{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/057cr5nh2r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["David P. Boder Interviews Charles Jean, August 21, 1946, Paris, France"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1946-08-21"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":[" French (Primary)"," English (Secondary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Wire recording"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":[" jeanC_9-57B (Local)"," jeanC_9-57B_SLP.mp3 (Digital Object ID)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Coverage"]},"value":{"en":[" Paris (France) (Place of recording)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":[" Interview with Charles Jean, conducted by David P. Boder on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France. (Abstract)"," Charles Jean was in the French army at the outbreak of the war. He was captured by the Germans but escaped and returned to his home in the Vichy-controlled zone of France in 1940. When he was summoned for compulsory labor service in Germany in 1943, he joined the FTP-MOI, the communist wing of the French resistance and was an active resister until the liberation of France at the end of the summer of 1944. The majority of interview is devoted to Charles Jean's time in his resistance group, which operated in south central France. Regarding this interviewee's surname, it is possible that as the family chauffeur, \"Charles Jean\" was called familiarly by his first two names. Since the exact spelling of \"Jean\" is not known, it is also possible that this was his surname. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz) (Commentary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":[" World War, 1939-1945--Refugees (Topical)"," World War, 1939-1945--Personal narratives, French (Topical)"," Cravant (Yonne, France) (Geographic)"," Dunkerque (France) (Geographic)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":[" Jean, Charles (Interviewee)"," Boder, David P. (David Pablo), 1886-1961 (Interviewer)"," Joyce, Deborah (Transcriber)"," Joyce, Deborah (Translator)"," English, Eben (Editor)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"," interview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Inerviewee Nationality"]},"value":{"en":["France"]}},{"label":{"en":["Interviewee Gender"]},"value":{"en":["Male"]}}],"summary":{"en":[" Interview with Charles Jean, conducted by David P. Boder on August 21, 1946 in Paris, France."," Charles Jean was in the French army at the outbreak of the war. He was captured by the Germans but escaped and returned to his home in the Vichy-controlled zone of France in 1940. When he was summoned for compulsory labor service in Germany in 1943, he joined the FTP-MOI, the communist wing of the French resistance and was an active resister until the liberation of France at the end of the summer of 1944. The majority of interview is devoted to Charles Jean's time in his resistance group, which operated in south central France. Regarding this interviewee's surname, it is possible that as the family chauffeur, \"Charles Jean\" was called familiarly by his first two names. Since the exact spelling of \"Jean\" is not known, it is also possible that this was his surname. This interview is part of a group of interviews with the eminent Kahn family and their chauffeur taken in Paris on August 21, 1946 during an evening at the home of Admiral Louis Kahn. The interviews were conducted in the following order: Abraham Schramack (Mrs. Kahn's father), Jean Kahn (the family's younger son) Anne Marcelle Kahn, and her husband, Admiral Kahn. These are followed by an interview with the family's chauffeur, Charles Jean, who during the German occupation was in the French resistance. The Kahns were among the approximately 150,000 French Jews who had deep roots in France. (Another 200,000 Jews in France during the Holocaust were more recent immigrants.) Despite their long-standing residence in France, the Kahn family lived a precarious existence during the Occupation. Due to his service in the French navy, Admiral Kahn was separated from his family at the start of the war and was not in France during the war years. (commentary by Elliot Lefkovitz)"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["Illinois Institute of Technology"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/039/original/IIT_Logo_stack_186_blk.png?1583422043","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/080/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169661","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - jeanC_9-57B_SLP.mp3"]},"duration":738.07163,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/073/080/small/IMGP8810.JPG?1583169661","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-iit.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/073/080/original/jeanC_9-57B_SLP.mp3?1583169661","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":738.07163,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English translation [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] We are still continuing...We are still continuing the charming evening at the home of Admiral Kahn, and we are now interviewing his present chauffeur who, I am told, was active in the Resistance. Madame Kahn will help us as a translator. Madame Kahn, will you ask him to give us first his name and how old he is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=0.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e Charles Jean [exact spelling unknown], 31 years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=37.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, Charles, will you ask him to tell us what he remembers from the time the war started where he was? And then what was he doing, gradually, until liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=42.