. Aber der war nicht dort lange, nur einen Tag, dann ist er in ein anderes Lager transportiert worden, nach Groß-Rosen, dort hat er eine Stelle bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10479.173,10504.622"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Groß-Rosen ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10504.622,10505.346"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Groß-Rosen. Das Lager Fünfteichen ist unter dem Kommando von Groß-Rosen gewesen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10505.346,10515.607"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10515.607,10517.539"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und dann ist ein anderer Rapport Führer an seine Stelle gekommen, aber der Rapport Führer hat nicht so eine große Rolle gespielt als die Block Ältesten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10517.539,10526.382"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes Spool 91. Geneva, Switzerland, August the 28th, 1946. That was Abraham Kimmelmann’s report. I think we will have to conclude tonight. I am leaving tomorrow for Milan and it is already 9 o’clock.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10526.382,10554.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Spool 92, Geneva, August the 28th, 1946, 9 o’clock in the evening. At the Rue de Prenie. Kimmelmann...Abraham Kimmelmann reporting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10554.832,10573.796"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In German] Also Sie haben mir gesagt, Sie sind in ein neues Lager gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10573.796,10584.545"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: [unverständlich; lautes Pfeifen und Lärm am Tonband] Das war so, wie wir in das Lager gekommen sind, waren dort schon einige russische Häftlinge. Das waren normale Häftlinge in Häftlingskleidung, diese gestreiften Anzüge. Es war dort...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10584.545,10601.89"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat das Lager geheißen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10601.89,10603.953"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10603.953,10604.456"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Fünfteichen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10604.456,10604.849"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, Fünfteichen. Und dort war es so. Sechs hundert (600) Juden sind noch einige Monate von Auschwitz gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10604.849,10613.921"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10613.921,10614.535"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, von Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10614.535,10615.972"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sechs hundert (600) Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10615.972,10618.096"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie sind dorthin arbeiten gekommen in diese, in diese Hallen, welche schon fertig waren, welche wir schon gebaut haben. Sie haben gleich Maschinen hineingestellt und sie haben gleich Kanonen gearbeitet. Da man einige Häftlinge als gefährlich betrachtet hat, da hat man sie in solche...in solche Werke gesteckt, wo sie mehr sicher waren, falls...die SS war sicherer da, dass sie nicht ausreißen können, weil sie drinnen waren in [unverständlich].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10618.096,10644.877"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Waren das jüdische Häftlinge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10644.877,10646.866"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, von den Sechshundert (600) von denen ich spreche, das waren Juden. Ausserdem waren die Capos und die gesamte Verwaltung des Lagers waren Polen und Deutsche.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10646.866,10659.641"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Auch Häftlinge?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10659.641,10660.762"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, auch Häftlinge. Aber das waren Berufsverbrecher oder so Verbrecher, die schon zehn (10) oder zwölf (12) Jahre in Gefängnissen gesessen waren—noch vor dem Krieg—und dann haben sie die Deutschen übernommen und sie haben sie aber zu Block Ältesten befördert. Also was kann man von solchen Leuten erwarten? Menschen, die noch vor dem Krieg Banditen waren und viel Leute ermordet haben. Und als wir herein kamen und sie hörten, dass wir Juden sind, dass jetzt ein Juden-Transport gekommen ist, nun da hatten sie doch die beste Gelegenheit ihre...ihre Moral zu zeigen und mit uns so zu machen, wie es ihnen eigentlich gepasst hat, denn sie haben die Vollmacht bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10660.762,10705.993"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10705.993,10707.382"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und ich bin zugeteilt worden einem Block siebzehn (17). Dort hatten wir einen Polen von der Ukraine, es war ein richtiger Bandit. Aber ein richtiger Verbrecher und gleich mit die...mit die gemeinen Ausdrücke, welche er nur vermagt hat mit seiner Intelligenz. Und das war noch nicht alles, dass er geschrieen hat, aber er hat angefangen uns gleich so zu schlagen...das ist etwas Furchtbares. Ich habe gerade Glück gehabt, ich habe damals nicht Schläge bekommen, aber...aber die Anderen haben geschlagen bekommen...ich war derselbe Kandidat, ich konnte genau so eine herunterhauen bekommen, wie der Andere. Und wir haben unsere Sessel mit gebracht. Heute musste...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10707.382,10754.506"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was waren das für Sessel, ich hab gedacht, sie haben bloß auf den Betten gesessen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10754.506,10759.699"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein. Also es war...wenn wir...wir sind auch auf Betten gesessen. Ich werde Ihnen nachher erzählen, wieso das war, dass wir sind auf den Betten gesessen. Also wir haben Sessel von dem Judenlager bekommen. In dem Judenlager wir Tische, wir hatten Betten und wir hatten Stühle. Also die Stühle haben wir mit gebracht und sagte—wir müssen sie putzen. Er hat Glaspapier gegeben, ein kleines Stücklein und damit mussten wir es ganz sauber machen, also genau wie neues Holz vom Holzwerk rausgekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10759.699,10794.081"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10794.081,10796.797"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Als wir zusammen saßen und putzten, hat er...hat er von Einem...von Einem den Stuhl geholt und hat es geschmissen und hat gleich zwei Leuten den Kopf geöffnet. Da hat gleich das Blut geronnen, aber man durfte nicht in das Revier gehen, denn man durfte nicht raus gehen. Es war die erste Nacht und man durfte nicht. Und was hat man gemacht? Er hat die Jacke ausgezogen und um den Kopf rum gehängt bis das Blut vertrocknet war und...und er ist schlafen gegangen. Also die erste Nacht hat er gleich drei (3) Juden tot geschlagen. Und...und morgens, als...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10796.797,10832.891"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Richtig tot geschlagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10832.891,10833.876"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Richtig tot geschlagen. Man hat sie gleich in das Krematorium geführt nach Groß-Rosen und...und ungefähr so fünfzig (50) sind in Krankenhaus gegangen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10833.876,10844.331"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun ja, wenn nachher beim Appell drei (3) Tote waren—also drei (3) gefehlt haben, haben denn die SS nicht verlangt, wo sie waren oder was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10844.331,10851.641"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, im Gegenteil. Die haben sich gefreut, dass so ein Block Ältester so etwas macht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10851.641,10858.534"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10858.534,10859.832"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nach ihrer Meinung sollte doch die Aufgabe der Block Ältesten, die sein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10859.832,10864.465"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat man Jemanden tot geschlagen, haben die Block Ältesten im anderen Lager Jemanden tot geschlagen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10864.465,10869.508"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wo meinen Sie? In dem Judenlager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10869.508,10870.666"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In dem Judenlager, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10870.666,10871.434"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, das kam vor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10871.434,10874.352"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Dass der Block Älteste Jemanden tot geschlagen hat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10874.352,10875.807"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, in dem Lager hat es keine Block Ältesten gegeben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10875.807,10879.655"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was waren die? Schieber?