{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/086348gk75/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Udel Stopnitsky, September 12, 1946, Hénonville, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-09-12"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" Yiddish (Primary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" stopnitskyU_9-122_9-123 (Local)"," stopnitskyU_9-122_9-123_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Hénonville (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Udel Stopinsky, conducted by David P. Boder on September 12, 1946 in Hénonville, France.   (Abstract)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945)--Personal narratives (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, Jewish (Topical)"," Będzin (Poland) (Geographic)"," Terezín (Ústecký kraj, Czech Republic) (Geographic)"," Theresienstadt (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Auschwitz (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Birkenau (Concentration camp) (Person Or Corporate Body)"," Gross-Rosen (Concentration camp)  (Person Or Corporate Body)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Stopinsky, Udel (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Boder, David P. 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The interviewee is Mr. Udel Stopnitsky, 31 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Yiddish] Now, Mr. Stopnitsky, will you again tell me your full name...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=30.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Stopnitsky, Udel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=35.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=36.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Born in Bedzin, 1915","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=37.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Bedzin is not far from Sosnowiec?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=40.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=42.0,0.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. In 1915, so how old are you now, 31?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=0.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, 31 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=45.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, Mr. Stopnitsky, what are you doing here? With what are you occupied here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=47.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I arrived here in order to get in the fastest way to the land of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=51.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You are occupying some kind of a post here in the organization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=55.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I am the head of the Kibbutz, that means leader of the whole contingent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=57.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many Kibbutzim [this is the plural form of Kibbutz] are here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=61.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One-hundred and twenty people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=63.0,65.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no I am not asking how many people. I want to know if there is only one Kibbutz here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=65.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One Kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=68.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what is the name of this Kibbutz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=69.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nezach Israel under the leadership of the Alya Agudahs Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=70.0,75.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Agudahs Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=75.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Alya Agudahs Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=76.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what does Alya mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=77.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is the youth organization of religious working men [the preceding Hebrew terms have to be re-checked].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=79.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The youth organization of Jewish working men. And Rabbi Horwitz is with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=85.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, he is the religious leader of our Kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=90.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And to what organization belongs the Yeshiva, there upstairs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=94.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a Lituanian Yeshiva.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=97.0,99.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They don’t belong to your group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=99.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that is a separate group which only dedicates itself to learning. The rest of the Kibbutz is organized to prepare working people for the land of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=100.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the others are a Yeshiva and it is not known whether they go to the land of Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=108.0,111.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They go to America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=111.0,113.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And do they have their own Rabbi?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=113.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the Yeshiva has its own Rabbi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=119.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Has he arrived already?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=121.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he will arrive tomorrow, on Friday. Every Sunday he leaves for Paris and he comes here for the Sabbath weekend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=122.0,129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what does he do in Paris during the whole week?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=129.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e He has to arrange various things, various formalities for the trip to America because the Yeshiva leaves for America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=131.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So he is busy the whole week in Paris?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=136.0,138.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Paris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=138.0,139.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, Mr. Stopnitsky, will you please tell me where you were when the war started and what happened to you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=139.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From 1939 to 1943, I was in Bedzin. In various ghettos. Sometimes in a large ghetto up to the end, to April, 1943, when there were established ghettos surrounded with wire fences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=148.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e With wires?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=164.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e With wires. By that time there were in the ghetto seventeen thousand Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=164.0,168.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now let us start again. Where and with whom were you? With whom did you live? I refer to your family at the time the Germans arrived in Bedzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=168.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e When the Germans arrived in Bedzin, I was at home. We were ten children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=178.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were the Russians in Bedzin first?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=182.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=184.0,185.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=185.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans came in right from the start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=186.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [Does that mean that] the Germans came in before they were at war with the Russians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=187.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, [they marched in] two years before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=191.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e All right, go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=193.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Also, when the Germans marched in—we were a family of ten children, and my father and my mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=194.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Ten children and a father and mother in addition, together twelve?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=200.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Together twelve.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=202.0,203.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=203.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We lived [from the start] unmolested. The first few weeks various misfortunes happened to other Jews. They right away burned the synagogues and the prayer house, and a number of Jews were right away shot, they burned down various streets with Jews [possibly meaning where the Jews lived], but nothing so far happened to our family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=204.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now wait a moment. [Do I understand that] the Germans were not yet at war with Russia, they marched into Poland, they marched into Bedzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=218.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=228.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=228.0,229.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So right away, the first day when they marched in, they took one hundred and seventy Jews and shot them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=229.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=235.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Bedzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=235.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you see it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=236.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I have not seen it, but afterwards when we came outside we saw Jews sitting in poses like it would be Saturday night, they were sitting in their silk coats, with their heads [here one word not clear] leaning against the wall and in such a pose they were shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=237.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So that you did see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=250.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I have seen it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=251.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e One could see that they were shot?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=252.0,254.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Shot, not once but several times shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=254.0,256.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=256.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They were shot with so much suffering that one could not call it normal suffering. Entire pieces of flesh were torn away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=257.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um, and who buried them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=263.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The official Jewish undertakers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=267.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The official Jewish undertakers had to bury them? Some hundred seventy Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=268.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=270.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were they buried?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=271.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e On the cemetery, under [one word is not clear] highway which [cemetery] exists until this day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=272.0,276.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were they buried in separate graves? [the interviewer inquired whether they were buried in individual graves but Stopnitsky interpreted the word as separate graves.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=276.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In separate graves, four graves, women separately and men separately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=278.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, in two graves?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=281.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, in four graves, two for the men and two for the women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=283.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So they did not bury everyone separately, in a nice...[The interviewer unexpectedly said this last three words in English; as in so many cases the interviewer could not help becoming perplexed by the story which accounts for not having heard about the four graves when he mentioned them first, and also accounts for forgetting himself as to the language he was to use. —D.P.B.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=286.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That they did not permit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=289.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans did not permit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=291.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . because it took too much time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=291.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=293.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . to dig so many graves if each one would have been separately buried.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=293.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...and what explanation did they give? Why were they shot? What did they...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=296.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There was no explanation of any kind...no explanation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=299.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have a Jewish Community Council right from the start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=303.0,306.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Jewish Community Council was created [here is either a short break in the wire or the machine was stopped for some reason but there isn’t much missing if any].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=306.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . let us continue. Stopnitsky, there were at the time in Bedzin thirty-two thousand Jews in all the orders of the Gestapo, that means the German Secret Police, had to be executed by the Jewish Community Council. No matter how horrible [an order] they had to execute it. [A pause] Also you told me that at that time...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=308.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There were thirty-two thousand Jews in Bedzin, because Bedzin is one of the oldest cities in Poland, but in time, beginning with 1940 the Germans got busy with the little bit of Jews, daily they record various actions, sometimes they were picked for lumber gangs with the help of the German police, sometimes they were just common order to deliver two thousand Jews. At that time it wasn’t yet known for what purpose the Jews were sent away. It was said that the Jews are being re-settled to other districts where they could continue to live. But in time obscure information came through that there was created such a thing as Auschwitz. Auschwitz is located 32 kilometers from Bedzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that is where Auschwitz is located?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=373.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. 32 kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=374.0,376.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And Birkenau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=376.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is the same thing. I was also in Birkenau. From then on it was “obscurely felt” that the Jews are not being re-settled but they are taken to be murdered. But to murder them openly, they still could not decide. But in time they record a case when a woman, a woman from Bedzin has managed to escape—in what way is not exactly known—but she escaped from that hell, and she reported exactly how things occurred there at the time. At that time transports of two thousand, three thousand Jews would arrive. Arriving at Auschwitz they were told that they proceed traveling to a place of work. They were told to take off all their clothes to get ready to go bathing. Each one was given a towel with a little piece of soap as is usually done when people go into a bathhouse. On the [door] leading to the gas chamber was a sign in German “bathhouse”. The people simply marched in and there occurred the gas-killing. Sometimes it would last fifteen minutes, five, minutes, sometimes an hour, sometimes two hours. This depended on the experimentation with various gases which were manufactured by the I. G. Farben Industries in Auschwitz. Because there in the lager [camp]—the lager occupied 40 kilometers square—and in this lager was a gigantic plant of that great world wide concern, the I. G. Farben Industries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=449.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . where they were manufacturing poison gases and these gases...when they would prepare a new gas they would test it on the “sacrificial offering” [the word really means plural of the noun sacrifice] of Jews which were sent there from the the name is not clear [district] nearby, [he enumerates here a number of towns of that region but he speaks at such a pace that the names are not clear.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=450.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Katowice also?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Katowice too, [correcting himself] Katowice was at that time already Jew-clean. As soon as the Germans got into Katowice it was called Upper Silesia, that means [as if] originally German territory and sent over to Zagrumbia [??] which formerly was called Dabrowa, it was called that since hundreds of years] I am not sure of the translation of the last few words.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you call [that district]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=477.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Zagrumbia [??], there are the coal mines, it is a coal district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=478.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=481.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Polish coal district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=482.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=483.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But otherwise it is called the coal district.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. And you say that the I.G. Farben were located in the lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=487.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In the lager a gigantic factory [I am not sure of the adjective, neither here nor before when he mentions Farben, it’s the same adjective], and there worked the prisoners, you see the internees were called prisoners. I shall explain to you later what that all means. From the beginning of 1942, misfortune started to fall also over our family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=490.0,502.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Slower please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=502.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We were ten children. All of us...the youngest one was thirteen years old and the oldest one was thirty-five years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=503.0,509.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=509.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They started sending away one by one...one brother was sent away to labor service. Labor service, that means he was sent away deep into Germany; he was getting hardly any food except for 20 to 30 deca bread a day, barely anything else, and so he had to work eight, ten or even twelve hours a day. This was not yet considered too terrible because after all the people were still alive. We still were able to maintain contact with our children, we were able to write letters to them. In 1942 my father died of a natural death, and the mother...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=510.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [He died] at home?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=537.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e At home. The mother—that was the 12th, 8th, that is, the 12th of August, 1942—they ordered all the Jews of Bedzin to assemble on three squares. At that time they were 57,000 Jews. And all the Jews assembled...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=537.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e On three different squares?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=552.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=553.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why on three different squares?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=553.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because it was impossible for all of them to assemble on one square...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=554.0,557.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=557.0,557.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: . . . because the squares were surrounded and guarded by the Gestapo with machine guns. And they started a selection. In German it is called selection, meaning they were classifying: these shall live, and these shall not. It was called: one, two, three. To one were assigned such people who were working, they had such papers from the special authorities, and that meant that they may live. But to three were assigned older people, children or such people who he disliked in general, and these were set apart and from them were formed the transports, two, three thousand Jews, and they were sent away to Auschwitz. And...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=557.0,587.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what about two?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=587.0,588.