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] I left on August 26, 1939. I was stationed at Dunkerque in the Maine and was taken prisoner on June 4, 1940. I escaped from Dunkerque on June 25, 1940 and returned to my home in Vichy. Then I was...I was working, and then I was captured again by the Germans during the month of April ’43, to go work in Germany. I escaped once again from Cravant in Yonne. That was when I joined the Resistance [Maquis in French], the Auvergne Resistance, at Brugerons, near Olliergues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Would you ask him...[unintelligible aside to interpreter] Will you ask him to tell us, what does the word “Maquis” mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=114.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, the Resistance, the “underground” in which I worked...we were a part of the Francs-tireurs et Partisans Français. We were mostly young men under the orders of a Commander, with a whole staff. We were commanded exactly as if it were the army. We had arms that were parachuted to us by the English, as well as those arms that we were able to take off of the Germans that we took prisoner. We were commanded by a group from Clermont-Ferrand, which we defended, in the resistance movement to which I belonged, and we were actually very well commanded by competent leaders who had already been in the war and who took their jobs very seriously. We were...there were approximately three hundred of us in the resistance to which I belonged. Around three hundred and I was working at the command post. I was fortunate to be the Commander’s driver, a job which gave me a lot of advantages over my comrades who, three-quarters of the time, slept in the woods and didn’t have the same comforts I had. I’m going to tell you about the final phase of our resistance, when we took Thiers, a city known as the main cutlery producer in France. We were attacked at the command post on August 23, 1944 by a German SS detachment that we later learned had orders to exterminate us at any cost. We actually resisted pretty well, since the Germans were unable to take us. And their Commander, in retaliation, decided on that particular day to attack Thiers. About a hundred and fifty of us went into battle. I arrived later, following my hundred and fifty comrades, on the 24th or 23rd of August, I don’t remember exactly, to attack Thiers. We had about a hundred and fifty men to take on the two or three hundred Germans who were there. We attacked Thiers from the north and the east. The battle was very hard. It lasted actually a day and a half and we counted eleven dead on our side and around forty on the German side. In the end, their leaders surrendered unconditionally. We took them prisoner, as well as a few of the militia that were with them. After that, we were able to pick out five men among the Germans who were there, five of them who had slaughtered some of our own comrades, and we shot them, along with the seven militiamen who were with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [\u003ci\u003einterrupts\u003c/i\u003e] All right, now...continuez.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=305.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Afterwards, that was when the Marshal’s Guard joined forces with us to liberate the rest of the sector where there were still a few Germans. After that, the war was over for us. We were assigned to barracks in Clermont-Ferrand, the Desaix barracks and the army determined that our work was done. I went home.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=311.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Was he taken prisoner by the Germans? [\u003ci\u003eoff mic with interpreter\u003c/i\u003e] No, afterwards, when he was in the Maquis. Was he never taken prison? [\u003ci\u003eoff mic with interpreter\u003c/i\u003e] He was taken for compulsory...[\u003ci\u003emore than one person speaking at once\u003c/i\u003e] He went to the Maquis. Can he tell us about some details of the [unintelligible]. You think that’s all covered. Uh huh. And where did we find him? Where was he when...? Who came in? The English or the Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=340.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eMarcelle Kahn:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] What were the first Allied troops that you saw?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=403.0,406.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e The first Allied troops were American and...American and French. In Thiers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=406.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] So how did the French troops from there leave, right there after the.... . . Now how did it come out? There were French troops. That I know, where were they during that time? [\u003ci\u003easide to interpreter\u003c/i\u003e] Whose organization in France...Who was in the Maquis? [\u003ci\u003eseveral voices talking at once\u003c/i\u003e] And the forces which came after...The troops who were landing in south France some weeks before...[\u003ci\u003emore than one person talking\u003c/i\u003e] Our troops and especially in this town, the first Allied troops, regular troops were from Africa...[\u003ci\u003eBoder and one other speaker talking simultaneously\u003c/i\u003e]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=418.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] And they were combined with the troops from Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=478.0,486.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e So when the regular troops came in, did the Maquis continue to do partisan work? [\u003ci\u003eunintelligible discussion off mic\u003c/i\u003e]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=486.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, what are you doing now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=504.0,509.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Now, I am Engineer General Kahn’s chauffeur and I’m very happy. I’m doing very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=509.0,516.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [\u003ci\u003eto interpreter\u003c/i\u003e] Well, that’s good. And uh, how old is he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=516.0,524.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Thirty-one years old.