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10879.655,10881.575"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Schieber, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10881.575,10882.858"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und hat es passiert, dass die Jemanden tot geschlagen haben?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10882.858,10884.611"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein die Schieber gingen nicht so weit, aber die Drei (3).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10884.611,10887.906"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, diese Drei (3). Die drei...was waren die","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10887.906,10890.647"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Henker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10890.647,10891.13"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh, die drei Henker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10891.13,10891.773"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die haben Viele tot geschlagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10891.773,10893.544"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hat man die beauftragt sie tot zu schlagen? Oder haben sie bloß geschlagen, bis die Leute tot waren?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10893.544,10898.303"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, es hat manches Mal so geheißen und manches Mal haben sie gewollt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10898.303,10901.333"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10901.333,10902.087"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sie haben verfügt über unser Leben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10902.087,10906.983"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: AH hm. Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10906.983,10909.458"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also, das ist nicht nur in unserem Block passiert. Wie ich nachher vernommen habe, das ist überall so passiert. In unserem Block war es so, es war so ein schrecklicher Mann und er hat so Vielen was gemacht. Und wenn wir schon ganz müde waren und so viel Blut auf dem Fußboden war, dann sagte er, wir sollen das ganze Blut aufwischen und den Fußboden putzen und man soll sich aufstellen in Reihen in dem Raum und so mussten wir sehen die ganze Nacht. Er hat sich einen Gehilfen genommen für den Stubendienst—da war der Vertreter des Block Ältesten und sie sind auf Abwechslung geschlafen. Der zwei (2) Stunden, der zwei (2) Stunden und sie haben Wache über uns gehalten, so dass niemand von uns sitzen sollte. Und wenn er Jemanden geschnappt hat, der gesessen hat, der, der hat schon kein...der hat schon keinen Sonnenschein mehr gesehen. Also selbstverständlich man hat nicht sitzen können, man ist die ganze Nacht so gestanden und kurz –eine halbe Stunde vorm Appell—das heißt kurz vor fünf (5) Uhr hat er uns in die Betten gejagt, wir sollen sofort in die Betten gehen. Und man ist eine halbe...es noch nicht gereicht...man ist auf den Betten gelegen, da hat man schon geweckt für Appell. Man ist raus auf den Appell, es war furchtbar kalt. Man hat uns die Mäntel zu genommen und alle Jacken. Die Jacken, die Ziviljacken waren noch ziemlich dick, die man von zu Hause hat. Das hat man uns zu genommen, manche sind nur noch in den Hemden herum gelaufen und so sind sie auf den Appell raus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10909.458,11001.52"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11001.52,11002.396"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es ist kalt...von diesen Sachen will ich Ihnen schon nicht erzählen. Die Kälte hat jeder schon mitgemacht und da kann sich jeder vorstellen was Kälte ist. Und so sind wir dort gestanden, mal war es eine Stunde, mal waren es zwei (2); überhaupt am Anfang bevor wir zur Arbeit gingen, da sind sie immer länger gestanden. Man hat gezählt und dann auf die Blocks. Als wir auf die Blocks kamen, haben wir dort Frühstück bekommen. Das Frühstück war sozusagen...das Frühstück war schon besser als im Judenlager, weil wir dort heiße Suppe bekommen haben, Grießsuppe morgens und das haben wir im Judenlager nicht bekommen. Nach der Suppe musste man den Block putzen, die Betten machen. Die Betten mussten so gerade sein wie ein Tisch, wie dieser Tisch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11002.396,11050.618"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11050.618,11051.179"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und wenn etwas nicht gestimmt hat, so hat er was...hat der Betreffende was zu erleben gehabt. Wenn die Betten, man hat es ihm gesagt, als die Betten fertig waren und er ist herein gegangen. Und wenn er nichts gefunden hat, dann hat er alle von dem Schlafzimmer...der Block war so geteilt in einen Eß-Saal und an beiden Seiten die Schlafsäle, das waren Schlafräume. Am Anfang hatten wir noch jeder ein Bett. Da hat Jeder ein einem Bett geschlafen, eine Decke—es war Winter, es war trotzdem kalt und ein Bett...hm, die Betten mussten zur besten Ordnung hergestellt werden. Und wenn er nichts gefunden hat, wenn jeder sein Bett in Ordnung gehabt hat, dann hat er von die Schlafsäle alle rausgejagt. Und hat dort in einem Bett etwas gemacht. Dann hat er uns herein gerufen und gesagt: „Schaut, was für Betten ihr macht!:“ Wenn man auch gewusst hat, dass er das gemacht hat, durfte man sowieso nichts sagen. Und darunter haben auch alle gelitten. Man hat uns so geschlagen, man hat uns doch nicht geschlagen für etwas, weil man gewollt hat. Und ich wunderte mich, dass er nachher so einen Trick machen musste. Er konnte doch so einfach Jemanden schlagen, es hat sich überhaupt niemand...es hat sich auch niemand gewehrt. Schon war man fertig mit den Betten, Gott sei Dank, muss man die Schränke putzen. Dann muss man den ganzen Tag stehen. Ein Schrank, der schon nicht so ganz sauber ist, da muss man stehen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11051.179,11133.924"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Mit was hat man die geputzt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11133.924,11135.207"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Mit Glaspapier oder mit einem Lumpen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11135.207,11137.398"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11137.398,11137.911"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und dann sagte er so...wir haben damals noch verschiedene Geschirre von dem Judenlager mitgebracht. Da hat er da alles rausgeschmissen auf den Misthaufen und hat gesagt so: „Wenn ihr zur Arbeit geht, ihr müsst Teller organisieren, ihr müsst Farbe organisieren für den...für den Block zu malen. Ihr müsst alles organisieren.“ Ich hab damals noch nicht gewusst, was heißt organisieren. Also man hat es einfach stehlen müssen. Der Block Älteste hat von uns verlangt, dass wir von der Baustelle stehlen sollen und auf der Baustelle, wenn man uns geschnappt hat, ist diese Meldung zum Block Ältesten gekommen und er hat uns dafür geschlagen. Also Sie können sich vorstellen in was für eine Situation wir waren. Und so hatten wir die erste Zeit mitgemacht. Wir haben dafür...wir haben auf dem Block geschlagen...Schläge bekommen für das, was wir nicht gebracht haben und wir haben auch bekommen, wenn wir gebracht haben. Also was man auch gemacht hat, man hat Schläge bekommen. Und ich will...ich will erzählen ein Fall, der auf mich einen großen Eindruck gemacht hat und zwar einen guten Eindruck. Es war dort in unserem Block ein Vater mit einem Sohn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11137.911,11205.205"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11205.205,11205.779"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Der Vater war schon fünfzig (50) Jahre alt und er ist auch...ich weiß nicht wieso...nach Fünfteichen gekommen. Er hat...er war schon ein bisschen geschwollen. Und der Sohn, den er hat gehabt, der war sehr kräftig. Er hat eine gute Firma gehabt in dem Judenlager und er hat sich sehr gut geholfen. Er hat zwischen den tschechischen Baracken gearbeitet und die Tschechen haben noch am Anfang sehr viel essen gehabt, sie haben das...ein bisschen verschimmeltes Brot haben sie auf den Misthaufen geschmissen und davon hat man sich gut ernähren können. Man war glücklich, wenn man so etwas gefunden hat. So war er genug kräftig. Und der Vater, weil er schon alt war und er konnte sich nicht so schnell bewegen, der ist immer das erste Opfer gewesen. Er hat so viel Schläge bekommen, dass er es schon mal nicht mehr aushalten konnte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11205.779,11251.388"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aha, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11251.388,11255.493"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun den selben Tag hat passiert, dass der Vater...hat der Vater die ersten Schläge bekommen und der Sohn konnte es schon nicht mehr aushalten. Er hat irgend eine...er hat irgendwo...er hat den Mut geholt und hat sich hingestellt als, wie der wieder einmal auf den Vater zugehen wollte und ihm eine runter hauen und hat gesagt: „Herr Block Ältester, warum schlagen Sie meinen Vater?