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Group two meant the doubtful [cases]. When the “selection man”, the German, was unable to decide from a person’s papers whether his work is sufficient [of sufficient importance], then these people were ordered aside for the time being, and by night would arrive the proprietor of the plant, and when he would report that he needs the people, then such people would be released and they would continue going to work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=588.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=605.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because they have set up in Bedzin certain shops like in America [occupying] nine thousand, five thousand people, which worked for the German Wehrmacht. Such people still had the right to remain at home. That happened in 1942. From then on, from the 12th, 8th, they began to drag away various Jews. There even happened once a case when a message came that the Gestapo is in need of three thousand Jews. The then active Jewish Community Council with the director [??] Monich Morin [??], that was a [the adjective is not clear] Jew...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=605.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Morin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=630.0,631.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [correcting] Merin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=631.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Merin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=632.0,632.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Monek Merin, Monek Merin, he was the leader of the central office of the Jewish Community Councils. He maintained contact with Berlin, with the Gestapo, with [the authorities] everywhere. He had full rights to travel wherever he wanted to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=632.0,643.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Please write down for me his name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=643.0,644.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Gladly....He was a congenial Jew; he took it unto himself...he meant well from the beginning, but later he was the executor of all the orders of the Gestapo. He knew that the Jews were going to Auschwitz, and he would assemble these Jews. He would send the old people to Auschwitz because he judged that an old person is already useless, he won’t bring anybody [or possibly anything] into this world while young people can produce [or possibly reproduce]. But in time it revealed itself that he was simply a traitor to the Jewish people, to the Jews. If he wouldn’t have confused our minds, if he wouldn’t have talked into us that there is a chance for salvation, we possibly would have organized for resistance. But he lulled us into such a sleep, that we did not organize any resistance and we went like sheep to the slaughter. Without any resistance and whatsoever. And so things went on until April, 1943. In April, 1943, this same Monek Merin with his whole crew, for reasons which we could not ascertain, the Gestapo took this same Monek Merin with all the other [Jewish] authorities and sent them, too, to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=702.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . and we Jews remained without leadership, without anything. From then on the great holocaust started. It happened once...the first holocaust took place the 22nd of June. They surrounded the whole ghetto, because we were already [settled] outside of the town...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=703.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You say that Bedzin is only 20 kilometers away from Auschwitz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=719.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 32 kilometers...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=722.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 32 kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=723.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 32 kilometers from Auschwitz; it formerly was Oswiecim...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=724.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you didn’t know what was going on there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=727.0,729.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, until 1942, it was not known...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=729.0,731.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e People say that the fires from the crematories were...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=731.0,734.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But there were no Jews, and such information did not reach us. But beginning with 1942 we knew exactly what was going on there and how things were going on there, everything. But we were without arms and we were unable to defend ourselves. And that happened on account of Monek Merin and his crew. He lulled us into such a sleep that we didn’t think, we didn’t consider the possibility of resistance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=734.0,755.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...Now go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=755.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It happened the 22nd of June they started it by surrounding the ghetto, the ghetto was outside the town. There still lived seventeen thousand Jews. And they took four thousand of the most splendid young people, the Jewish youth, and they were sent immediately to Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=756.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=770.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . Nothing, they just made a kind of...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=772.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were there too many people in the ghetto?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=773.0,775.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing of the kind. There was no question about that, they were just Jews. The only reason was that they were Jews. The Jews worked, they made themselves useful, they worked for the Wehrmacht, but because they were Jews they had no right to live and that was the order of things. People just shot at ever action, they used to shoot a couple of hundred Jews. These couple of hundred Jews were lying around on the ground, afterwards they [the bodies] were gathered together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=775.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Have you see that, how it happened...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=791.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I was committing them to burial. I participated in burying them because I had a post of raid watchman because in German a “raid watchman” was active in air raids, and we too had to do that, so I had the right to take those people and to bury them. I still know to this day where the graves are located, because at the end I was the deputy [he says president] of the religious contingents of Bedzin, now...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=792.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now? [He apparently meant at the time of those occurrences]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=810.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and we proceeded with the various things [rituals] burials, tombstones, on a small scale because of course we had no money but we marked everything wherever the people were lying [buried], these sacrifices [one word is not clear]. And then...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=811.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how can it be known who they are?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=824.0,826.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I wrote it down. I was born in Bedzin and I knew their names...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=826.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You wrote it down then? Right after it [happened]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=829.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It was written down in a memorandum, it was all written down but they took it away from me afterwards in Auschwitz; everything was written down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=831.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=835.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I shall return to it later...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=835.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=836.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Also that happened the 22nd, 6th. And the lst, 8th, when we arose in the morning...I want to remark here, since we knew already of the danger, and we were prepared for it. And when I saw that the horror was imminent and there was no salvation of any kind so we made for ourselves so-called bunkers, hideouts. We for instance excavated stories deep in the ground, we constructed various kinds of cellars, we constructed [double] walls, so with the first threats of danger one could hide because we had...as soon as Russia entered the war, we had information that America and England have allied themselves with the European powers, so we thought that help is near and we will be able to hold out two, three, or even four months live through in the hideouts. But time has shown that that was a mistake and we were unable to hide. The 1st of August, 1943, we were informed that Bedzin is to become Jew-clean. No Jew should be found in Bedzin. I at that time still had with me a sister, a brother and a wife with a child of fourteen months, and an in-law [one cannot understand whether he means father or mother-in-law or brother or sister-in-law]. I had constructed a hideout and we were lying there for seven days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=836.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me a bit, I can’t well imagine how were these hideouts constructed and how did people live in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=906.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The hideouts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=914.0,915.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=915.0,916.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e With the hideouts it was like this. All day we were in the hideouts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=916.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=920.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I told you already...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=921.0,922.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the basement?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=922.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Or in the attic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=923.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the attic...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=924.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In the attic. Or we arranged [a hideout] right in the apartment. Suppose for example a room was 4, 5 meters long.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=925.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=930.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So we would separate 1 meter [of space] and we constructed a new wall. Along the wall we would place a cupboard...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=931.0,938.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=938.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A cloth cupboard [the German word is Schrank].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=939.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, a cupboard?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=941.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A cupboard, a wardrobe, and in the inside, in the back, we would make a kind of an opening, and through that opening one could get into the hideout; and there we would lie simply on the floor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=942.0,951.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For how long?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=951.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e How long? I for example spent in it seven days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=952.0,954.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So how would you go out? [The question refers obviously also to toilet facilities]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=954.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e At night, in the evening...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=956.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=957.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . it was always dark, it was dark in general, there was no more light, one couldn’t have any, so people would get out and who had luck managed to come back. The one who had no luck [could not manage to return] was shot. Because during the whole evening the ghetto was surrounded. And with special searchlights—as soon as they would hear a shot—they would turn their light at that point and would begin to shoot at that point. In this way many people were killed but every day regularly they would send away a transport two thousand Jews to Auschwitz. That was definitely known. In the meantime while I was in hiding with my family...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=957.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did they select these two thousand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=997.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No. I shall tell you later because I myself have gone through it, I shall tell you about the arrival at Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=999.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1004.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And so in the meantime...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1005.0,1006.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But I want to know how they selected every day those two thousand people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1006.0,1009.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing...they would gather them together, the police would go around, or the people presented themselves voluntarily because they recognized that the hiding is purposeless [a few words are not clear, there seems to come through the windows the yelling of a child; we often had that trouble with people, especially children or adults as well surrounding the interview room and trying to listen from under the windows, and when they were requested to go away would sometimes cause some kind of disturbance] and seeing that there was no way of saving oneself people simply surrendered so that death may come sooner, because to live in such a manner was worse than death. And so they gathered the people up to two thousand in a certain place and then marched them away to the railroad station, and from the station they were sent away to Auschwitz. The whole trip lasted altogether about an hour and a half. One hour...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1009.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From Bedzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From Bedzin to Auschwitz. The trip was of not much consequence. The same train would go to Auschwitz, would be unloaded, would return back and again take on people. In the meantime while I was hiding for seven days my child died in the bunker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In the bunker?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1049.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In the bunker, on account of lack of proper nourishment. It was the 8th month [he means of course August], the weather was very hot...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1049.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Your “bunker” was in the attic?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1054.0,1056.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, in the apartment behind a [double] wall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1056.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...Did you have a window?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1057.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no window. We made between the bricks little holes through which the air could come in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1059.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1064.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But for a grown up person it could be sufficient, but for a child...he would become suffocated...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1065.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Wasn’t there a danger that a child may cry?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1070.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Precisely...when people would get out, for example in the case of my brother the mother herself simply choked the child to death. Why? They were hiding in a very small bunker. And they heard the Gestapo came into the apartment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1072.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how old was the child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1087.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The child was about two years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1088.0,1089.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1089.0,1089.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e She was called Chanele Stopnitsky.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1089.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1091.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So the child made an attempt to cry, so the mother thinking that it is just for a moment plugged up her little mouth [gagged her]. But because the Gestapo remained upstairs longer [than expected], and there were below in the cellar nineteen grown-up people so she held over her little mouth her hand so long that the child suffocated. She simply choked to death her own child with her own hands. That was a child of my brother. In the case of my child it was different on account of lack of air and of sucking from the mother [apparently mother’s breast] poison and gall. Because you can imagine what kind of life it was underground, because we knew that with every day we are nearer to death, so it got poisoned and the child died. [Here we apparently deal with the general belief that under emotional stress the mother’s milk becomes “poisonous” for the child.] And because of that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1091.0,1128.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How old was the child?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1128.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Fourteen month old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1129.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1129.0,1130.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And so when the child died we became convinced of the futility of remaining longer in the bunker, because the child was our only hope, and since the child died there was no purpose for us to live for. That’s how my wife felt and we decided to come out momentarily and surrender to the Gestapo. We came out, they received us very politely without blows, they did not beat us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1130.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did you say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1152.0,1153.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We reported that we present ourselves voluntarily, six people...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1153.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1157.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That we present ourselves voluntarily, six people...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1158.0,1160.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1160.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So he said, “All right,” and that we should go to the gathering point. So we went to the gathering place [there are a few words not clear] he talks very fast]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1162.0,1167.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You reported for what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1167.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing...we present ourselves voluntarily, that meant that we are Jews—there were no others—because in the ghetto there were only Jews. When one would come out he would raise high his hands, because if he wouldn’t get up his hands he was shot. And so we six went, we even asked him whether we should take our bundles, so he said, “Yes, because you are young people and you are being transported to work.” That is what we were told.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1169.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who were the six people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1189.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I, my brother, and my sister—this makes three, my wife is four, a sister-in-law makes five, and the mother-in-law makes six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1191.0,1199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The mother-in-law wasn’t anymore a young person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1199.0,1200.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The mother-in-law was fifty-one years old, but he ordered us to go all together to the gathering place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1200.0,1205.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [He did not use the full term “mother-in-law;” he referred to her always the in-law, and that explains my question.] The in-law, you mean your mother-in-law?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1205.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the mother-in-law, the mother of my wife. When we arrived at the gathering place, we saw already hundreds of Jews sitting around. The Jews had already resigned themselves...that did not cast for us any horror, we even laughed in a way, and made ourselves cheerful [here he uses a Hebrew term, equivalent apparently to the expression “we invested ourselves”] and all such things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1206.0,1222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You did what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1222.0,1222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [I am not sure of the correct translation.] They invested themselves like the dead ready to be laid into the grave, so they invested themselves—they were pious Jews—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1222.0,1227.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The invested themselves in what is called shrouds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1227.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Shrouds, in Hebrew it is called [he gives here the Hebrew word,] otherwise it is called shrouds. And we were sitting there and waiting to be transported away. In about two hours there arrived the Gestapo, all the civilians [deputies] with their dogs. They held clubs in their hands and started driving the crowd into formation, four in a row, and we marched away to the railroad station. That wasn’t very far, a ten minute walk. When we arrived at the railroad station, we had to wait for one hour, and then arrived thirty cattle cars, cars in which cattle are being transported, animals. [The cattle cars in Europe are not like the American stock cars with provisions for plenty of ventilation; they are simply solidly closed freight cars with possibly a small window near the ceiling. In most cases these were the old type freight cars on four wheels which had the inscription, “Forty men or eight horses.” But normally when people such as soldiers or railroad working men were transported in such cars, they were provided with plank beds and the doors were kept open for ventilation.] There were no facilities to get in into these cars, but in the cars that were standing at the railroad platform [the train was apparently longer than the small platform of the little town] at the railroad station, in these [cars] entered a hundred sixty people into each car.