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=524.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Are you married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=527.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=531.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] [\u003ci\u003eto interpreter\u003c/i\u003e] Was he married before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=532.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Oh, no, no, not before the war. I only got married recently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=537.0,541.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] He was alone...Were there many married Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=541.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Oh, yes, many, many, many married men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=549.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Well, didn’t their families get into trouble because of the Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=552.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Oh, yes, yes, in Clermont-Ferrand, quite a few of our comrades found that their wives and their children had been bothered by the Gestapo because they themselves had joined the resistance. And we actually organized, for our comrades’ wives in a place nearby...we organized in a hotel a sort of a shelter to take them in so they wouldn’t be bothered and were under our protection. But the women had no active role with us. There were no women in our service, only the wives of our comrades who were being sheltered nearby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=563.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Well, and how did the general population treat the Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=600.0,610.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eCharles Jean:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Well, in Auvergne, the people were really nice to us. We basically had everything we needed. We went to the farms for supplies. We didn’t have money, we used to pay...we had vouchers. Requisition vouchers that were paid back later. We did the same for tobacco as well as for automobiles. As for automobiles, we tried as often as possible to take cars from collaborators. I myself took General Ferré’s [?] car, who was the one who commanded the mobile guards in Vichy. And since he was a known collaborator, I took his car. Or as we say in the Resistance, I “ripped off” his car in Vichy, and I turned it in to the Resistance, which was very helpful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=610.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] Yes, now, here is another question. Where did the Maquis get their supplies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=653.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eUnknown person:\u003c/strong\u003e [\u003ci\u003eunknown person off mic\u003c/i\u003e] He told you. In the town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=661.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but where did they get their military supplies? [\u003ci\u003econversation off mic\u003c/i\u003e] Yes, did they have radio service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=663.0,674.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Oh, yes, we had radio service. We had a code. Actually, I myself didn’t know the code. The Officer knew it. We used to communicate with London for the parachute drops and most of our arms especially came to us from what we could take off of the Germans. Because the AS [armée secrète: secret army?] was much better equipped with arms than we were ourselves because they were respected and the United Movements of the Resistance were much better armed than we were. We managed on our own, through our own means, you could say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=674.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In English] All right, I thank you very much for this...[unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=728.0,732.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7987/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eDavid Boder:\u003c/strong\u003e [In French] Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=732.0,738.07163"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French and English transcript [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] We are still continuing...We are still continuing the charming evening at the home of Admiral Kahn, and we are now inteviewing his present chauffeur who, I am told, was active in the Resistance. Madame Kahn will help us as a translator. Madame Kahn, will you ask him to give us first his name and how old he is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=0.516,37.265"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Alors Charles Jean [exact spelling unknown], 31 ans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=37.265,42.513"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Now, Charles, will you ask him to tell us what he remembers from the time the war started where he was? And then what was he doing, gradually, until liberation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=42.513,64.688"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Je suis parti le 26 août 1939, j’étais mobilisé à Dunkerque dans le Maine, et j’étais prisonnier le 4 juin 1940. Je me suis évadé de Dunkerque le 25 juin 1940, et je suis rentré chez moi à Vichy. Par la suite, j’étais...je travaillais, et ensuite j’étais repris par les Allemands au mois d’avril ’43, pour aller travailler en Allemagne. Et je me suis évadé une fois de plus de Cravant dans l’Yonne. Et à ce moment-là, je suis rentré au Maquis, le Maquis d’Auvergne, aux Brugerons à côté d’Olliergues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.688,114.987"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Would you ask him...[unintelligible aside to interpreter] Will you ask him to tell us, what does the word “Maquis” mean?