“ Wie er hat gehört hat, er hat aufgehoben den Stock, aber er hat ihn noch nicht geschlagen und er sagt ihm: „Was, Du wagst mir so eine Frage zu stellen? Weißt Du nicht, dass ich über Dein leben, Deines Vater’s Leben und das Leben von hundert fünfzig verfluchte Juden, was auf diesem Block sind, verfüge und ich kann doch machen, was ich will. Ja, und Du hast mir was zu sagen?“ Sagt er: „Ja, Herr Block Ältester, mich können Sie schlagen, wieviel Sie wollen, ich kann nichts sagen und ich werd nicht weinen auch, aber meinen Vater sollen Sie in Ruhe lassen!“ Und ich weiß nicht wieso, das hat auf ihn gewirkt, er hat den Vater nicht mehr berührt. Im Gegenteil er hat ihm mehr Suppe gegeben und dem Sohn hat er eine Mission gegeben im Block und...und er hatte die...er hat das Haus, den Fußboden immer geputzt und hat mehr Essen bekommen. Also ich meine, man kann nicht sagen, dass wenn jeder Eine das gemacht hätte, dass es ihm gelungen wäre,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11255.493,11346.813"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11346.813,11347.616"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . denn es haben Viele, hm, bestimmt so gemacht und sie sind dafür tot geschlagen worden. Man hat nicht solche Sachen toleriert in jedem Lager, denn man war nicht so moralisch. Aber gerade ihm ist es gelungen, gelungen und es hat auf mir einen sehr, sehr guten Eindruck gemacht. Vom Block—von die hundert siebzig (170) Mann, wo ich war, sind tagtäglich weniger geworden. Es sind tagtäglich mehr auf das Revier gegangen. Manche sind schon nicht mehr zurück gekommen, Viele sind gestorben und dann haben sie wieder angefangen da...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11347.616,11387.808"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben sie mit den Toten da gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11387.808,11390.132"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Mit den Toten das war so. Ein Krematorium—in diesem Lager war keines, sondern jeden Mittwoch und Samstag ist ein Auto gekommen, man hat die Toten nach Groß-Rosen geschickt...genommen und dort hat man sie verbrannt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11390.132,11404.005"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo sind die Toten gelegen bis Mittwoch und Samstag?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11404.005,11407.672"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: In ein...in einen Totenraum hat man sie geholt; ein spezieller Raum für die Toten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11407.672,11413.708"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11413.708,11415.149"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun das Schlagen war noch nicht alles, man hat uns nicht schlafen lassen. Jeden Abend als wir nach Hause kamen, hat er uns aufgehalten in dem Eß-Saal—man durfte nicht raus gehen, in die Toilette durfte man nur gruppenweise gehen und zwar nur, wenn Einer die Verantwortung übernommen hat und jeden Abend sind wir auf gewesen bis ein, zwei (2) Uhr in der Nacht und um fünf (5) Uhr mussten wir aufstehen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11415.149,11441.36"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo war die Toilette?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11441.36,11442.801"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Die Toilette war weit entfernt von dem Block.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11442.801,11444.828"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Für jeden Block?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11444.828,11446.789"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Da war ein spezieller Block mit Toiletten—also der Baderaum und die Toiletten waren zusammen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11446.789,11453.387"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sind die Leute von verschiedenen Blocks zur selben Toilette gegangen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11453.387,11455.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die sind zur selben Toilette gegangen. Der Block, welcher nahe an den, an den Toiletten war, die hatten schon Glück.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11455.95,11463.716"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11463.716,11464.44"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber wir waren sehr weit weg, wir haben an dem Zaun gewohnt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11464.44,11467.597"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11467.597,11470.725"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun ein Mensch—wenn man, wie man ihn zwingt, es gibt aber überall Grenzen. Wenn man sich schlagen gelassen hat, man hat uns so viel geschlagen und man hat uns wenig zu essen gegeben und man hat keine Kraft zu arbeiten. Und als wir zur Arbeit kamen, sind wir einfach bei der Arbeit eingeschlafen. Wenn man nicht schläft...und schlafen muss man doch...also die Meister haben ein bisschen Verständnis gehabt für uns. Am Anfang haben sie uns geschlagen und gesagt: „Ihr wollt nicht.“ Aber dann haben sie gesehen mit dem Schlagen machen sie nichts. Die Leute haben einfach geschlafen. Sie haben eine Meldung abgelegt auf die Bauleitung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11470.725,11503.752"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und wo hat man geschlafen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11503.752,11505.119"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Bei der Arbeit...man hat die Schaufel gehalten und man ist dabei eingeschlafen. So haben sie eine Meldung abgelegt bei der Bauleitung, sie können es nicht verstehen, denn wenn wir im Judenlager waren, haben wir mehr geleistet, wir haben gut geleistet und jetzt können wir nicht mehr arbeiten. Entweder die SS soll uns ganz vernichten, so sollen sie uns...so sollen sie Juden auf die Baustelle nicht schicken, denn wir können solche Arbeiter nicht brauchen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11505.119,11529.679"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Das hat die Bau...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11529.679,11532.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die Bauleitung hat das verlangt. Also sie haben das...sie haben interveniert bei dem Lagerführer und haben gesagt: „Entweder behältst Du die Leute im Lager und Du machst mit ihnen was Du willst. Und wenn Du sie auf die Baustelle schicken willst, so musst Du sie so herrichten, dass sie mindestens das Minimale leisten können.“ Also damals ist ein Befehl raus gegeben worden vom Lagerführer, dass um neun (9) Uhr müssen alle im Bett liegen und man durfte keinen mehr schlagen. Oh, als wir nach Hause kamen, da haben wir die Nachricht gehört und das war etwas. Wir haben uns gefreut und wir haben gedacht, Messias ist gekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11532.15,11571.089"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie haben Sie das gehört? Hat man Sie wissen lassen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11571.089,11574.112"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat es schon gemerkt. Es waren...es waren dort nicht nur Block Älteste, es war, zum Beispiel, Küchenpersonal und die haben doch das alles vernommen, denn sie waren ja den ganzen Tag im Lager und sie haben es uns erzählt. Es waren auch von den Auschwitzer Juden waren auch Einige im Küchenpersonal und die haben es auch erzählt. Von den sechshundert (600) Juden...die sind...da sind keine hundert (100) mehr geblieben, als wir kamen. Es hat nur drei (3) Monate gedauert und...