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1230.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Hundred sixty people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1273.0,1274.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Hundred sixty people into one car.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1274.0,1275.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who counted that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1275.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The count was made, not at the entrance into the car, but at the entrance into the station a precise count was made. They included into the count those who were killed, those who died enroute, because on the way to the railroad station this one was instantly shot, or it appeared to one of the guards that a certain person intends to run away so he would draw his Browning pistol and shoot him, at that time a human life was of no significance, who of the guards wanted shot, and who did not want did not shoot. And so when we embarked into the trains, into the cars, we felt that we were extra-ordinarily crowded together. The cars were shut, hermetically shut, without any opening for air. Soon the atmosphere became extraordinarily suffocating, people started to strip themselves naked, we soon noticed how old people, gasping for air, became suffocated in the cars. I must remark that we didn’t travel more than three hours we made stops at various stations and the train had no clearance to proceed ahead one must remember that the whole distance was about thirty kilometers between Bedzin and Auschwitz, you understand how it is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1276.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1333.0,1334.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The suffocating air was extraordinary, soon children almost momentarily began to suffocate in these cars because there were hundred sixty people in a car that could hold only 40, 50, 60 people, that’s how we were crowded together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1334.0,1344.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1344.0,1344.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Arriving in Auschwitz we stopped at a ramp...that means a place where they unload various freight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1344.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1350.0,1351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: And we disembarked there and they told us to wait. This is how we waited: on one side stood trucks, on the other side stood SS men with their guns, and in the center stood a Gestapo man, a secret agent from the German...Germans with a little stick. And he was pointing, the one to whom he was pointing towards the right of the action...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1351.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1370.0,1371.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . he had to go to the trucks, and it was known that he is going directly to the crematories...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1371.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did he have to go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1376.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e To the “automobiles”, to the “auto...”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1377.0,1379.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e To the “automobiles”...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1379.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . to the “automobiles”, and into these [trucks] they were throwing people alive and dead, children, all together, as if they were not people, they were thrown just as if they were all dead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1380.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What were they, open trucks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1390.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Open trucks, open freight trucks [he does not use the word trucks, he uses all the way through “automobiles,” but it was obvious that he referred to trucks].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1391.0,1393.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1393.0,1393.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the railroad car from which I came out, they took out thirty-four suffocated people. From the hundred sixty, thirty-four were suffocated. I and my brother and my wife, we were fortunate to be...that we were assigned to the left side, and it was said that we are still going to the lager, there is hope for us to live. And we never saw again the people who were loaded on the trucks but within an hour we saw the same automobiles returning with the dirty clothing, and with the “puttings-on” [this is a makeshift Yiddish word for clothing, meaning anything that one could use to cover his body] with the clothing of these people. It was said that these people have already gone through the gas chambers, that of these people nobody has remained [alive]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1393.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did they do with the “puttings-on” [it seems the best translation for it would be the English word furnishings/?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1429.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e With the furnishings...for these were constructed special gigantic storehouses in Auschwitz. Because of the tens of thousands of kinds of funishings that you may hear do exist in the world, all of them could be seen in Auschwitz [He speaks very fast in a very excited tone.] Because in Auschwitz thou must know...through it [Auschwitz] passed millions of people. Jews alone according to our calculations three to four million Jews perished in Auschwitz. Not only Polish Jews perished in Auschwitz, but French, Greek, Hungarian, Czech, from everywhere...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Only Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1455.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Only Jews. There were other lagers in Auschwitz where they had Poles, Gypsies, and Germans as well. Germans who were opponents of the Hitler regime were also sent to Oświe̜cim; [apparently a strange association of the Polish language with the Christian prisoners while the name Auschwitz was the German-Jewish name]. But these were entirely separate lagers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But they were not burned?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1469.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They also were burned if they had incriminated themselves greatly against the Hitler regime, they were also burned. When we arrived we were all lined up four abreast and we were transported away on foot not anymore in “automobiles” toward the inside of the lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1470.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And your mother [I really intended to say mother-in-law or I had possibly forgotten that his mother was not in the party]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1484.0,1486.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . the mother, [correcting himself] the mother-in-law went “on the automobile” [that obviously designates to the gas chamber] and my sister also went “on the automobile,” and my sister-in-law also went “on the automobile”. And although she was eighteen years old but she did not look so well in her face, she was what they called a Mussulman [by this name they called people emaciated to the very bones, the name Mussulman for this type of people was common in the lagers; the origin is not known, some attribute it to the similarity in looks between these emaciated people and Gandhi or the Oriental beggars in general.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1486.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1500.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e She looked bad, so he also sent her “on the automobile.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1501.0,1503.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is a Mussulman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1503.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A Mussulman you know, to look like a Mussulman meant a very emaciated a person who looked in Auschwitz very emaciated was called a Mussulman, and he already had no right to live.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1504.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1513.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And we haven’t seen them anymore. We arrived at two o’clock in Auschwitz. We were led into special blocks, so-called barracks, erected of wood. As soon as we entered there came the ruler of Auschwitz: quick, in a hurry, go on in the German language. “Strip completely,” and in a minute one had to be completely undressed, and soon their clubs were striking our backs and we were driven into what they called the washroom, to bathe. At the bath they sheared off our hair everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1514.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who did that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1546.0,1547.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e This was done by Jews, well-seasoned, old prisoners. French Jews, Belgian Jews, those who have managed to achieve a certain post, a certain rank.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1547.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1556.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One of them was a barber, the other a clerk, and the like, and they proceeded with this work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1556.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you think they were not Polish Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1560.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1563.0,1564.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e French, Belgian...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1564.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e French, Belgian, there were all kinds of Jews. Those who were small in number still could survive [he apparently means Jews of a nationality that was small in number like the Dutch or the Belgian or Norwegian; it seems that the countries that had puppet governments like France, Belgium, Norway, and the Netherlands, still managed to exercise some pressure through the Red Cross or otherwise in behalf of their Jewish subjects]. These kind [of prisoners], suppose he was a good Frenchman [French Jew] and the German needed Frenchmen to receive the French Jews, or a Pole...there were special squads, for instance, they called one squad, they called it the Canada squad. That was the squad that emptied all the railroad cars of all the transports. The gathered together the gold, the diamonds, the dollars, and later it has become known...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1566.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why were they called the Canada Squad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1593.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Canada meant something good [apparently that was a local code name], Canada meant they had a lot to eat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1595.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1599.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e These people used to take away the food from the whole transport, because everybody would take food with himself, so they [the Canada squad] had food without a limit. And they too were Jews, they were Jews, Polish Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1599.0,1608.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Canada squad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1608.0,1609.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Canada squad. They made up this squad. Then there also was a gas squad made up of Jews. But the gas squad had no right to live [indefinitely] after working two, three months at the crematories, they who serviced the crematories—leading to it the Jews, turning on the gas, transported afterwards on special carts the dead bodies, because the bodies would not fall out separately...the bodies would fall out in a twisted mass, and they would put on their little cart and roll away immediately to the crematory where they were burned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1609.0,1634.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean “like a twisted mass”? [He really used an expression that could be translated skein]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1634.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That means the leg of one [person twisted] in the hands of the other. [Here he talks again very fast and it becomes hard to follow for the next few words.] They were twisted together with their hands and feet, because the pain with the onset of death was terrible, and each one struggled, so the result was, since it was crowded in the gas chamber, so they came out as if in one bulk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1636.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1650.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There were no separate bodies, one separate from the other, but one solid mass, all the bodies together. We arrived in the west barracks [I am not sure of the translation; he speaks very fast] and as I have remarked before, we were taken and completely shorn [here is a word in Hebrew and I am not sure of the translation] every hair. Just from the shearing [barbering] one could see that “Auschwitz” has begun. The shearing took place with terrible [he uses a Hebrew word] tortures. They did not shear like humans, but simply were tearing; on such parts [of the body] which are sensitive...and people were screaming from suffering [I am not sure whether the translation of the few Hebrew words is exactly correct]. But after all, we understood that we are in “Auschwitz.” We entered the bath, we bathed, everyone got a shirt, a ragged shirt, a pair of pants, and a coat...to wear. No shoes, no hat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1651.0,1690.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What were these things, specially made?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1690.0,1692.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No. These were the things of the gas-killed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1692.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1695.0,1696.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the gas-killed. From the people who were gas killed...their things were brought afterwards from the warehouses and [the things] were specially prepared with K-L written on the back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1696.0,1703.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That meant...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1703.0,1704.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e K—-L that means concentration camp, that one should not be able to escape. And they led us to the place so-called Birkenau. Birkenau was called the quarantine, that meant to prepare us so we could then be transferred for Auschwitz for work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1704.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1715.0,1716.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e As soon as we arrived there, they put us, six people in a “container”...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1716.0,1720.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1720.0,1720.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A bed, a bed, they called that [container] a unit of three beds, one over the other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1720.0,1723.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1723.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: Boards just knocked together, boards: one [bed] on the ground level, one at the first story, and one at the second story. [In Europe the stories of buildings are not counted as in this country; the first story is there the ground level, and that what we call here the second story is there the first, and so on.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1724.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And in every bed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1728.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . there were lying six people. The bed was about a meter and a half wide, one and a half meter wide, and two meters long [that is about five feet wide and six and a half feet long.] And there were three such levels, one over the other, and there were lying six people [on each]. One blanket was spread underneath and one blanket was to cover themselves, for all six people. Obviously, we did not undress when going to sleep, because there just wasn’t what to undress. And they started afterwards to call out the people and to give them numbers, numbers on their arms. That was made...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1730.0,1759.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean the tattoo numbers? What is your number?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1759.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Hundred thirty-four-four hundred nineteen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1762.0,1764.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [apparently the interviewer writes down the number while Stopnitsky is looking on]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1764.0,1768.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Four hundred nineteen. That was made with a special thing that looked like a pen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1768.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1773.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And it had a point and it would get under the skin. Pain one didn’t feel anymore because man was no man anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1774.0,1781.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What does that mean...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1781.0,1782.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One did not feel anymore pain, neither this pain nor when one would get a “good” blow, a “good” slap, a “good” knock on the head, one did not feel that either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1782.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1788.0,1788.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One was simply congealed [I am not sure of the translation of this word], one had resigned himself to anything, one, in general, did not feel anything anymore. One was not concerned whether he goes to the gas chambers, whether one was anywhere else...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1788.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who, did you tell me, survived of your family, you, your brother...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1796.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I, only I alone...I still had some brothers who worked in German camps...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1799.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were sent to Auschwitz, six people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1804.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Six people, but only I alone survived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1807.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You mean right from the start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1810.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was the only survivor of the six people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1812.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And who went “on the trucks”?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1815.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e To the gas chamber went immediately my mother-in-law, my sister, and the sister-in-law...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1816.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1822.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Afterwards my brother with the wife [apparently Stopnitsky’s own wife] went after a selection, because every Saturday selections took place. People had to strip completely naked, a German doctor passed through the lines [here are a few words not clear] and there were discovered boils of various kinds, skin eruptions, and such similar things...and these people were immediately sent to the gas chamber. Even if he was working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1822.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you and your brother together?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1841.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Together and we slept in one bed. I have seen him the Saturday when he was selected, it was known that Saturday...Sunday morning he will be sent to the gas chamber but unfortunately I could not find a way, I could do no more than weeping and wailing. I had to look on, not only when my brother but all my friends, all my comrades, relatives, female cousins, male cousins, to look up, how they were sent away there and then...I want here to point out one thing...When people were selected [he is very excited and speaks very fast, I am not sure of the exact translation] and it being known that they will be taken Saturday night, there was curfew in the block.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1843.0,1870.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1870.0,1870.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It was prohibited to step out from the barracks and one heard the screams like one sloid wail. Because the people were taken right there and then, naked, on the trucks and transported to the crematories. And the screams were like one solid wail, but again it was the same thing. We had to sit around in silence because what did we have to defend ourselves with? And what could we accomplish? One was fortunate to get his 20 deca bread. This was the only hope for survival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1870.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me something about the bread. Was the bread baked in the lager or...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1891.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In the lager. The lager was so big that it housed ninety thousand workers...in the lager internees.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1895.0,1902.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I want to ask you this. I was told that there was a kind of bread that was baked a long time in advance and was in some way “preserved.” Have you seen such bread?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1902.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1914.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1914.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It was like ordinary...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1915.0,1916.