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=114.987,146.04"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Alors, un Maquis, le Maquis où j’étais...nous faisions partie des Francs-tireurs et partisans français, nous étions en général de jeunes hommes commandés par un Commandant, tout un état-major. Nous étions commandés exactement comme dans l’armée. Nous avions des armes qui nous étaient parachutées par les Anglais, et celles que nous pouvions récupérer sur les Allemands que nous prenions prisonniers. Nous étions commandés par un groupement qui se trouvait à Clermont-Ferrand, et dont nous défendions, au Maquis où j’étais, et nous étions très bien d’ailleurs commandés par des chefs compétents qui avaient déjà fait la guerre et qui prenaient leur travail très au sérieux. Nous étions, nous étions environ, dans ce Maquis dont je faisais partie, environ trois cents et moi je me trouvais au poste de commandement. J’avais l’avantage d’être chauffeur du commandant, ce qui me donnait beaucoup d’avantages par rapport à mes camarades qui, des trois quarts du temps, couchaient dans des bois et n’avaient pas le même confort. Je vais vous parler de la phase finale de notre Maquis, c’est-à-dire la prise de Thiers, la capitale de la coutellerie. Nous avons été attaqués au poste de commandement le 23 août 1944 par un détachement allemand d’SS que nous l’avons su plus tard avait l’ordre de nous exterminer coûte que coûte. Nous avons résisté assez bien d’ailleurs, puisque les Allemands n’ont pas pu nous prendre. Et le Commandant par représailles a décidé à ce jour-là d’attaquer Thiers. Nous sommes partis à 150 environ. Moi, je ne suis venu que par la suite et mes camarades sont partis d’abord, à 150 le 24 août ou le 23, je ne me rappelle pas exactement, pour attaquer Thiers. Ils étaient environ 150 hommes pour prendre les deux ou trois cents Allemands qui se trouvaient là-bas. Nous avons attaqué Thiers par le nord et l’est. La bataille était très dure. Elle a duré d’ailleurs une journée et demie, et nous avons eu onze morts chez nous et une quarantaine chez les Allemands. Et en fin de compte, leurs chefs se sont rendus sans conditions...nous en a fait prisonniers, ainsi que quelques miliciens qui se trouvaient avec eux. Par la suite nous avons pu récupérer dans les Allemands qui se trouvaient là cinq d’entre eux qui avaient massacré des camarades de chez nous et nous les avons fusillés, ainsi que les sept miliciens qui se trouvaient là.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.04,305.157"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [interrupts] All right, now...continuez.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=305.157,311.83"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Après, c’est à ce moment que la garde du Maréchal sont venus nous rejoindre pour libérer le reste du secteur qui se trouvait encore quelques Allemands. Ensuite, la guerre était finie pour nous. Nous avons été casernés à Clermont-Ferrand, la caserne Desaix et l’armée a jugé que notre rôle était fini. Je suis retourné dans mon foyer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=311.83,340.237"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Was he taken prisoner by the Germans? [off mic with interpreter] No, afterwards, when he was in the Maquis. Was he never taken prisoner? [off mic with interpreter] He was taken for compulsory...[more than one person speaking at once] He went to the Maquis. Can he tell us about some details of the [unintelligible]. You think that’s all covered. Uh huh. And where did we find him? Where was he when...? Who came in? The English or the Americans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=340.237,403.771"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marcelle Kahn: [In French] Quelles étaient les premières troupes alliées que vous avez vues?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=403.771,406.294"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: Les premières troupes alliées, ce sont des Américains et...les Américains et les Français. A Thiers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=406.294,418.076"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] So how did the French troops from there leave, right there after the.... . . Now how did it come out? There were French troops. That I know, where were they during that time? [aside to interpreter] Whose organization in France...Who was in the Maquis? [several voices talking at once] And the forces which came after...The troops who were landing in south France some weeks before...[more than one person talking] Our troops and especially in this town, the first Allied troops, regular troops were from Africa...[several voices talking at once]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=418.076,478.957"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] And they were combined with the troops from Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=478.957,486.014"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: So when the regular troops came in, did the Maquis continue to do partisan work? [unintelligible discussion off mic]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=486.014,504.496"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Well, what are you doing now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=504.496,509.631"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Maintenant, je suis chauffeur d’Ingénieur Général Kahn et je suis très content, je suis très bien.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=509.631,516.652"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [to interpreter] Well, that’s good. And uh, how old is he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=516.652,524.918"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Trente-et-un ans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=524.918,527.416"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Are you married?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=527.416,531.489"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Oui.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=531.489,532.687"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] [to interpreter] Was he married before the war?