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11574.112,11600.811"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von den Auschwitz Juden?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11600.811,11602.013"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, den Auschwitz Juden...da sind mehr als fünf hundert (500) vernichtet worden und die, die schon beim Leben...am Leben geblieben sind, die haben sich irgendwie durch geschlagen. Auch deswegen weil sie gedreht haben, sie haben gleich Bekanntschaft gemacht in der Halle und sie haben mehr zum Essen bekommen. Oder Manche haben sie in das Küchenpersonal rein bekommen und so haben sie das überlebt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11602.013,11620.587"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Die Leute, die in der Küche gearbeitet haben, die haben gut gegessen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11620.587,11623.384"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Sehr gut; überhaupt das ganze Lagerpersonal. Ich habe Ihnen schon gesagt, das war, das war die Politik der Deutschen. Sie müssen doch Jemanden zufrieden stellen müssen, sonst werden sie doch kein Interesse haben, den Zweiten zu unterdrücken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11623.384,11635.781"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11635.781,11636.686"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ich meine speziell zu unterdrücken.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11636.686,11639.028"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11639.028,11641.15"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun als wir das hörten, da waren wir überglücklich. Wir gehen nach Hause, man hat niemanden geschlagen, aber er sagte so—also im Polnischen hat er damals gesagt: „Ja, schlagen darf ich nicht—das muss ich selber zugeben, schlagen darf ich nicht mehr. Aber ich werde Läuse Appell machen, das heißt, der der Läuse hat, der wird nicht schlafen gehen, bis er keine Läuse mehr hat.“ Also hier haben wir Tausende gehabt, sie können sich das nicht vorstellen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11641.15,11669.642"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie haben Läuse in die Tausende gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11669.642,11672.237"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wir haben Tausende gehabt und bis man das alles wegholt, das...das hätte noch eine Ewigkeit gedauert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11672.237,11678.867"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was haben Sie gemacht mit diesen Läusen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11678.867,11681.338"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat sie tot gemacht—mit den Fingern einfach. Und das hat er uns gelassen. Es war doch niemand, der das nicht gehabt hat. Also trotzdem, dass wir um 9 Uhr schlafen gehen müssen, hat er das gemacht und wir sind wieder bis zwei (2) Uhr auf gewesen und dann hat er sich erbarmt und hat uns schlafen gelassen...um zwei (2) Uhr erst. Dann sind wir morgens wieder zur Arbeit gegangen und wir morgens wieder zur Arbeit gegangen und wir sind wieder eingeschlafen und haben das erzählt und dann ist wieder eine Meldung gekommen, er soll das auch nicht machen, wir sollen schlafen gehen. Das hat eine Woche angehalten. Wir waren...hm, wir hatten schon mehr Ruhe auf dem Block und die Block Ältesten, die haben das schon nicht mehr aushalten können.. Sie müssen schlagen. Das war ihr Bedürfnis so wie...wie jeder Mensch essen muss. Und da haben sie eine Klage eingelegt aufs Schreibbüro, dass wir uns der Ordnung des Lagers nicht zupassen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11681.338,11739.318"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Von welchem Büro?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11739.318,11740.662"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Vom Schreibbüro, vom Schreibbüro, so hat es geheißen, das Schreibbüro. Also dort sind alle Rapporte...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11740.662,11748.014"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Schreibbüro?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11748.014,11749.07"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Schreibbüro.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11749.07,11751.364"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11751.364,11752.602"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und sie haben sich beklagt, sie haben keine Ordnung mehr, da ist Schmutz und so weiter und man verlangt von sie, dass ist Ordnung in den Blocks sein soll. Also das haben sie so gemacht, dass man schlagen darf, aber nicht totschlagen und auch nicht, also man darf nur trockene Schläge geben, dass man nachher keine Zeichen hat. Dann wenn man schon schlagen...wenn das Schlagen schon wieder erlaubt wird, und als wir nach Hause kamen, hat er gleich vor der Tür zwei (2) Stocks schon vorbereitet. So wenn die ersten Zwei herein kamen, gleich auf den Stuhl hingelegt und hat sie geschlagen. Hat wieder die Wut, seine Wut ausgelassen. Also es ist so tagtäglich gegangen...drei (3) Monate lang haben wir nicht mehr gesehen als schlagen, totschlagen, noch einmal totschlagen, gar nichts zu essen und schwere Arbeit. Die Appells morgens waren etwas Furchtbares. Wir haben...wir haben angetreten jeden Tag zum Appell. Also für die Blockführer haben wir angetreten Blockweise. Und als das abgenommen wurde, ist man wieder Arbeitskommandoweise angetreten, das heißt, je nach Kommandos, wie die auf der Baustelle zusammen gearbeitet haben. Ausmarschiert haben wir Hundertschaftsweise. Für jede hundert (100) Mann ist Einer verantwortlich gewesen, dass sie gerade in der Reihe gehen sollen und dass sie sich anständig auf der Strasse benehmen sollen. Also sind angestellt worden drei (3) Reihen. Wir waren damals achtzehn hundert (1 800) Mann, also zu sechs hundert (600) in einer Reihe. Wenn die das in Ordnung...in Ordnung ge...ge...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11752.602,11859.924"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11859.924,11860.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . gemacht hätten und wenn das eigentlich ihr Ziel wäre, so hätten sie das gemacht, dass gleich von dem Block raus marschiert, wie wir angestellt waren und dann zu sechs—Jeder hat dann angefangen zu laufen und haben sich hingestellt, wo es ihnen gepasst hat. Denn Jeder wollte in die erste Reihe gehen, denn es ist so, wenn eine große Reihe geht, wenn acht hundert (800) Mann gehen und man geht nicht mit einem Militärschritt, so kommt aus, dass man, das wenn Einer ein bisschen langsamer geht, dann muss der Hintere sich aufhalten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11860.588,11893.766"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Aufhalten.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11893.766,11894.418"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aufhalten, ja. Und wenn er es nachher mit einem schnelleren Schritt macht, so kommt es, dass einige hundert...einige hundert Personen in den Reihen später, muss man, muss man ganz wieder nachlaufen. Also man war einfach schon ganz müde bis man auf die Baustelle gekommen ist, so dass es das Beste war mit den ersten Hundert in die Shops zu gehen. Also jeder Einer hat sich gedrückt, um zuerst in die Shops zu kommen. Es war eben keine Ordnung. Und das wollten sie, denn wenn keine Ordnung war, dann haben sie gearbeitet, dann konnten sie schlagen. Also man hat jeden Tag Tote gefunden, die nicht mehr zur Arbeit gehen konnten, weil man sie einfach tot geschlagen hat. Es hat so drei (3) Monate, die ersten drei (3) Monate was man von uns mit, hm, hm,...acht hundert (800) Mann ins Krematorium geführt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11894.418,11943.834"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und das war kein Vernichtungslager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11943.834,11947.225"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Es hat geheißen Arbeitslager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11947.225,11948.371"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11948.371,11950.454"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Also es war ein Vernichtungslager, aber ein Inoffizielles, der Namen hat anders gelautet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11950.454,11956.357"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun und ?