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They baked it every day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1916.0,1917.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No. they did not bake every day but one got it every day. One would get 30 deca bread, and a half a deca margarine and one liter...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1917.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Per day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1924.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Per day. This was the food given...but until one could push himself forward to [get] this food, one could lose half of his health. I spent in Auschwitz, in Birkenau, three months. After three months there came a commission from the Krupp factory...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1925.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do you explain that your health has endured?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1939.0,1942.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I really don’t know. My brother...he was possibly even of better health than I...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1942.0,1947.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1947.0,1947.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But I...I don’t know...I did not have the strength and did not develop any boils [this apparently refers to a belief in the concentration camps that healthier people or stronger people would develop illnesses than the weaker individuals. The Mussulmen were an example of individuals who could get emaciated down to the bones, lose almost all the appearance of fat and muscular tissue and still continue on living], but he developed boils.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1947.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they have these boils?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1953.0,1956.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1956.0,1956.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1956.0,1957.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everywhere. There was a certain sickness in the lager—phlegmona...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1957.0,1960.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Phlegmona?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1960.0,1961.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Phlegmona. Everybody everywhere developed it...from malnutrition. The blood was spoiled from horror and from the no-good food phlegmonas developed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1961.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1971.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That’s what was explained to us afterwards. And so it was “written” [by faith] that my brother soon...he spent in Auschwitz only two months...and he was “transported away” towards Birkenau, and in Birkenau [his speech becomes perturbed] were the crematories...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1971.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They were in  Birkenau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1980.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In  Birkenau, because there were no crematories in Auschwitz, only in  Birkenau. I spent there three months and the things I have seen no man can imagine. We have witnessed incidents...I witnessed once such an incident how to one of my comrades—he was standing and working—and an  SS man approached him with a gun and asked him whether he was thirsty, whether he was thirsty...of course he replied “Yes.” So he called over a second comrade, a certain Udel Tshernetsky from  Bedzin, and he shot him, and then he said, “Here, now you may drink your brother’s blood.” This I have seen with my own eyes. But this is quite insignificant in comparison with that which I have seen later. After three months we were sent over to a different  lager, to a Krupp factory. They have selected six...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What have you been doing these three months? What were you working on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2029.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We have not been doing every day anything [definite], either we were going to carry rocks, or we were ordered...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2031.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2035.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the railroad station, because the railroad station was also in the  lager. There was everything in the  lager...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2035.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2040.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . working men, factories, complete installations of its own, its own laundries, its own...whatever you can think of was there in the  lager. It was more than a city, there were complete industries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2041.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2050.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And we were carrying rocks, [the next expression is not clear] digging ditches...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2051.0,2054.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2054.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We were digging ditches, to beautify the  lager.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2055.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2059.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because the German was ready to “bury” the people, but the  lagers had to look nice. So we made lawns, concrete [walks], all [done] by us under the supervision of  Capos [trusties].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2059.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And who were the Capos?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2071.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Capos were Jews, Frenchmen, German. They were Jews...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2071.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e French Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2075.0,2076.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: Yes. They were worse, these French Jews, than the Germans, unfortunately...It was this way. They simply had such a drive to live...because he [the Capo] was getting an additional ration of bread and an additional dinner, so he was ready to beat out thelife of a person, and he indeed was beating people that way. And after three months I felt that my strengths are waning, I observed that we were becoming less and less...we really did not become less in numbers because every day new people arrived: there [people] came from Czechoslovakia, there from Hungary, there they came from other provinces of Poland. The lager had to have its permanent contigent [its stable population]. So the weak ones were sent right away to the crematories and fresh [contingents of people] were brought in. Whether they were brought from other lagers in Poland that were vacated, because up to this time there were lagers in Poland that had no crematories, work lagers. But with the emergence the idea of the general extermination of the Jews of Poland, these Jews too were sent to Auschwitz, because it was known that from Auschwitz there will be no way out. But we who never have lost hope...and there came a day when they picked six hundred and fifty Jews, the healthiest, ones, it was alleged that they were the healthiest ones, and we were sent [to a place] near Breslau, in Germany to a Krupp plant. It was a well known factory, a gigantic factory of Krupp.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2076.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2147.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There has begun a period that I may call of better life for us. Inspite of the fact that it was terrible enough, but we were given work like human beings. We were already working men, we got more to eat. They beat us an awful lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2147.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2162.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Just for no reason, because we are Jews. There worked Frenchmen and Czech, Christians...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2163.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2169.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: Those of the labor service, they were not beaten, they got better to eat, they had freedom of movement. But we Jews, we had to wear special prisoners’ clothing, they called it, garments with special blue and white stripes [he used a term granat-white, at least that is how it sounds], special round little caps, special wooden shoes, so that one could not have contact with anybody. We were led to work under a guard of SS, we returned to the lager -because every day we had to make fifteen kilometers, seven and a half kilometers going to work and seven and a half kilometers returning to the lager. We departed from the lager at six o’clock in the morning, going to work; and we returned at eight o’clock at night. Each appell lasted an hour and a half. When we returned at eight o’clock at night we had to stand until nine-thirty for appell [the next sentence is not clear; it sounds like: “To check whether the number was correct”], then we were given dinner and we laid down. At four o’clock in the morning we were made to rise for Appell and in ten minutes everybody had to stand in formation ready to march to work again. And so it lasted for quite a time. In our lager...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This concludes Spool 122, by Udel Stopnitsky from Bedzin. We are going over to Spool 123. The record is taken at Hénonville near Paris in a Kibbutz which is managed by the Agudah, and the educational part is run by the ORT. Paris, September the 12th, 1946. Illinois Institute of Technology Wire Recording.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e France, September the 12th, 1943. France, September the 12th, 1943. [The interviewer gave obviously the wrong year because Stopnitsky was talking of events which occurred in 1943; the year of course was 1946. —D.P.B.] Hénonville, fifty kilometers from Paris at the Kibbutz of the Agudah. Udel Stopnitsky, thirty-one years old, continues from Spool 122nd. This is spool 123.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2270.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Yiddish] Now, then, you were somewhere near Breslau?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2292.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2295.0,2296.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And you worked there...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2296.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We worked in Krupp’s factory. We manufactured cannons whether we wanted to or not...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2297.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2303.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We had to work. And that is how it was there. But in time Russia started a counter-offensive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2303.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2313.0,2313.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And it was said at the times around January to March, 1945[?] [he speaks not very clearly and the year is not distinguishable]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2313.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2317.0,2318.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And Poland was occupied by Russia,...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2318.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2320.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So there appeared a threat that the lager will fall into Russian hands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2321.0,2323.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2323.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course, the SS men and the German command did not want to permit it. And order was issued that we should evacuate, from Five Lakes, that was the name of the lager, to “destination unknown.”","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2324.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2336.0,2337.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We were all put in formation, seven thousand people were then in the lager, everyone was given a blamket, one kilo of bread, and we started a march on foot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2337.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2349.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And so we marched for seven days. And after seven days we had nothing...the 18th...the 21st of January we left Five Lakes, from the lager and we marched seven days without having been given any more food. We marched every day 30 kilometers in wooden shoes. I want to remark that it was snowing; it snowed constantly, without an end [the last two words are not clear], but we marched on. The one who had no strength to go on was momentarily shot on the spot. He was shot if he for instance would fall, he was given a bullet and thrown into...thrown off the road. and we marched on. The 28th of January we arrived in the famous lager of Germany, Gross-Rosen. This was a camp laid out as big as Auschwitz but they had no gas-chambers there; there were just crematories. When we arrived there, the lager contained already thirty-four thousand people. We experienced three horrible weeks. We became polluted with vermin. It was simply impossible...after each time when we had searched for them, we could find them again [he apparently refers to the fact of delousing; people would supposedly remove all the vermin from their body and their clothes and in a few minutes would find them again on themselves],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2423.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . that we should be able to get rid of them, these run-overs [he uses the German word Umlauf which the prisoners may have adapted to mean “being run over with vermin”]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2423.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2426.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Lice, flea, bedbugs, worms, everything you ever can think of, because there we didn’t sleep anymore in beds. There we were lying stretched out on the floor with a little bit of straw under us, and that is how we were lying for three weeks. During this time the transport of seven thousand people to which we belonged was reduced to four thousand. The three thousand people were either shot during the march or have died out in the lager. And in February [he gives the Polish name apparently for February and that explains the question below], I don’t remember exactly on what day, we had to abandon Gross-Rosen also, because...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2427.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What month was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2458.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [He gives here the Polish name and then translates] In February, the second month.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2459.0,2462.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In ’45?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2462.0,2463.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e All that happened already in ’45.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2463.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We got out of the lager and we started again to travel in trains. They loaded us into trains and we were traveling as if with no destination [I am not sure of the translation of the last two words]. They loaded us in open gondolas and here the snow and rain poured down from heaven as if without mercy and we were not getting anymore any food at all. And every morning when we, so to speak, got up, when we opened our eyes with daybreak, we had to throw out of the car two, three people because they had died overnight. Whether they had frozen to death or something else has happened. And so we traveled for eleven days, in on one station, out on the other station, until at the fifteenth day, it was the beginning of March, we arrived in the famous lager Flossenburg, that is at the border, of the Austrian-Czech border, a city. The lager was located on a mountain of about 1500 meters high. It was something terrible in that lager. When we...by the time we entered that lager there remained of us no more than seventeen hundred people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From how many?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2522.0,2523.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the seven thousand that left [originally] the lager. Three thousand fell during the march to Gross-Rosen, since Gross-Rosen fell two thousand three hundred people. And so...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2523.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How does one know the numbers so exactly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2531.0,2533.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One doesn’t know exactly; one estimates the number of people. For sure the number is not known; one cannot remember exactly. I know the people who fell from among my acquaintances, but I cannot remember the thousands of Jews [who fell.] Exactly is known that we arrived four thousand to Gross-Rosen, and seventeen hundred...When we arrived at Gross-Rosen they took us to a special sector and they knew exactly [how many]. They took us into a barracks; they told us to undress completely naked, that was in March, and they ordered us to run. We were running, seventeen hundred people entirely naked [this apparently happened already in Flossenburg; this kind of jumps from one topic to the other happened of course frequently in these interviews].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2533.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Inside the barracks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2563.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Outside, in the lager, through the streets of the lager. After we have run four, five, possibly 600 meters uphill, we were led in a kind of washroom they called it , a kind of a cellar up there, so when we got up there—down [in the cellar on the hill]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2563.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you were running to the washroom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2576.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e To the washroom. From the “undress-room” [he repeats], “undress-room” to the washroom, 700 meters, we ran completely naked, in snow, in water, in mud...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2578.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Men only?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2585.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Men only, seventeen hundred men. We got into the washroom, and there stood Ukrainians, also internees, and with cold, such what do they call it, cold hoses with which one pours water...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2586.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2599.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They poured water all over us. The windows were open and soon, momentarily, people started to die.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2599.0,2605.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2605.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Of exhaustion, from not having eaten for fifteen days, in fifteen days we had but 60 deca of bread. [That totals up to 600 grams or a little bit better than a pound of bread.] For all the fifteen days 60 deca of bread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2606.0,2613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But how can one be for fifteen days with only 60 deca of bread?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2613.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e People ate...one would find a little piece of turnip...for instance every night we spent in a different place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2615.0,2620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2620.0,2620.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One would eat a little hunk of turnip, a little [the word is not clear; it is apparently a colloquial expression]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2620.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2624.0,2624.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That what they call in German cabbage-turnips...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2624.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2627.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They are like potatoes only bigger. One also ate raw potatoes that one could snatch on the road [the next word is not clear], a leaf here and there, just like animals. A human being really can’t imagine it, but I went through all this and I know it exactly, that is how it was. We arrived there at the lager and we got in into the washroom, and as soon as we came in into the washroom, people started dying. Those alive were also sheer skeletons, simply skin and bone. If one didn’t want to lay down on the bare cold floor [the last few words are not exactly clear], so people took the dead men and put them together and we, the living ones, lay down on the dead ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2627.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You did not want to lay down on what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2655.0,2657.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One the cold floor, the floor was of stone...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2657.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2661.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And to lay down naked on it one did not want, so we took the dead bodies and laid them out in pairs [I am not sure of the translation of the last word.]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2661.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who did that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2667.0,2668.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We ourselves. These were our brothers, my acquaintances, they were laid out [the next word is not clear; he talks very fast], and so we lay down on the dead people. And so we remained there in the washroom until 10 o’clock of the next morning. No more than 1140 people came out of the washroom. From the 1700, 1140 came out alive, the rest remained dead, all of them. And when we came out of the washroom we went through the same procedure as in Auschwitz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2668.0,2689.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they give you anything to eat in the washroom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2689.0,2691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing, sheer air [I am not sure of the last two words], no food. We were moved again into various blocks. In these blocks it was worse then in Auschwitz, because in Auschwitz the blows, the beatings, were not as cruel. They had a special kind of German murderers...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2691.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where, in...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2708.0,2709.