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=532.687,537.236"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Ah, non, non, pas avant la guerre, je me suis marié que maintenant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=537.236,541.309"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] He was alone.... Were there many married Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=541.309,549.109"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Ah oui, beaucoup, beaucoup, beaucoup d’hommes mariés.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=549.109,552.962"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Well, didn’t their families get into trouble because of the Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=552.962,563.462"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Ah, oui, oui, à Clermont-Ferrand, pas mal de nos camarades trouvaient leurs femmes et leurs enfants ennuyés par la Gestapo parce qu’eux-mêmes s’étaient rendus aux Maquis. Et nous avons organisé d’ailleurs pour les femmes de ces camarades dans un pays à côté de chez nous, nous avons organisé dans un hôtel un centre d’accueil autrement dit pour les recevoir pour qu’elles ne soient pas inquiétées et elles étaient sous notre protection. Mais les femmes ne jouaient aucun rôle effectif avec nous. Il n’y avait pas de femmes dans notre groupement, mais simplement des femmes de ces camarades qui étaient à l’abri, près de nous.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=563.462,600.033"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Well, and how did the general population treat the Maquis?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=600.033,610.863"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Eh bien, en Auvergne, la population était très gentille avec nous. Nous avions en principe tout ce qu’il nous fallait. Nous allions dans les fermes nous ravitailler. Nous n’avions pas d’argent, nous payions...nous donnions des bons. Des bons de réquisition qui par la suite ont été payées. Et nous faisions de même pour le tabac, ainsi que pour les automobiles. Dans les automobiles, nous prenions autant que possible des automobiles des collaborateurs. Moi même j’ai pris celle du Général Ferré [?] qui commandait les gardes mobiles à Vichy, puisque c’était un collaborateur notoire. Je lui ai volé sa voiture, autrement dit “piquer” en termes de Maquisard, lui piquer sa voiture à Vichy et je l’ai ramenée au Maquis, où elle nous a rendu de grands services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=610.863,653.827"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] Yes, now, here is another question. Where did the Maquis get their supplies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=653.827,661.079"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unknown person: [unknown person off mic] He told you. In the town.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=661.079,663.778"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: Yes, but where did they get their military supplies? [unintelligible conversation off mic] Yes, did they have radio service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=663.778,674.673"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Charles Jean: [In French] Ah, oui, nous avions un service radio. Nous avions le code. D’ailleurs, je ne le connaissais pas, moi. C’était l’Officier qui savait ça. Nous communiquions avec Londres pour les parachutages et le gros de nos armes nous parvenait surtout de ce que nous pouvions récupérer sur les Allemands. Parce que le mouvement de l’AS [armée secrète?] c’était beaucoup mieux ravitaillé en armes que nous mêmes parce que qu’ils étaient respectés et les Mouvements Unis de la Résistance c’était beaucoup mieux approvisionné en armes que nous. Nous nous débrouillions par nos propres moyens pour ainsi dire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=674.673,728.07"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In English] All right, I thank you very much for this...[unintelligible]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=728.07,732.573"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David Boder: [In French] Merci beaucoup.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=732.573,738.063"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["French [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/transcript/7988/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/988/original/charles-jean_fr.vtt?1583169663","format":"text/vtt","language":"fr"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/007/988/original/charles-jean_fr.vtt?1583169663"}]},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["jeanC_annotations [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is not entirely clear to what location Charles Jean is referring to when he says he was stationed at \"Dunkerque in the Maine.\" The main point is that on June 4, 1940, Charles Jean became one of the 1.5 million young Frenchmen who became prisoners of war as a result of France's cataclysmic defeat at the hands of Germany. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dunkirk\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dunkirk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dunkirk\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Dunkirk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eVichy, renowned for its mineral waters, is located northeast of Lyon in south central France. It became the capital of the collaborationist French government during the German occupation. The parliament of the Third Republic met at Vichy on July 9-10, 1940 and voted itself out of existence, turning the reins of government over to the authoritarian Marshal Pétain who was authorized to draft a constitution establishing his regime. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe obligatory German labor service, introduced in February 1943, was a great spur to young Frenchmen to join the resistance. It caused widespread discontent and contributed significantly to the loss of prestige by the Vichy regime as it proved itself incapable of shielding the French population from the onerous demands of the German occupation. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThis might have been an internment camp. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cravant\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Cravant\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eAuvergne is a region in south central France. It has a number of mountains and volcanic cones, which rise above large pine forests. This rugged terrain facilitated the formation and operation of guerilla groups. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Le-Brugeron\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Le-Brugeron\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Olliergues\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Olliergues\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=64.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=114.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Francais (full name: Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Francais-Main d'Oeuvre Immigres, or FTP-MOI) was the communist wing of the resistance movement and contained a number of Jewish combat groups as well recent immigrants to France of other nationalities. There are no clear indications as to whether or not Charles Jean was Jewish or was native-born or foreign-born. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eClermont-Ferrand, located in a hilly area of south central France, was the ancient capital of the Auvergne region. It is a key railroad hub. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThiers is a town located in south central France west of Clermont-Ferrand and south of Vichy. Despite the battles taking place at the time, the German obsession with murdering Jews was unceasing. As late as September 1944, one hundred Jews arrived in Auschwitz from Lyon, located due east of Thiers, four days before Lyon was liberated by French and Allied forces. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSS: \u003c/b\u003eAcronym for the German Schutzstaffel (“Protective Echelon”), a major Nazi organization. It grew from a small paramilitary unit to a powerful force that served as Hitler's \"Praetorian Guard,\" the Nazi Party's \"Shield Squadron\" and a force that, fielding almost a million men (both on the front lines and as political police), managed to exert as much political influence as the German Army. Built upon the Nazi racial ideology, the SS, under Heinrich Himmler's command, was responsible for many (and most of the worst) of the crimes against humanity perpetrated by the Nazis during World War II.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe militia, or milice, was a paramilitary group of fanatic French fascists responsible for a number of atrocities. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=146.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eIt is unclear to what group Charles Jean is referring. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=311.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=311.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=340.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=340.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThese troops were among those who landed in southern France on August 15, 1944, and drove northward. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=406.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Thiers\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=406.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=418.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThese might well have been North African troops recruited by the French. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=418.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=486.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=541.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=552.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Clermont-Ferrand\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=563.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGestapo: \u003c/b\u003eContraction of Geheime Staatspolizei: \"Secret State Police.\" The German internal security police (secret police) under the Nazis, headed by SS chief Heinrich Himmler. Organized in 1933 to protect the regime from political opposition. Often used by Holocaust victims generically to refer to any German police or military unit.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=563.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=600.0,610.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe garde mobile was a special police unit which already existed under the Third Republic and continued under the Vichy regime. It had anti-riot duties among others. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=610.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=610.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/Vichy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=610.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMaquis: \u003c/b\u003eThe predominantly rural guerrilla bands of the French Resistance.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=653.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eFor more information and related content, see \u003ca href=\"https://voices.library.iit.edu/location/London\"\u003ehttps://voices.library.iit.edu/location/London\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=674.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Secret Army owed its allegiance to General Charles De Gaulle. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=674.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080/annotation_set/877/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cp\u003eThe Mouvements unis de la Résistance (\"United Movements of the Resistance\"), or MUR, contained three non-communist resistance groups and had been formed by Jean Moulin, General De Gaulle's agent in France. [E.L.]\u003c/p\u003e","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://iit.aviaryplatform.com/collections/231/collection_resources/17625/file/73080#t=674.0,728.0"}]}]}]}