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11956.357,11958.014"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun hat man sich wieder gewöhnt dazu. Wenn man schon wieder zusammen lebt und wir haben schon eine Zeitlang auf einer anderen Baustelle gearbeitet, wir haben schon Bekanntschaft mit dem Meister gehabt und haben wir wieder angefangen zu handeln. In diesem Lager war es wieder das Gute, dass wir mehr Zigaretten bekommen haben. Und zwar haben wir bekommen auf diese Weise, dass gute Arbeiter haben Prämienscheine bekommen. Prämien. Also Jeder nach seiner Arbeit, es war aber auch abhängig von dem Meister, da haben wir eine oder zwei bekommen und zu diesem war eine Kantine und mit diesen hat man Zigaretten gekauft. Also für die Zigaretten hat man wieder auswechseln können und es ist so weit gegangen, dass Manche haben Geschäfte mit dem, mit dem Meister gemacht und die haben für einige hundert Mark Prämienscheine bekommen und dafür konnten sie viel Zigaretten haben. Die Zigaretten haben sie wieder dem Meister gegeben und der Meister hat ihnen Schokolade gebracht oder Alkohol. Das haben sie wieder ins Lager gebracht für die Block Ältesten und so haben sie Bekanntschaft gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=11958.014,12018.847"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Der Meister war kein Häftling?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12018.847,12020.356"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, der Meister war kein Häftling, der war von Zivil. Und so haben sie Bekannt...und so haben sich zusammen gelebt mit den Block Ältesten und man hat angefangen mit den Juden zusammen zu leben, weil die Juden nützlich schon waren und haben gute Sachen gebracht. . Es ist schließlich dazu gekommen, dass im Detail sind...fast die Hälfte waren jüdischen Block Älteste, in der Küche war mehr als die Halben Juden, in der Schreibstube war das ganze Personal Juden. Also das Lager haben fast die Juden übernommen und damals war es...für das ganze Lager ganz leicht. Wir waren schon nicht mehr so bedroht, wir waren nicht mehr so unter Gefahr. Man hat geschlagen, denn die jüdischen Block Ältesten haben auch geschlagen, aber doch nicht speziell als Jude. Verstehen Sie? Man hat geschlagen, wenn man hat gesehen, dass man sich irgend auf eine Weise der Disziplin unterwirft, obwohl das war unmöglich, aber man hat mindestens ein Quantum von Schläge...hm, hm, nicht bekommen. Und man hat es aushalten können. Also...dort war ich wieder bis neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944). Neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944)—zu dieser Zeit habe ich auch etwas angefangen zu handeln. Ich habe auch Prämienscheine bekommen, weil ich gut gearbeitet habe. Ich hab es Ihnen schon erzählt, auch die Meister haben mich ein bisschen gern bekommen, manchmal haben sie mir Brot gegeben und schließlich haben sie mir Prämienscheine gegeben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12020.356,12119.406"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Und was haben Sie da gearbeitet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12119.406,12120.952"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Damals habe ich gearbeitet in einer Firma Hell und Keder, das war eine Wiener Firma für Dachdecken. Wir haben so spezielle, solche Kalt- und Wärme Isolierungsplatten gelegt und aus solche Platten haben wir Dächer gemacht. Die Arbeit war eine sehr gefährliche Arbeit. Das waren Asbest Platten. Die Platten waren von Holzabfall und Gips gemischt. Darauf durfte man nicht steigen, wen sie frisch gelegt waren. Wenn man drauf gestanden ist, so ist man runter gestürzt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12120.952,12151.645"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie habe also aktuell die Dächer gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12151.645,12153.97"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wir haben die Dächer gemacht.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12153.97,12154.638"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wofür?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12154.638,12155.619"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Für die Hallen, für die Krupps Werke.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12155.619,12157.553"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja, nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12157.553,12159.092"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war die einzige Firma.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12159.092,12160.372"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben Sie damals auf dem Dach gearbeitet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12160.372,12161.463"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Auf dem Dach gearbeitet. Und zwar waren sehr öfters Fälle, auch im Judenlager, viele Juden sind vom...hm, hm,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12161.463,12169.117"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Vom Dach runter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12169.117,12169.95"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: . . . vom Dach runter gefallen und waren gleich tot. Also man hat schon gewusst, wenn man Jemanden während des Tages zum Lager zurück gebracht hat, vom Judenlager rede ich, hat man gleich gewusst, es ist von der Firma Hell und Keder. Also ich hab mich dazu gewöhnt, man kann sagen, ich habe Glück gehat und ich habe mich dazu gewöhnt, hm, hm,...auf den Dächern zu laufen. Und wir durften nicht auf den Platten laufen, sonder nur auf den Spannern, das heißt, auf Holzbrettern, die gelegt waren. Das war ungefähr eine Breite von dreißig (0) Zentimeter und auf diesen durften wir laufen. Ich hab mich dazu gewöhnt und ich habe zwei (2) Jahre für die selbe Firma gearbeitet. Ich war dort sehr beliebt und schließlich letztlich habe ich viele Prämienscheine bekommen. Ich habe dafür Zigaretten eingekauft in der Kantine und habe ich manches Mal dafür ein Brot gekauft und das Brot habe ich wieder verkauft im Lager für teurer und ich habe so verdient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12169.95,12223.482"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Für wofür?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12223.482,12224.436"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Für teurer. Zum Beispiel, wenn ich für ein Brot...sagen wir mal ich habe gegeben dreißig (30) Zigaretten, dann hab ich im Lager vierzig (40) genommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12224.436,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,12233.358"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: So habe ich mir meine Ration Brot verdient. Und dann bin ich einigermaßen zu Mark gekommen, denn in diesem Lage hat das Geld Wert gehabt, weil viele Zivilisten auf der Baustelle gearbeitet haben und sie das Geld gebraucht haben. Also wir haben...es war schon so ein großer Handel, kann man sagen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12233.358,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,12249.01"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Man hat schon gewusst, da kann man Brot bekommen, da kann man Speisen bekommen. Man hat gehandelt. Schließlich ist es dazu gekommen, dass ich hundert (100) Mark verdient habe und diese hundert (100) Mark habe ich gegeben einem Bekannten, der in der Küche gearbeitet hat, dass er dort bei dem Küchenchef intervenieren soll, dass er mich als Gehilfe zunehmen soll. Das heißt, abends, als ich von der Arbeit zurück kam, bin ich raufgegangen in die Küche. [Pause—allem Anschein nach überspringt das Tonband einige Sätze]...als sie schon näher kamen—nahe von uns—mussten wir evakuieren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12249.01,12276.163"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12276.163,12277.268"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war Januar 1945. Januar, ja. Es hat doch keinen Sinn, wenn ich wieder von Einzelfällen erzähle, wo man Juden geschlagen hat. Ich habe Ihnen da schon einen Einblick gegeben, wie es in diesen Lagern ausgesehen hat. Also der Schluss ist, dass letztens war es schon ziemlich gut für uns. Wir haben uns schon an die...die, die kleineren Sachen haben wir uns gewöhnt und so also konnte man durch kommen und wir haben gelernt und uns auf diese Weise geholfen. Januar ist gekommen der Befehl, dass wir evakuieren müssen und da fängt wieder an eine neue Periode. Man hat uns auf den Weg gegeben fünf hundert (500) Gramm Brot und ein Stück Wurst, jeder hat zwei (2) Decken mit genommen und so sind wir gelaufen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12277.268,12332.983"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sie sind zu Fuß gelaufen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12332.983,12334.721"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Zu Fuß. Ob jemand Schuhe gehabt hat oder nicht, da hat sich niemand darum gekümmert . Im tiefsten Schnee so sind wir gelaufen. Wir sind um drei (3) Uhr nachmittags an einem Sonntag sind wir raus, bewacht von der SS und sind gelaufen bis zwei (2) Uhr nachts ohne zu schlafen, wir haben alles schon schlafen gewollt, aber die SS war schon müde und da haben sie uns in eine Scheune quartiert. Also eine Scheune wo höchstens fünf hundert (500) Mann rein gehen können, sind wir zwei tausend fünf hundert (2 500) Mann hinein. Wir waren zusammen fünf tausend (5 000) in diesem Lager, da haben sie uns zwei (2) Scheunen zur Verfügung gestellt. Also, Sie können sich vorstellen, morgens als wir aufstanden, da hat man die Toten gestapelt, wie Bohnen auf die Bahngeleise. Also haben Sie schon gesehen, wie man das stapelt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12334.721,12382.922"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Bahngeleise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12382.922,12383.888"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Bahngeleise...auf die Schwellen. So hat man die Toten gestapelt und liegen lassen. Also wir haben so fünf (5) Nächte marschiert und wir haben nichts mehr zu essen gehabt, als das was wir auf den Weg bekommen haben, fünf hundert (500) Gramm Brot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12383.888,12399.07"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Vor der Reise?