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Flossenburg, in the lager I am talking about. And in addition it was the time when the German started to come down, because they have seen already the danger that the German is losing the war, so they started avenging themselves [I am not sure of this word] without an end. They understood that they have lost...the danger [his speech becomes somewhat incoherent here], they were killing us, they were beating us in castastrophic measures [I am not sure of the translation from the Hebrew]. Every day we were removing from the block, from the barracks, 10, 15 dead people. So they announced that who would carry the dead to the crematory to be burned...it was a provisional crematory, a makeshift [crematory].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2709.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did it look?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2737.0,2738.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: It looked like this: a pit was excavated in the forest...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2738.0,2740.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2740.0,2741.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e This was provided with an iron grate, iron bars. On these were laid out five [bodies] and they burned underneath. Above them was again a grate of iron bars, and there were again laid out the people, and from the fire that burned underneath, the people on top were burned. This was already without a chimney, without anything. As soon as it would happen that one would die, a dentist would come over, he would pull out the teeth—the gold teeth, and he would be carted—yes, they would write down the number of the one who died—and he was burned. And since I have suffered from hunger—and so this horrible thing came to happen, we enlisted a group of forty people, and they brought to us the dead to the crematory and we received an additional dinner [ration].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2741.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What did they call it, the dead platoon?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2776.0,2778.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was called the carrier, the stretcher platoon...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2778.0,2781.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, the stretcher platoon...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2781.0,2781.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There were some special stretchers, one man laid out one way, the other the other way, each one...we carried two bodies at a time. More we were unable to carry. Notwithstanding that they weighed no more than 80 kilograms [I am not sure of that word 80; it sounds somewhat like that one did not weight more than 18 kilos, but that seems to be an error that Stopnitsky could not have made.] And so, at that time, after a stay of three weeks, there came an order that we should march on. We got good clothing but all of it marked with stripes [These stripes were painted by special painting squads on ordinary clothing. The paint was supposed to be indelible.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2781.0,2802.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Good clothing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2802.0,2803.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Good clothing, new clothing, entirely new clothing, and we were sent...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2803.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did they get new clothing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2807.0,2808.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They made them, they were manufactured, they manufactured them in Germany without limit, the factories produced such special prisoners’ clothing, that is for those who were under arrest...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2808.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2813.0,2814.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And we were sent over to Dresden, that is in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2814.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2817.0,2818.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There we arrived in Dresden marching on foot [I am not sure of the last two words], there we got already better food. It happened that we had en route a good commander, we marched a little party of only four hundred men; so he, wherever we came to a place [to a stop], he procured food for us. We went through heavy bombardments, once in Aussig, in Aussig, in the Sudeten country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2818.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Aussig?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2834.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Aussig, Sudeten Country, which the Americans bombarded in plain daylight. One didn’t know whether to cry or to laugh. On the one side, we suffered casualties [He says, “It has cost us sacrifices], while exactly that place [where we were] was bombarded and about forty of our people were also killed; on the other hand, we were gratified when we saw what the war made of Germany. And we arrived in Dresden. In Dresden we came to a provisional lager and it was already in [he gives first the Polish name of the month] April, in the 4th month of 1945. And we were there two weeks and there came an order that we have to march again, we have to wander forward, that we could remain here no longer. And by now we remained only three hundred people, two hundred and some ninety, because within this time of the two weeks, again some people had died, maybe eight people, maybe fifty people, one doesn’t know exactly, died, and we wandered on. We were wandering for seven days around Elbe, the famous German river [he says, “body of water”] in Czechoslovakia, in the Sudeten Country. There many people jumped into the water [drowned themselves] because it was impossible to bear any longer. I want to remark that at that time I was weighting 37 kilos [about 85 pounds].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2835.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And a kilo is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2894.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Today I weigh 72 kilos. At that time I was weighing 37 kilos. And so we wandered and wandered and we came to a certain lager called in German Leitner, or Litomysl in Czech, [It may also be Litomerice—he does not pronounce the name very clearly; one would have to check it with the German atlas, Grosser Volksatlas, edited by Zelhagen and Klastings, Bieleseld and Leipzig, 1940, which contains a list of cities bearing German and Czech or Polish or French names which the Germans had renamed.] that was not far from the Jewish ghetto, Theresienstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2895.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2911.0,2912.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It was famous, Theresen...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2912.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2913.0,2914.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 60 kilometers from Prague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2914.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2916.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e As soon as we got in there...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2916.0,2919.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you did not get to Theresienstadt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2919.0,2920.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, to Litomysl. Afterwards as soon as we got in there, the beatings were no more. They absolutely did not beat us any more. They took us in, separately, we were immediately given to eat, we were sent to the washroom to wash up, and afterwards we were led into various blocks. There was nowhere to lay down because the place was full of people from various lagers. And we marched on. In the middle of the night there arrived an SS man and he commanded that all Jews should step forward, all of them. We thought that now we are being sent to a crematory and we simply resigned ourselves, this life was over, we could not live any more because some people weighed 35 kilograms, others weighed still less.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2920.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2958.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, he ordered that all Jews should step forward. We stepped forward and they started leading us. We did not know that we were only 7 kilometers from Theresienstadt.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2959.0,2967.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2967.0,2968.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But coming out of the lager we observed that a change has taken place. It was the 28th of April.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2968.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We observed the change in the fact that the SS men we were not led any more by SS men, by Jews without arms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2973.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2980.0,2981.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is how we marched. We marched a few kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2981.0,2984.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why were they without arms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2984.0,2985.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The end of the war was already near.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2985.0,2987.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2987.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And they led us into Theresienstadt. When we entered Theresienstadt we did not believe our eyes, we did not believe that such people still exist. We saw there Jews well dressed, little children, elderly Jews. Children, the kind of which we had not seen for two years. Children like the which we have seen ourselves, how they were burned in the crematories, so now we could not believe that these were Jewish children. But we saw that people spoke the mother-tongue, they spoke Yiddish, they told us that we have come now to be among friends [I am not sure of the translation of the last sentence, he talks very emotionally], that there is no more great danger in store for us, that no German will dominate us any more. We wept terribly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2988.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why were the Germans not to dominate you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3017.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because there was a Jewish ghetto ruled by Czech police and by the Jews themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3019.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3023.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There was Jewish currency in the lager with Moses, our prophet, printed on it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3023.0,3026.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3026.0,3027.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And signed by the president of the Jewish Community Council, Benjamin Norenstein I am not sure whether the name is correct, a Polish Jew. There was a complete little town with Jews living in every house. At that time there lived twelve thousand people, Jews. We arrived there and soon there arrived transports with various Jews from all lagers, from Buchenwald, from Dachau. They were being evacuated away from the Americans. Since Czechoslovakia, the Sudeten land, was in the center of the military operations, so from wherever they were grabbed the Jews they could not go any further. And so we were there for eleven days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3027.0,3055.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what were people doing there in Theresienstadt?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3055.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They let us lie down and so we were lying there. Those who could eat were eating, but there were about eighty percent who could not take in food any more. From not having eaten normally so many months a termendous mortality set in, 300-400 Jews a day. From 300 to 400 Jews died every day and there just was no way to save them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3057.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did they do with the dead?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3073.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Before when fewer died they were burned, but afterwards, the crematories could not keep up, so many were buried also—burned, buried—at the end everybody was burned, the Jew themselves burned them...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3075.0,3086.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the SS, what did they...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3086.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Nothing, there were no more SS in sight at all, they were not seen any more. Because the SS was preparing already for the retreat, to run away. And so I was lying there [I am not sure of this verb] until the 8th of May. The 8th of May there came news that Prague was taken by the Red Army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3087.0,3099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3099.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [He first pronounces the name of the city in Yiddish Prugue] Prague, Prague...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3100.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3101.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . was taken by the Red Army. The Red Army had taken Prague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3101.0,3103.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How far were you from Prague?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3103.0,3104.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 60 kilometers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3104.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3105.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The joy merged in one single outcry, people started kissing each other. Thursday, or was it Friday...I don’t know when it was, the 10th of May...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3105.0,3111.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3111.0,3112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . we heard rolling tanks and the Russians entered the lager. As soon as the Russians entered the lager they started bringing in transports, trucks full of food without end or limit. One ate as much as he only wanted. But that was something terrible for us, because from the not eating, and from now starting to eat more than normal people, people became upset [to the stomach] and people got sick, and an extraordinary mortality set in, the mortality was extraordinarily great. Soon I myself...since I arrived there in Theresienstadt...if one still walks around on his feet one doesn’t feel yet the exhaustion, but after I was lying down for eleven days, I was no human any more. I weighed 30 1/2 kilograms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3112.0,3151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3151.0,3152.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [The next few words are not clear; he apparently uses some concentration camp colloquialisms] From division nine I was taken to the x-ray service and the doctor extablished that I was not too much exhausted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3152.0,3158.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Not...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3158.0,3158.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Not exhausted, the lungs were not affected, the heart was not affected, just a general state of weakness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3158.0,3164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3164.0,3164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And I was sent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3164.0,3165.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You were examined...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3165.0,3167.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . with an x-ray examintation, with x-rays.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3167.0,3169.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3169.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And we were all...they opened hospitals and all the sick were sent to the hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3170.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3175.0,3176.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I was lying in a hospital—a house for the sick—","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3176.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where were they able to get so many hospitals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3179.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Theresienstadt they reconverted...there were big armories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3180.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3186.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And these large armories were converted into hospitals?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3186.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3188.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Russians brought all the equipment and the doctors—there were also Czech doctors and they started to treat the sick. I spent there a period of three months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3188.0,3197.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e I have here a question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3197.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3198.0,3199.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When the SS left, there remained a Czech guard...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3199.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3202.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were these Czech guards on the German side or what were they?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3202.0,3205.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the beginning the Czech guards were with the Germans. As you know, Czechoslovakia was a Protectorate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3205.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3210.0,3210.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a so-called government under the leader ship of [the last word is not clear, I don’t know whether he mentions a name or an organization, it sounds like Hache.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3210.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3213.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a Czech police, a Czech government, all Czech functionaries, but under the supervision of the Germans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3213.0,3218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Go on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3218.0,3218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And so there was with us a complete Czech police. There were no more SS men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3218.0,3221.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And how did they behave?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3221.0,3222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Very well. Much better...one could not imagine any better.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3222.0,3224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they say something, something against the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3224.0,3226.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they knew everything exactly. They knew exactly that it will last only a few more days and that the Russians will come to power.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3226.0,3232.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and they were pleased about it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3232.0,3234.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Udel Stopnitsky: Very pleased, they were highly pleased with it. And now they were still more pleased because such a thing did happen. [Here one sentence is not clear; it seems to mean: “It happened still before the Russians came in.”] They simply gave up their arms [to us]. They did not have much arms but they gave up sufficiently. They told us to massacre as much as we could...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3234.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e They told you to do that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3246.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They have ordered that whoever was well and able to get out on the street...and the Germans were still there...so everybody was given a gun and he was ordered to shoot them [the Germans]. For two days there was this opportunity to shoot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3247.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3254.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everybody could do it who had the strength, but there were very few in the lager who could even walk. Because, as a result of all the misfortunes that they went through, people felt broken up physically, not to speak of [being broken up] spiritually. I , for example, was lying [sick] full three months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3254.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3268.0,3269.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e For three months I was lying because I had all kinds...I had an affliction on my legs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3269.0,3272.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3272.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e An atrophy, a terrible atrophy. Then I developed blood deficiency, anemia, a blood deficiency, I almost had no blood in me. [This statement comes apparently from the German term “blutarm” which means poor of blood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3273.0,3280.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You said atrophy?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3280.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I had an atrophy and anemia also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3281.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3284.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [The next few words are not clear] They started to treat me with injections, I was given every day four injections...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3284.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What kind of injections?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3289.0,3290.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I don’t know very well. [Here the few words are not clear because Stopnitsky and the interviewer are talking at the same time.], not blood transfusions, for the blood I was taking something different. I drank something like a preparation of iron, that was for the blood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3290.0,3298.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3298.0,3299.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I so recuperated in time, I staged a comeback and became already a human being. I gained in three weeks 25 kilo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3299.