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12399.07,12400.91"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Vor der Reise. Also, es war keine Reise, wir haben ein [unverständlich; beide sprechen].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12400.91,12403.502"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12403.502,12403.788"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ein Ausflug.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12403.788,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,12407.488"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Und wir sind so marschiert. Viele sind unterwegs gefallen und der, der nicht mehr mitmachen konnte, der hat sich hingestellt und hat erwartet den Tod.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12407.488,12419.653"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wie hat er den Tod erwartet?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12419.653,12420.71"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das war etwas, was man nicht...was man nicht im Stande zu erzählen ist. Ein Mensch, der noch voll bei seinen Sinnen ist, bei dem noch...noch alles funktioniert, der aber schwach ist, er kann nicht mehr laufen. Er stellt sich an einen Baum hin, die Augen glänzen wie, wie...wie Reflektoren. Und er wartet auf den Moment bis die ganze Reihe durchgehen wird, bis die letzte Wache kommen wird mit dem Blockführer, der ist auch ein SS Mann, der ihn erschießt. Können Sie sich das vorstellen, was das ist. Ein Mensch, der noch seine ganzen Gedanken hat, der noch weiß, was sich mit ihm tut und er wartet auf den Tod. Und solche hat man...jede zehn (10) Meter hat man gesehen Einen stehen unter einem Baum oder hingesetzt und so...man hat so einen Mann erschossen und in den Graben geschmissen. Also wir sind zwölf tausend (12 000) Mann von Markstadt weg und unser Ziel war nach Groß-Rosen zu gehen. Wir sind nach Groß-Rosen nicht mehr als vier tausend (4 000) gekommen. Acht hundert (800) sind unterwegs gestorben und erschossen worden. In Groß-Rosen...also jede Nacht sind wir in eine Scheune und haben einige Stunden geschlafen...jede Nacht war das.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.71,12495.588"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Groß-Rosen ist bei Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12495.588,12497.282"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein Groß-Rosen ist in der Nähe von Breslau, drei (3) Kilometer von Breslau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12497.282,12499.488"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Oh ja, Birkenau ist bei Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12499.488,12501.64"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja. In der Scheune war es damals etwas Furchtbares. Die Menschen haben einander tot geschlagen, also um nachher auf ihm schlafen zu können. Also wenn er noch so viel von seinen Kräften gefühlt hat, hat er den Anderen tot geschlagen, um nachher auf ihm schlafen zu können, um mehr Platz zu haben. Es war nicht einmal Platz zum Stehen, Sie können sich vorstellen, wenn man fünf hundert (500) Mann nur rein stecken kann und man hat zwei tausend fünf hundert (2500)—also fünffach so viel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12501.64,12530.076"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12530.076,12530.559"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Schließlich sind wir...also ich hab noch das alles mit gemacht, also ich weiß doch selber nicht wieso. Also, wenn Sie mir diese Frage stellen werden, bin ich gar nicht im Stande zu antworten, ich weiß noch bis heute nicht, wie ich das überlebt habe und das ist mehr Glück als Verstand, wie man sagt. Ich bin nach Groß-Rosen gekommen, also alle sind wir nach Groß-Rosen gekommen und da hat man uns auf das sogenannte neue Lager geführt. Das war ein Lager, wo man neue Baracken hin gestellt hat, das heißt, die waren noch nicht außen fertig und das war im Winter. Da hat man uns in die Keller, und oben wo noch keine Türen waren.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12530.559,12564.998"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: In die Keller?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12564.998,12566.572"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, in die Keller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12566.572,12567.24"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben denn die Baracken Keller gehabt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12567.24,12568.309"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Ja, die haben Keller gehabt, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12568.309,12569.595"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wozu?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12569.595,12570.337"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Auch um zu wohnen. Sie haben den Platz ausgenutzt und oben waren die Fenster, es waren noch keine Scheiben drinnen und die Türen waren offen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12570.337,12576.796"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Kein Platz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12576.796,12577.46"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Kein Platz. Und so haben wir geschlafen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12577.46,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,12579.482"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Aber es war warm, weil man uns so zusammengepresst hat, dass nur Derjenige, der am Fenster oder bei der Türe geschlafen hat, nur der hat es gefühlt. Die Anderen haben viel zu viel heiß gehabt. Manche...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12579.482,12591.162"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Viel zu viel was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12591.162,12592.43"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Viel zu viel heiß gehabt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12592.43,12593.335"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12593.335,12594.12"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Manche sind sogar von Groß-Rosen nicht mehr aufgestanden. Also man, es ist sozusagen, da waren keine Betten, keine Pritschen, es war nur der Fußboden. Also auf einem Fußboden von ungefähr fünf und zwanzig (25) Meter die Länge und zehn (10) Meter die Breite haben...hat man zwei tausend (2 000) Mann rein...rein gestoßen. Also können Sie sich das vorstellen, wie das war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12594.12,12617.75"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Hm, nein! Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12617.75,12619.923"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nun so war die erste Nacht. Es war noch eine Unordnung. Man hat noch nicht gewusst über den Zustand, man hat nicht gewusst zu welchem Block man gehört. Man hat noch keinen Namen aufgenommen, wir hatten damals schon keinen Namen, sondern Nummern. Im KZ haben wir Nummern bekommen. Mein Name war, meine Nummer war vier und zwanzig sieben tausend drei und neunzig (247093). Und wir sind...dort haben wir die erste Nacht geschlafen. Wir haben nichts zu essen bekommen. Morgens haben sie uns gesagt, man muss zum Appell antreten. Es war fünf (5) Uhr, stock finster und wir sind hier am Appell gestanden bis zwölf (12) Uhr mittags...im Winter. Um fünf Uhr...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12619.923,12661.782"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Warum?