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3305.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e After that we started thinking how one could find his family, how could one find out who of the family is alive. In spite of the fact that I knew that my wife was not alive, that the brother and the sister are not alive, we were...I explained it to you already...we were ten children altogether. And so I started thinking, I had no way of communicating with them and I decided to go to Poland, and in the 9th month of 1945, I departed for Poland. When I arrived in Poland I learned that five people remained from our family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3305.0,3328.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3328.0,3329.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Four brothers and one sister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3329.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From the ten?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3330.0,3331.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the ten, that was all. The two brothers departed right away for the land of Israel. We did not want any part any more of the pale [he uses the Hebrew word goles which really means “exile,” this refers to the exile of the Jews from Palestine about two thousand years ago], we saw that the pale was burning [the word “burning” was used commonly to indicate pogroms and anti-Semitic violence.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3331.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did they go in a legal way?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3339.0,3340.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, as brigade members. They went to Antwerp and from Antwerp they embarked with the Jewish brigade back to the land of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3340.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Why were they called brigade members?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3346.0,3347.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [There are a few words not clear because both talk at the same time.] Brigade members simply meant that the Jews were assembled, put in British uniforms, and it was alleged that they have been fighting. [It apparently meant that they were dressed as British soldiers who were taken prisoners by the Germans] and in this manner thousands of Jews were sent over [it really means sumuggled over] to Antwerp, to Belgium.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3347.0,3357.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But there was a real Jewish brigade?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3357.0,3359.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, there was, but these were [the words are not clear, I am translating approximately] just dressed up and that is how they got away. [He speaks very fast, rather emotionally or possibly because he considers the later events of not much consequence.] I had there in Poland more brothers, they remained...one lives at present in Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3359.0,3368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3368.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One brother still lives in Poland, he got married,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3369.0,3372.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e No, he lives independently, he lives for himself now, he now, too, got married...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3372.0,3375.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jewish woman?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3375.0,3376.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A Jewish woman from Turnow [I am not sure of the name], also from Poland. I have there a sister nineteen years old...this sister get over...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3376.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3381.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Also Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3381.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3382.0,3383.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The sister lived for twelve months as a German.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3383.0,3385.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Ah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3385.0,3385.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Twelve months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3385.0,3386.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3386.0,3387.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e She is now nineteen years old, and today I am all alone who has arrived here. Although I had an opportunity to live with my brother and sister in Munich, they asked me to do so, but it drives me toward the land of Israel. After having gone through such misfortunes, it is obvious that it has no sense to remain in the goles, and of sheer resignation after these misfortunes, I arrived here Hénonville in order to get by any means, be it legal or illegal, notwithstanding any obstacles or deterrents. [I am not sure of the last two words], just to reach the land of Israel. Because to end one’s days as a human being, and to live how one should, is possible only in the land of Israel. Even to die we have seen already that the goles [exile from the Holy Land] may give us some twenty good years again [I am not sure of the translation], but afterwards...it does not give us any point of assurance against further extermination, massacres. It has no sense to remain further in exile because it may lead to [a situation] that the million and a half Jews which have survived—beware and beware again—will be submitted to the same [fate] as those before. We felt safe in Poland also, we also did not see the danger, and we had much to regret that we didn’t work for the land of Israel. But now we must apply all strengths, all possible means, even illegal means; there even was a case when we were asked whether we would go there by way of Cyprus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3387.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3450.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That means the islands.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3451.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3451.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I am ready there and then as I stand and go, to get up and to go to Cyprus because much too much have we been made to suffer in exile [goles] that we should want to remain in exile. This is the end of my story of my experiences of the events that happened to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3452.0,3465.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3465.0,3465.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e It is, of course, self-understood, that one could sit days and months and relate so many various events that is enough to acquaint oneself with the situation which I myself have experienced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3465.0,3474.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You told me from Czechoslovakia...how did you get to France? You tell me that you were in Munich, how were you going, did you come there alone or with a group, how did you get there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3474.0,3483.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e When I returned from Poland, I arrived in...to Bedzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3483.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, you returned to Bedzin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3485.0,3486.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Back to Bedzin. I traveled by train.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3486.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3489.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And for instance, when I arrived in Bedzin...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3489.0,3490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have to pay for the ticket?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3490.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything for me was paid for. I even...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3491.0,3493.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who paid for it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3493.0,3494.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e All by the Czechs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3494.0,3495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Czechs...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3495.0,3495.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They paid me 500 kronen that I should have even some for incidental travel expenses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3495.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3499.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 500 kronen for incidental expenses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3499.0,3500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3500.0,3501.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e When I arrived at Bedzin, the Polacks soon took away from me all my baggage that I brought from Czechoslovakia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3501.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Polacks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3506.0,3507.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Polacks, they soon started again. [I am not sure of these few words], it was right after the war so we were soon told that we should not...now for instance in Czechoslovakia—the same number that I had on my hand, they sewed on my arm, so wherever I came I was shown respect, I was given to eat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3507.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e In Czechoslovakia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3521.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Czechoslovakia. They understood that I was a sufferer [I am not sure of the translation], there they understood it, but in Poland...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3521.0,3525.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Christians?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3525.0,3526.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Only Christians, we were helped exclusively by Christians.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3526.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3529.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But when we arrived in Poland, they gave us immediately to understand that we are still on the cursed Polish soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3529.0,3534.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3534.0,3534.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I came to Bedzin, I was still a bit sick, I recuperated and I saw again the futility...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3534.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you live in Bedzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3538.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Bedzin, too, let me tell you, the 1st month I had to lie in the hospital still in a home for the sick, in order to recuperate further, completely...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3540.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3546.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Afterwards I was soon taken in by a comrade who is at present the vice-president of the European division of the Agudah Israel, Moses Benjamin Kleinman...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3546.0,3553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where is he now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3553.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e He is now in Paris and he will arrive tomorrow in Hénonville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3554.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3556.0,3557.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So he told me that I should become the vice-president of the Jewish religious community. Since I was a descendant of religious parents, and I myself was a religious man, so I saw that he only aim should be to reconstruct again—because when we arrived in Bedzin we saw the great [spiritual] devastation—there was no shohet, there was no place of worship, there was no holy scroll [Torah], there was just nothing, one could not find any signs left of the once 32,000 Jews. We gathered together, we founded a religious community, we organized a kitchen that would dispense 150 dinners. I want to remark that in comparison with what was left, that could be considered a colossal number, 150 kosher dinners completely [one word is not clear]. Afterwards we started...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3557.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How many were there in Bedzin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3592.0,3593.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There were in Bedzin 400 Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3593.0,3595.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 400 Jews, did the others not want kosher food?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3595.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The others—no. Not everybody ate kosher food, because the committee, the Jewish committee, also had a kitchen, a kitchen in which they fed ordinary dinners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3598.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What is called a kitchen...[The interviewer simply wanted to ascertain whether he understood the word kitchen pronounced in an extreme Polish Yiddish dialect.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3605.0,3606.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and so we were there a few months, and soon I understood the futility of all that, and I undertook to organize a Kibbutz, such like the one here in Hénonville.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3606.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3613.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And I founded one like that in Bedzin. We then spent in Bedzin another few months and in Liuti, the 7th month, in July, I took that whole Kibbutz, since I was president of the religious community equivalent of parish.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3613.0,3625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3625.0,3626.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And I sent them away straight through Biata on the Polish German border, to Vienna, in order that they could reach Munich. I sent them away to Munich.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3626.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you know that your sister was in Munich?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3635.0,3637.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, even my sister had returned to Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3637.0,3640.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3640.0,3640.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And also returned in an illegal way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3640.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e She went back...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3641.0,3642.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e She went back. And I understood that although we were permitted to adhere to our religious life in Bedzin [the next sentence is not clear], but that my life was under threats [of danger] and we went through Kielce, you know the pogrom of Kielce which has cost, not like the papers reported—forty sacrifices, but a total of seventy-three sacrifices...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3642.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you still in Bedzin during the Kielce pogrom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3658.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was in Bedzin, Kielce...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3660.0,3662.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you left Poland after the Kielce pogrom?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3662.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e After the Kielce pogrom, I saw that it had no purpose [to remain]. And I wanted to get myself a passport, to leave in a legal fashion. But when I saw that the danger was great, I uprooted myself and I went to Cieszyn near Bielsko.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3664.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3675.0,3676.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Cieszyn near Bielsko, Bielsko in Poland.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3676.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you get 10,000 zlotys?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3684.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 10,000 zlotys in thoses time were not any more in Poland like in the olden times, it all amounted to about 100 [real] zlotys.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3686.0,3691.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you earn any money while...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3691.0,3692.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e I earned, most certainly I earned. I was trading just like old Jews were trading...and artisan...I am artisan, but in my trade I could not do anything. I simply earned something because I brought with me a few things and I sold them. But since I had to travel illegally...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3692.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where did you get the things from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3704.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From Czechoslovakia, because when we embarked for home, we could take with us as much as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3705.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3708.0,3709.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Clothing, shoes, food...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3709.0,3710.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e From the lager?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3710.0,3711.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From the lager, because there were immense storehouses of clothing. But now, in departing, since I traveled illegally, I could not take things with me, so I sold them, converted them into money, and I paid to a Christian the 10,000 zlotys, and he got me over into Czechoslovakia, to the other side, to Cieszyn, because Cieszyn was divided into two parts, one part was Polish and one part was Czech.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3711.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the Czech let you in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3730.0,3732.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [A few words are not clear] The Czech let people in. As soon as I got in there...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3732.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But the Poles do not permit people to get out?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3735.0,3736.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time the Poles did not permit people to get out through Cieszyn, one could go through other places, but not through Cieszyn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3736.0,3739.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3739.0,3740.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And since I wanted to get to Prague, I had to go through Cieszyn. When I arrived at Cieszyn on the Czech side, the Jewish committee received me very friendly, the same night they gave me a ticket and sent me to Moravska Ostrava. [He gives this geographical designation twice, once in Polish, and then the latter one.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3740.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e From Moravska Ostrava I was sent further with a transport of thirty-four people to Prague. And  Prague there is the Agudah, their superior office [I am not sure of the last few words] which has taken upon itself the task to provide with a passport every Jew who arrived there, a passport of the Red Cross with which he could travel to Paris. I obtained such a passport and arrived with a transport of 400 men in Paris. I arrived the other week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e When was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3776.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The other week, a week before this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3776.0,3777.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Only last week?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3777.0,3778.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Last week I arrived here at eleven o’clock at night with a transport of 400 Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3778.0,3781.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 400 Jews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3781.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e 400 Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3782.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Where are they all now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3783.0,3784.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In St. Saren [I am not sure of the geographical name and I think he himself, being only a short time in France, may have confused the name of the locality.] 15 kilometers from Paris, in a Kibbutz of the Agudah, there too is located a large Kibbutz. St. Saren...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3784.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e 15 kilometers from Paris?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3791.0,3792.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . from Paris. St. Saren...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3792.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3794.0,3795.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They remained there. And since I was a power in the organization of the [one word is not clear.] Agudah Israel, so our leadership has assigned me, instead of going there, to come here to Hénonville, so that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3795.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And where is your leadership, in Paris?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3806.0,3807.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Paris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3807.0,3808.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3808.0,3809.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They are Kleinman, Zaretski. [He gives another name that is not clear]...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3809.0,3811.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who are they...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3811.0,3812.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is the central governing body...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3812.0,3813.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Of what, the central governing body of the Agudah?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3813.0,3815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, of Europe, not of one Agudah but of all the Agudahs. Israel, that is the working men’s organization...of Agudah Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3815.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [Here both are talking at the same time and it is not clear] say it slowly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3821.0,3822.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Alya Agudah Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3822.0,3824.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3824.0,3825.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a religious working men’s organization of the Agudahs Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3825.0,3827.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3827.0,3828.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And I arrived here, and right at the same day—I have arrived here on Sunday—I took immediately over the leadership of this Kibbutz and...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3828.0,3836.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How come, was there no leader here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3836.0,3838.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, there was no head of the Kibbutz, there was the one who is stationed in Paris, the Kleinman, he was the head of the Kibbutz but it was too much work for him. To publish in Paris a newspaper under the name Hachshara, this is the organ of the Alya Agudahs Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3838.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3850.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That was too great a task for him, to come here in addition since we are located 50 kilometers away from Paris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3850.0,3856.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3856.0,3856.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And so I remained here and my duties are to accept people, newcoming people, and in whatever way possible to send them away to the land of Israel. My task is also educational—we have here a brance of the ORT, a tailor shop, a carpentry shop...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3856.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a branch of the ORT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3870.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . from the ORT.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3871.0,3872.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3872.0,3872.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We have here a tract of land donated by the ORT, and all the fruit, the vegetables, all the installations, is all given by the ORT, but the work is done by our comrades.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3872.0,3882.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3882.0,3883.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything, it was sowed by Jews, and even the harvest is also eaten by Jews. We hope—since among our comrades already 320 people have departed—200 men have departed and are already in the land of Israel, 120 people have embarked but unfortunately got stuck in Cyprus, they were sent to Cyprus, so now we hope that the Kibbutz which is now here and the people who shall arrive will also go to the land of Israel. Our only hope is the land of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3883.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [A pause] I still want to ask you, your brother and sister, will they remain to live in Germay?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3908.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e For the time being they live in Germany. They are doing quite well...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3919.0,3922.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What are they doing there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3922.0,3923.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They trade.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3923.0,3925.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Officially or unofficially? [This really meant “legally or illegally]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3925.0,3926.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There is no official trade in Germany.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3926.0,3928.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3928.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There is not official [legal] trading...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3929.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, people are permitted to trade...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3929.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Germans may trade but the Jews may not trade...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3930.0,3932.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e If a Jew wants to remain in Germany, don’t they let him do so?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3932.0,3935.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They let him, he may stay in a lager and be maintained by the UNRRA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3935.0,3939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But to have his own business.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3939.0,3941.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e He may have it but that would require great pull. If one for instance has an acquaintance in the American Occupational Forces, he can manage [to get permission].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3941.0,3947.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3947.0,3948.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But not just every Jew.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3948.0,3949.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So a Jew is unable to say, “I shall remain to live in Germany”...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3949.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, to be able to open a business, to be able to buy a home...that does not exist in Germany today, they cannot buy homes. The Jews live there quite well, the danger is not great, they are not threatened by danger...and that’s how they live. My brother now got married, he found a flat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3951.0,3968.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How did he find a flat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3968.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That happened at the beginning, when he came out of the lager and wanted to get a flat, he got one. Whether it was of six rooms or five rooms...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3970.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e He got a flat that belonged to the Germans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3975.0,3976.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They [apparently the American Occupational Forces] have thrown out the Christians, the Hitlerites.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3976.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3980.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because there are Germans who are not official Hitlerites, and there are Germans who are official Hitlerites, and they gave the apartment to the Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3980.0,3986.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e That was given to them? [The allocation was usually 1.6 person per room.] So then it’s not so bad?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3986.0,3988.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, it is not so bad in Germany, only the Jews who live in the lager, for them it is bad. It is now a year and a half since the war and Jews still live in lagers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3988.0,3998.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So why do they remain in Germany?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3998.0,4000.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They have no way of going anywhere else. Certainly, they would like to go to the land of Israel, they would like to go to America, but unfortunately, there is no other way out, they have to remain in the lager. Not everybody has money in Germany. Those people have money in Germany who have managed to remain in Poland, who managed to sell their property which they inherited from their parents, from their grandparents, and they sold it out and came back to Germany, because in Poland they were not safe with their lives, these kind of people live there, but the Jews who were snatched away to Germany into the lager [here it means concentration camps] continued to be in the lager. [The next sentence is not clear, but the meaning is as follows:] The UNRRA installations are not supposed to be a ghetto but they are ghettos more than ever...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4000.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [A long pause] Now tell me, here you have only one Kibbutz or there are various Kibbutz’s?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4029.0,4038.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e One Kibbutz—Alya Agudahs Israel—young girls, women...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4038.0,4043.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e How do people live here...do the families have separate rooms?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4043.0,4047.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Each family, not only for ethical but for religious reasons—each family has—be it a smaller room, a larger room, but as soon as one gets married...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4047.0,4057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4057.0,4057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e He gets a separate room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4057.0,4058.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the single people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4058.0,4061.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They are all together, fifteen people in a room, thirteen people in a room.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4061.0,4064.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4064.0,4064.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . depending on the size of the room. As to eating—we eat all together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4064.0,4068.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And who does the work? Who manages the labor in this place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4068.0,4072.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e There is a special distribution of labor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4072.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e For instance, cooking, who does the cooking?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4075.0,4077.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is a special assignment, every day another two women have to do the cooking. There is a man in the Agudah, his name is Presant, Udell Presant, he assigns the work, In the morning...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4077.0,4088.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Does he get paid?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4088.0,4089.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No pay, pay does not exist, here nobody gets paid. If he needs anything—say he has to go to a doctor—then he gets paid. If he is being sent...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4089.0,4097.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who supplies the money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4097.0,4099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Joint [Distribution Committee—-JDC]. The Joint pays 100 francs for each person. [The official exchange was then 117 francs to the dollar, but the black market value was about 250 francs to the dollar].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4099.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And who receives the money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4103.0,4105.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is the leadership of the Kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4105.0,4107.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4107.0,4107.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The leadership of the Kibbutz. And they account every few weeks before the whole Kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4107.0,4111.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . before the Kibbutz...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4111.0,4112.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Before the whole Kibbutz.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4112.0,4113.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the Kibbutz can do with the 100 francs a day...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4113.0,4116.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e What they want.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4116.0,4117.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . what they want?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4117.0,4117.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the Joint gives 100 francs, that is for food, for maintenance, for everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4117.0,4121.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well...and who pays for the electric [power]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4121.0,4123.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We pay for everything, everything from the 100 francs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4123.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So you pay for your own...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4126.0,4127.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e For everything, even if there is painting to do, we have to construct beds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4127.0,4130.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [A few words are not clear, apparently the interviewee spoke aside from the microphone.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4130.0,4132.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Everything is our own labor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4132.0,4133.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the beds...?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4133.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We do everything...no, the Joint gives us the beds but we have to refinish them...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4134.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4137.0,4138.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We have to paint them, we have to varnish them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4138.0,4139.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4139.0,4139.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Because they are rusty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4139.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Those are metal beds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4141.0,4142.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Metal beds.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4142.0,4145.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But you don’t pay rent for your living quarters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4145.0,4149.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That has been purchased.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4149.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Who purchased it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4150.0,4151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e [Here he gives the Hebrew name of the organization, it sounds like Vad Hazulo,—this has to be checked.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4151.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4154.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Vad Hazulo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4155.0,4156.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e The Vad Hazulo, and what is that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4156.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That is an organization in America which procures funds for religious Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4157.0,4161.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4161.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The support religious Jews.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4162.0,4163.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4163.0,4163.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e And then the Agudah, the Alya Agudahs Israel, [all these names have to be checked] and [here he gives a name which I cannot distinguish], he is the president of [the next words are not clear] of all the organizations of Agudahs Israel. He is from the land of Israel.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4163.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e He comes from the land of Israel?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4174.0,4175.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e . . . but nowadays he is in Paris, he visits the organizations[??] and a large amount of money was paid [for this place].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4175.0,4182.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the ORT, they are in charge of the schools?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4182.0,4185.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the ORT has given us the means to open the schools.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4185.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, for instance, those who are learning carpentry, do they work all day in the carpentry shop...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4188.0,4194.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e They work from nine to one and from three to six.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4194.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So that’s how they work in the carpentry shop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4200.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In the carpentry shop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4201.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Then they are not working in the orchard?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4201.0,4203.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they must learn carpentry. And those who work in the garden work nowhere else but in the garden because they have to learn gardening. In the evening, at six in the evening, they wash themselves, and everybody goes to study the chapter which is being taught by the Rabbi. That is being done every day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4203.0,4218.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do they learn?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4218.0,4219.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e A chapter from the Talmud, they study the Talmud all together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4219.0,4222.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And tell me, what is there the Yeshiva doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4222.0,4224.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The Yeshiva studies all day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4224.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e This Yeshiva does not belong to the Kibbutz?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4226.0,4229.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4229.0,4229.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e But they eat with you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4229.0,4231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e That takes place in form of hospitality since they are on their way to America and they have no place where they could eat Kosher and they eat only Kosher...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4231.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4237.0,4238.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e So they were assigned a wing of our building and we eat together and they all sleep there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4238.0,4243.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me, where do you get Kosher meat?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4243.0,4246.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e In Paris there is a Kosher meat market.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4246.0,4249.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e There is a Kosher meat market...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4249.0,4250.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, one can get Kosher sausage...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4250.0,4252.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And that is being brought over here...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4252.0,4253.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4253.0,4256.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You have no shohet here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4256.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We have here two shohets, but one does not slaughter here because there is no slaughter house.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4258.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Can’t you get chickens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4261.0,4263.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We have no chickens here, we don’t have here in general such things. We have to buy everything. The whole week we do not eat meat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4263.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e You don’t eat it the whole week?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4270.0,4271.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e No, only on the Sabbath, Friday at night, and Saturday in the daytime.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4271.0,4275.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, then the whole week you eat vegetarian food.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4275.0,4278.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We eat potatoes with something else, with turnips, or we eat noodles with peas, but meat is not being eaten the whole week. Not only because—we could get meat—but we have no money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4278.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e H-um.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4289.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e The 100 francs a day are not enough, could not be stretched that we could buy meat every day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4289.0,4295.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e And the UNRRA does not supply you with products?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4295.0,4298.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e We get nothing. Even when they gave us [foodstuffs] not every product could be eaten, but the things we could eat...","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4298.0,4303.