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12661.782,12662.202"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: So einfach, weil es ihnen so gepasst hat. Dann sind endlich die Blockführer gekommen, die haben Appell gemacht und haben uns verteilt auf die Blocks. Man hat die...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.202,12671.429"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Haben die aufgeschrieben, wenn jemand auf dem Weg gestorben ist? Oder was haben sie gemacht?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12671.429,12675.438"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Gar nichts war aufgeschrieben. Damals hat man sogar...[unverständlich; beide sprechen].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12675.438,12677.151"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Wenn sie einen Appell gemacht haben, haben sie gewusst , wer da sein soll...[unverständlich; beide sprechen].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12677.151,12680.607"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, das war der Grund warum sie Appell gemacht haben, der Appell war eben um zu wissen, wie viele noch am Leben geblieben sind und dass niemand wieder ausreißt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.607,12687.369"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12687.369,12687.792"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Um die Toten brauchen sie sich nicht mehr kümmern. Ein Toter wird schon nicht mehr lebendig werden, aber eben die Lebendigen...vielleicht fällt noch Jemandem was ein oder das Ausreißen. Deswegen müssen sie Kontrolle haben. Deshalb haben sie alles beim Appell aufgenommen und verteilt auf die Blöcke. Und in Groß-Rosen hat sich etwas abgespielt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12687.792,12705.661"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Sind Frauen auch mit gewesen oder nur Männer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12705.661,12707.813"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Nein, bei uns war ein Männerlager, aber nach Groß-Rosen sind auch Frauen nachher hingekommen. Sie haben in extra Baracken gelebt und ich hab sie nicht gesehen. Das Lager war ungeheuer gross. Das Lager konnte—bei normalen Bedingungen—konnte es auch nicht mehr aufnehmen wie fünf tausend (5 000) Mann. Und damals waren hier fünf und zwanzig tausend (25 000). Denn von überall von den kleineren Lagern hat man evakuiert nach Groß-Rosen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.813,12731.704"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ah hm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12731.704,12732.277"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Dort war etwas, was nicht zu erzählen ist. Denn im letzten Jahre neunzehn hundert vier und vierzig (1944), wie ich schon erzählt habe, hat man schon bei uns im Lager nicht mehr so geschlagen. Und da—da haben sie schon niemanden mehr gekannt und da haben die Block Ältesten gemacht, was sie wollten. Sie haben das Ganze—sie haben das beste Essen raus geholt und uns haben sie nichts zu essen gegeben. Übrigens in Groß-Rosen hat man fast nichts zu essen bekommen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12732.277,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Nun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,12756.099"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Wir haben zwei hundert (200) Gramm Brot bekommen, schwarzes Brot und einen halben Liter Steckrüben Suppe, welche man nicht in den Mund nehmen konnte.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12756.099,12763.966"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was für eine Suppe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12763.966,12764.882"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Steckrüben","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12764.882,12765.825"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Was ist das?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12765.825,12766.308"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Steckrüben, also ich weiß nicht, wie ich Ihnen das erklären kann. Steckrüben.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12766.308,12769.718"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ja. Steckrüben, ja.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12769.718,12772.284"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abraham Kimmelmann: Das hat man uns um zwei (2) Uhr in der Nacht gebracht, wenn wir schon geschlafen haben, denn die Küche konnte nicht nach kommen, sie haben tags und nachts gearbeitet. Verstehen Sie?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12772.284,12780.915"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Ein Moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12780.915,12783.016"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] This concludes Spool 92, and we have to conclude the interview, we have no more reserve of spools. This is Kimmelmann’s report, which stops at Gross-Rosen. He will continue for me when I return. Geneva, August the 28th, 1946 at the home for boys maintained by the Swiss Government. [unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12783.016,12795.507"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["German [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/transcript/8005/annotation/1616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/005/original/abraham-kimmelmann_de.vtt?1583169719","format":"text/vtt","language":"de"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/008/005/original/abraham-kimmelmann_de.vtt?1583169719"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["annotations_kimmelmanA [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003erevier: \u003c/b\u003eThe hospital ward for the concentration camp inmates.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Treblinka\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Treblinka\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Blechhammer\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Blechhammer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=0.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=46.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=80.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efolk-german (Volkdeutsche): \u003c/b\u003eThe Nazi term for ethnic Germans living outside of Germany. The Nazis made every effort to win the support of these German minorities.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=864.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1327.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1372.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1372.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1376.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1380.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myslowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myslowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1382.0,1386.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myszkow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myszkow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1439.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Warsaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Warsaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1439.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myszkow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Myszkow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1439.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Slawkow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Slawkow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1513.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Slawkow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Slawkow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1513.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1636.0,1657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1814.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Lodz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Lodz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=1999.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2019.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2039.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2039.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2264.0,2469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2470.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2470.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=2470.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3101.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3101.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3129.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3599.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3704.0,3734.