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e What do you mean, you couldn’t eat it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4303.0,4304.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e Not every product is Kosher.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4304.0,4305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that is the reason.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4305.0,4306.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e But even the products that one could eat, we also do not get. We get no products whatsoever, only that what we buy for our money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4306.0,4316.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] This concludes...this concludes Spool 123 at thirty-one minutes of the indicator. The person reporting was Udel Stopnitsky who is now the teacher...eh, the head of the organization. He arrived here only about two weeks ago and has been suggested or imposed by the central Jewish organization, or by the central Agudah organization. Hénonville, near Paris, September the 12th, 1946. An Illinois Institute of Technology wire recording.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4316.0,4363.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In Yiddish] Well, I thank you very much, Mr. Stopnitsky. It was a very good report. I have hard a lot of stories and, nevertheless, you have told me some things new. One constantly hears new things. It is never enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4363.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/transcript/67628/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUdel Stopnitsky:\u003c/strong\u003e If you should listen for months, for months at a stretch you will not hear everything that the Polish Jews went through. It is very much but let it be enough because all the Polish Jews have contributed to the tradgedy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=4378.0,4387.5345"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["stopnitsky_annotations_en [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORT: \u003c/strong\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=37.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=40.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Sosnowiec\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=40.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=57.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=61.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. 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The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=148.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=148.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. 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Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=308.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=330.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=373.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=376.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=377.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Katowice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=463.0,477.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=487.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=490.0,502.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=537.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=557.0,587.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=557.0,587.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=605.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=605.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=605.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=632.0,643.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=644.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=703.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=719.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=719.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=724.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oswiecim\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oswiecim\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=724.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=756.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=756.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=756.0,770.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=773.0,775.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eWehrmacht: \u003c/b\u003eThe regular German Army.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=775.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=792.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=826.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=831.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=836.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=836.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=957.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=957.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=999.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1009.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1035.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1072.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1091.0,1128.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1130.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/ghetto/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1169.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1230.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1276.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1276.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1344.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1351.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1351.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eaction: \u003c/b\u003eEpisodes of coordinated violence against Jewish communities, including the rounding up of Jews for deportation to ghettos, concentration camps, or killing centers.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1351.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1393.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1431.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oswiecim\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Oswiecim\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1456.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1470.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"p\u0026gt;\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1486.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"p\u0026gt;\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1486.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1486.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"p\u0026gt;\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1503.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"p\u0026gt;\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1504.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1504.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1504.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emussulman: \u003c/b\u003eThe German term meaning “Muslim.” The term applied to prisoners in camps close to dying from starvation and exhaustion. Their skeletal faces were devoid of expression, and they seemed to have been overcome by despair and by the absence of the will to live. The origin of the term has not been definitively established, though it has been attributed to a certain similarity to a prostrate Muslim in prayer.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1504.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1514.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1514.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1514.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCanada: \u003c/b\u003eAn area of Birkenau where the possessions of newly arrived inmates were stored. It was so named because Canada was thought to be a country of great riches. The items were sorted and sent back to Germany, although some were stolen by SS guards.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1566.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCanada: \u003c/b\u003eAn area of Birkenau where the possessions of newly arrived inmates were stored. It was so named because Canada was thought to be a country of great riches. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1891.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1895.0,1902.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1895.0,1902.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1925.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1925.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1947.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1957.0,1960.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1971.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1971.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1971.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1980.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Birkenau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=1981.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2035.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2035.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2041.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2055.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2059.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003eA term used for certain prisoners inside Nazi concentration camps during World War II in various lower administrative positions. Capos received more privileges than normal prisoners. They were often convicts who were offered this work in exchange for a reduced sentence or parole.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2059.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003etrusty: \u003c/b\u003eSimilar to a capo or blockälteste. A prisoner in the camps who held some authority over other prisoners, and in return received special treatment. These were often convicts.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2059.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2071.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2071.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ecapo: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2076.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2076.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2076.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2076.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. 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In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eappell: \u003c/b\u003eThe appell was a camp roll call. Its purpose was not merely to count the prisoners but also to weaken, humiliate and intimidate them.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2170.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eORT: \u003c/strong\u003eAcronym for the Russian, Society for Handicrafts and Agricultural Work. Founded in 1880 by Russian Jews, its goal was to promote and develop vocational training in skilled trades and agriculture among Jews. Following the Holocaust, ORT ran programs in Displaced Persons camps and in western European countries, especially in France.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2231.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2270.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2270.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2270.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2270.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Wroclaw\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2292.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2321.0,2323.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2324.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2324.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2337.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2351.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2427.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2427.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2465.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2523.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2523.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2523.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2533.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Gross-Rosen\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2533.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2533.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2563.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2563.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2627.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2668.0,2689.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2691.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2691.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2691.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Auschwitz\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2691.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Flossenburg\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2709.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2709.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2709.0,2737.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2814.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2818.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2818.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2818.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2834.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Usti-nad-Labem\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2835.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2835.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dresden\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2835.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2835.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2895.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Litomysl\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Litomysl\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2895.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2895.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2895.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2914.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2919.0,2920.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Litomysl\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Litomysl\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2920.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eblock: \u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003eA single concentration camp barrack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2920.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2920.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2920.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2959.0,2967.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2968.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2973.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2973.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2988.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=2988.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eghetto: \u003c/b\u003eA Yiddish word referring to a walled section of a city in which Jews were required to live during the Middle Ages. The concept was revived by the Nazi regime as part of the \"Final Solution\" to the \"Jewish Question.\"\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3019.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3023.0,3026.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3027.0,3055.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchenwald\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Buchelwald\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3027.0,3055.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Dachau\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3027.0,3055.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3055.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3086.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3087.0,3099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3087.0,3099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3087.0,3099.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3100.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3101.0,3103.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3103.0,3104.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3112.0,3151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3112.0,3151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3112.0,3151.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/camp/Theresienstadt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3180.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3199.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3218.0,3221.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3254.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3331.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3340.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3340.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Antwerp\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3347.0,3357.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3359.0,3368.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Tarnaw_%20Krosnienska\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Tarnaw_%20Krosnienska\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3376.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3381.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3387.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3387.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3474.0,3483.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3483.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3485.0,3486.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3486.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3489.0,3490.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3501.0,3506.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3534.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3538.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3540.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3546.0,3553.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3554.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3554.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3557.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3592.0,3593.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3593.0,3595.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3606.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3606.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3613.0,3625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3613.0,3625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3613.0,3625.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vienna\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vienna\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3626.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3626.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3626.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Munich\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3635.0,3637.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3642.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3642.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3642.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3642.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3658.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3658.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3658.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bedzin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3660.0,3662.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3660.0,3662.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3662.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3662.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Kielce\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3664.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003epogrom: \u003c/b\u003eA form of riot or mob violence directed against a particular group, whether ethnic, religious, or other, and characterized by the killing and destruction of their homes, businesses, and religious centers. The term was originally used to denote extensive violence against Jews.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3664.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3664.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3664.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3676.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3676.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Bielsko-Biala\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3676.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3710.0,3711.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003elager: \u003c/b\u003eGerman military term for camp or encampment. In the Nazi system these could include transit, labor, concentration, and death camps.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3711.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3711.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3711.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3736.0,3739.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3736.0,3739.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3740.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3740.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cieszyn\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3740.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ostrava\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ostrava\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3740.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ostrava\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Ostrava\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Prague\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3752.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3784.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3784.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3784.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ekibbutz: \u003c/b\u003eA collective farm or settlement in modern Israel. (Plural Kibbutzim.)\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3784.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3791.0,3792.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3792.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3795.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Henonville\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3795.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3806.0,3807.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Paris\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3807.0,3808.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3813.0,3815.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3815.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3815.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3815.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern Europe.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141#t=3822.0,3824.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17686/file/73141/annotation_set/1365/annotation/1168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAgudah: \u003c/b\u003eLiterally, a Hebrew term for \"union\" or \"organization.\" Also may refer to the \"World Agudath Israel\" (Hebrew: אגודת ישראל), usually known as the Agudah, which was established in the early twentieth century as the political arm of Ashkenazi Torah Judaism and was especially active in Eastern 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