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3736.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3736.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/ORTgeneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/ORTgeneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3958.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=3958.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4212.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4212.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4350.0,4446.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4447.0,4657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4447.0,4657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4657.0,4658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4871.0,4939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=4940.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5114.0,5261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5264.0,5319.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003efuehrer: \u003c/b\u003eThe German word for “leader.”\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5264.0,5319.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5321.0,5326.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e=","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Krakow\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5368.0,5431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5432.0,5616.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5654.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5654.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5654.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5782.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wolbrom\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5880.0,5907.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5907.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5907.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5907.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5907.0,5938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=5940.0,6012.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6012.0,6060.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6060.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/ORTgeneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/ORTgeneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eORT: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6060.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6126.0,6220.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6254.0,6332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6385.0,6541.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=6541.0,6887.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7157.0,7347.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7351.0,7492.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7517.0,7520.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7606.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7606.0,7742.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. They were often convicts who were offered this work in exchange for a reduced sentence or parole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=7909.0,8106.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8108.0,8180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8108.0,8180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. They were often convicts who were offered this work in exchange for a reduced sentence or parole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8108.0,8180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. They were often convicts who were offered this work in exchange for a reduced sentence or parole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8180.0,8182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. They were often convicts who were offered this work in exchange for a reduced sentence or parole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8182.0,8243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8182.0,8243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8268.0,8280.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8310.0,8418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8502.0,8504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army\".\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8504.0,8508.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9921.0,9985.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=9921.0,9985.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10012.0,10022.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10012.0,10022.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10023.0,10042.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10023.0,10042.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10044.0,10047.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dabrowa-Gornicza\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10044.0,10047.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10067.0,10101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10105.0,10112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10105.0,10112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10114.0,10181.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10181.0,10185.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Laskowitz-Meleschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.0,10242.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.0,10242.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.0,10242.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10188.0,10242.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10247.0,10332.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.0,10341.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10341.0,10348.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10387.0,10390.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=10618.0,10644.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/1931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12161.0,12399.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12161.0,12399.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Markstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12420.0,12495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12495.0,12497.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, se\"e \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12495.0,12497.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12497.0,12499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12497.0,12499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12497.0,12499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12499.0,12501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12499.0,12501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12501.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12501.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12501.0,12564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12568.0,12661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12568.0,12661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12568.0,12661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.0,12671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.0,12671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.0,12671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12662.0,12671.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12677.0,12680.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.0,12705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.0,12705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.0,12705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12680.0,12705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12707.0,12783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12783.0,12795.51494"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/1835/annotation/2058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Geneva\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=12783.0,12795.51494"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/172","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["kimmelmanA_annotations_german [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092/annotation_set/172/annotation/2059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e[Note: The audio for Spool 88—the sixth of eight spools from the Bramson interview—is unavailable. It is not in the collection of wire spools currently held by the Library of Congress. Therefore, a transcription could not be made. However, this spool was translated into English by Boder, and the translation is available in this collection.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17637/file/73092#t=8243.428,8268.141"}]}]}]}